Local Roads Research Articles

The Measurement of the Noise Level Based on Roads Classifications in Urban Area (Case Study: Harjamukti, Depok)

Harjamukti Village is located in Depok City which is a buffer zone for the capital city of DKI Jakarta, the rapidly growing housing sector shows that this location has an attractiveness. The next problem that arises is the potential for noise from vehicular traffic due to community mobility. Noise measurements carried out using SNI 8427: 2017 show the LSM value on each road: Tumaritis Road (68.87 dBA), Bungur Road (61.29 dBA), Putri Tunggal Road (73.67 dBA), Putri Tunggal District Road (65.7 dBA) and Sementara Road (61.29 dBA). This study was conducted to see the road class based on the noise and capacity parameters, so that from these two parameters, can we clearly show the road class being analyzed. The measurements were carried out for 24 hours using the standard SNI 8427: 2017. The quality standard for the residential area used was 55 Dba based on the Minister of Environment Decree No. 48 of 1996. The road capacity used is analyzed based on the number of vehicles and the class of each road. Based on the noise parameters (sig 0.006) and capacity (sig 0.000) so that from the noise parameter there is no significant difference in the 5 research locations, while the road capacity shows a significant difference from the 5 research locations. Prediction of road class cannot be determined from the noise value and road capacity, because the noise obtained needs to be analyzed for the types of activities around whether there is an influence from other activities that are also dominant, such as toll roads and road capacity, because there are local road classes whose capacity is not detected different from collector road class.

Study of a Tailings Dam Failure Pattern and Post-Failure Effects under Flooding Conditions

Tailings dams are structures that store both tailings and water, so almost all tailings dam accidents are water related. This paper investigates a tailings dam’s failure pattern and damage development under flood conditions by conducting a 1:100 large-scale tailings dam failure model test. It also simulates the tailings dam breach discharge process based on the breach mode using FLOW-3D software, and the extent of the impact of the dam failure debris flow downstream was derived. Dam failure tests show that the form of dam failure under flood conditions is seepage failure. The damage manifests itself in the form of flowing soil, which is broadly divided into two processes: the seepage stabilization phase and the flowing soil development damage phase. The dam failure test shows that the rate of rise in the height of the dam saturation line is faster and then slower. The order of the saturation line at the dam face is second-level sub-dam, third-level sub-dam, first-level sub-dam, and fourth-level sub-dam. The final failure of the tailings dam is the production of a breach at the top of the dam due to the development of the dam’s fluid damage zone to the dam top. The simulated dam breach release results show that by the time the dam breach fluid is released at 300 s, the area of over mud has reached 95,250 square meters. Local farmland and roads were submerged, and other facilities and buildings would be damaged to varying degrees. Based on the data from these studies, targeted measures for rectifying hidden dangers and preventing dam breaks from both technical and management aspects can be proposed for tailings dams.

A mobilised bearing capacity approach to the performance-based design of unpaved roads

Unpaved roads are used on low traffic or temporary roads such as for materials transport across construction sites or mines. Performance is usually expressed as a rut depth and if it becomes too large, the passage of vehicles may be hindered and repairs needed. A new design method to calculate the required aggregate thickness to avoid excessive rutting both at the surface and at subgrade level is proposed. Tyre size is an input parameter allowing application of the method to a wide range of cases from heavy haul roads to lightly trafficked local roads. A wide range of rut depths and axle passes may be specified, even as low as values typically required in proof roll testing. The proposed method takes a mobilised strength approach to predict permanent deformation on the first pass by means of newly derived hyperbolic relationships. The permanent deformation on the first pass is then coupled with a separately derived deformation accumulation (logistic) function to predict rut depths following the first pass. The adaptation of well-established bearing capacity design methods with fundamental soil strength parameters has provided a framework for the method’s application to a wide range of aggregate and subgrade soil types, including low-quality or recycled aggregates as well as those mechanically stabilised by geogrid.

Urban Traffic Accident Features Investigation to Improve Urban Transportation Infrastructure Sustainability by Integrating GIS and Data Mining Techniques

Urban traffic accidents pose significant challenges to the sustainability of transportation infrastructure not only in Vietnam but also all over the world. To decrease the frequency of accidents, it is crucial to analyze accident data to determine the relationship between accidents and causes, especially for serious accidents. This study suggests an integrated approach using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Data Mining methods to investigate the features of urban traffic accidents in Hanoi, Vietnam aiming to solve these challenges and enhance the safety and efficiency of urban transportation. Firstly, the dataset was segmented into homogenous clusters using the two-step cluster method. Secondly, the correlation between causes and traffic accidents was examined on the overall dataset as well as on each cluster using the association rule mining (ARM) technique. Finally, the location of accident groups and high-frequency sites of accidents (hotspots) were determined by using GIS techniques. As a result, a five-cluster model was created, which corresponded to five common accident groupings in Hanoi. Moreover, the results of the study also identified the types of accidents, the main causes, the time, and the surrounding areas corresponding to each accident group. In detail, cluster 5 depicted accidents on streets, provincial, and national roads caused by motorbikes making up the highest percentage within the groups, accounting for 29.2%. Speeding and driving in the wrong lane in the afternoon and at night were the main causes in this cluster (Cf ≥ 0.9 and Lt ≥ 1.22). Next, cluster 2 had the second-highest proportion. Cluster 2 presented accidents between a truck/car and a motorbike on national and provincial roads, accounting for 27.8%. Cluster 1 presented accidents between a truck/car and a motorbike on local streets, accounting for 22%. Cluster 3 illustrated accidents between two motorbikes on the country lanes, accounting for 12.3%. Finally, cluster 4 depicted single-vehicle motorbike crashes, with the lowest rate of 8.8%. More importantly, this study also recommended using repeatability criteria for the same type of accidents or causes to determine the location of hotspots. Also, suggestions for improving traffic infrastructure sustainability were proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first time in which these three methods are applied simultaneously for analyzing traffic accidents.

The impact of vehicle parameters on road PM10 vehicle resuspended emissions: A case in South African low-income settlement

About 70% of the roads in low-income settlements are unpaved and close (≤15m) to residents, thus a major source of ambientand indoor PM10 concentrations. International studies have suggested that decreasing vehicle speed and managing vehicle type onpaved or unpaved roads can reduce vehicle dust emissions. These mitigation strategies should be examined before being adoptedand gazetted into South African air quality management plans. This study aimed to characterise roads and traffic, emphasisingdetermining the impact of vehicle type on PM10 emissions. GIS was used to determine the proportion of paved and unpaved roads. Atraffic counter was used to monitor vehicles and to determine traffic composition, diurnal cycles, and average speed per road type.Field campaigns (summer; 6 days; 15 hrs per day) were carried out in Bokamoso to monitor PM10 concentration usinga TSI DustTrak DRX® real-time optical aerosol counter. The Box Model method quantifies vehicle PM10 emission factors for heavy-duty, medium-duty, and motor vehicles. About 0.88 km of road within Bokamoso is paved with a daily traffic volume of >2000, and 3.6 km is unpaved with >250 daily traffic volume. Paved road heavy-duty vehicle non-exhaust PM10 emissions reported a positive medium to strong coefficient of determination to vehicle speed increase with a coefficient of determination of 0.59. Even though there is a positive coefficient of determination between heavy-duty vehicle non-exhaust PM10 emission factors and speed on unpaved roads, it is weak (0.2) due to low and less variable vehicle speed. Motor vehicle paved and unpaved road non-exhaust emission factors showed no significant coefficient of determination with increased vehicle speed. Paved road non-exhaust emission factors were not significantly variable with vehicle type. They ranged between an average of 0.15-0.18 g/km/h, with motor vehicles reporting an average of 0.18 g/km/h while heavy-duty vehicles reported an average of 0.15 g/km/h. On the contrary, unpaved road non-exhaust traffic PM10 emissions ranged between 0.16-0.3 g/km/h. The emission factors presented may be used to model vehicle traffic emissions, improve on-road vehicle dust emissions impact assessment and as a guide when deciding on local applicable road dust mitigation strategies

Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci, Jambi)

Road segments ranging from local roads to national roads are the most urgent arteries in the mobilization of goods and people and determine the progress of economic development. Therefore the road must be constructed in accordance with the standards set out in the laws and regulations, including here the national road that has high economic value that connects the two regions of the two provinces namely Tapan Pesisir Selatan in the West Sumatra province and the Sungai Penuh Kerinci in Jambi province the two regions is closely related in economic and trade relations and the distance is only close to 64 km, but the terrain conditions have the potential to cause traffic accidents because natural factors penetrate row hills that have high geographical and national road standardization factors that do not have the attributes of road safety equipment complete. In this regard, it is necessary to examine how much the level of potential hazards caused by roads through disaster risk analysis in the transportation sector using the disaster risk analysis model. The results of the analysis using the disaster risk analysis model of the Tapan Sumbar - Sungai Penuh Kerinci Jambi road have a high hazard vulnerability level of 8.05 or above 5 means that this road needs to be improved both its construction and road safety equipment.

Impacts of cold starts and hybrid electric vehicles on on-road vehicle emissions

Incorporating cold-start emissions from hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) into on-road emission modeling is fundamental to accurately assess the environmental impacts aligned with their projected deployment. This study introduces a cold-start emission model, integrating travel time, dynamic emission rates, and cold-start durations by fuel type. This study further explores the anticipated spatiotemporal patterns of annual cold-start emissions. Findings indicate a reliance on gasoline for most on-road vehicles in the next decade, but vehicle electrification could reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions by over 60% by 2035. Cold-start emissions will remain significant (67%-79% of CO, 59%-71% of HC, and 42%-54% of NOX emissions), especially on local roads. Cold-start emissions from HEVs will contribute to 14%, 25%, and 13% of total CO, HC, and NOX emissions in 2035, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accurate modeling in understanding the environmental benefits of vehicle electrification.

Desain lapisan Perkerasan Jalan Pada Ruas Jalan Desa Mbangga – Woloboa Kecamatan Wolowaru Kabupaten Ende

The Mbangga-Woloboa road section, Rindiwawo Village, Wolowaru District is included in the local road type with rigid pavement and a road width of 3 meters. Every year the condition of the Mbangga-Woloboa road section experiences damage, where several parts of the road have many holes and when it rains there are lots of puddles of water, which is very disturbing for road users. Even though the Ministry of Public Works, with the available funds, has repaired the existing damage by overlaying it repeatedly, it has not been able to solve the existing problem completely because the road condition has deteriorated again before it reaches its design life. Therefore, it needs to be redesigned by repairing the subgrade layer and replacing the road surface layer with new rigid pavement according to the load of vehicles passing through the road. So by using the AASHTO method, the traffic growth rate (i) of the planned road is 5.23% per year with collector road class. The effective Resilient Modulus (MR) value on the road section is 2770 psi with a CBR value of 1.87%, and DDT 2.70 kg/cm2. The thickness of the pavement layer is found to be D1 = 13 cm, D2 = 20 cm, and D3 = 41 cm.

The spatial distribution mechanism of PM2.5 and NO2 on the eastern coast of China

The spatial distribution characteristics of multi-air pollutants and their impacts are difficult to quantify effectively. As PM2.5 and NO2 are the main air pollutants, it is of great significance to explore the spatial causes of their pollution and their interaction mechanism. This study used machine learning (LightGBM) and hot spot analysis to map the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and NO2 in Southwest Fujian (SWFJ) in 2018 and their key pollution areas. Then, the factors and interactive detection of geographical detectors were used to conduct a detailed analysis of the quantitative impact of potential factors such as human activities, terrain, air pollutants, and meteorology on PM2.5 and NO2 pollution. From this we can learn that 1. LightGBM has good stability for drawing the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and NO2. 2. The spatial mechanism of PM2.5 and NO2 can be effectively interpreted from a massive data and macro perspective. 3. A large amount of evidence shows that potential factors such as human activities, topography, air pollutants and meteorology have direct or indirect effects on PM2.5 and NO2 pollution in the SWFJ area. This includes the direct impact of local road traffic emissions on the distribution of PM2.5 and NO2 pollution, the digestion of both by vegetation, the mutual transformation of atmospheric pollutants themselves, and the impact of meteorological conditions. This study not only confirms the effectiveness of machine learning combined with geographical detectors to promote the study of regional air pollution mechanisms, but also confirms the feasibility of exploring the spatial distribution mechanisms of various air pollutants. Therefore, this study is of great significance for explaining the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and NO2, and can also provide reference for policy formulation to reduce regional PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations.

Rethinking Indonesia’s lighting standard for urban kampung roads

The latest lighting standard in Indonesia, SNI 7391:2008, emphasizes uniform distribution for road lighting to ensure the safety and accuracy of motorists. However, in urban kampungs, local roads serve as non-commercial public spaces and require lighting that is suitable for human-scale activities. This study examines road lighting in Siwalankerto, Surabaya, and explores how residents' nighttime experiences relate to their perceived adequacy of illumination (PAI). The research involved 26 participants who rated their experiences while using the local road after dark. Nighttime experiences, including pleasantness, willingness to stay, and safety, were compared to illuminance levels and PAI. The findings show a correlation between perceived adequacy of illumination and pleasantness, as well as the willingness to stay in the road space. There was no significant correlation between safety and PAI.

The Effect of Water Below the Road Surface on Surface Distress Index (SDI) Values in the Road Condition Survey (RCS) Method

The results of the road damage assessment will reveal the Surface Distress Index (SDI) value according to the Bina Marga method (potholes, cracks and rutting). To determine the effect of subsurface water on road damage, geo-electrical measurements were carried out at road locations where it is estimated that there is subsurface water. At the location of the road segment, the damage value is then compared between the road with normal conditions SDI=aNx±ε and the road with water below the road surface. The results of the SDI value are then compared with the number of tracks of heavy vehicles (N) according to Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and the area of distribution of water below the surface (Aw). So it is expected to know the correlation model between road damage and the influence of water under the road surface surface SDI’=kAwn. These results will also be used as additional damage assessment items in the new damage assessment method based on the Bina Marga method.

Assessment of the On-Road Performance of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Urban Road Conditions in the Philippines

This current and pioneering work aimed to assess the on-road performance of selected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in local urban road conditions following the World Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) and the chase car protocol. An experimental research design was also implemented to investigate the effects of the different payload conditions on vehicle performance, and corresponding drive cycle patterns for the test vehicles were generated from each on-road test. From the series of these on-road tests, it was revealed that there was high variability in speed profiles, and vehicle speed was generally found to be inversely related to payload weight. The variations in the state of charge, fuel fill-up, and fuel and energy parameters exhibited no significant differences in terms of payload conditions. When compared to both the Canada fuel consumption guide and the US fuel consumption guide, the resulting fuel consumption and energy consumption indicated that the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and Mitsubishi iMiEV exceeded energy efficiency standards, unlike the Toyota Prius. Meanwhile, in terms of CO2 emissions, all vehicles demonstrated around 40–70% lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles according to the 2023 estimates of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Being the first of its kind in the Philippines, this study on the on-road performance assessments of HEVs and EVs is essential because it provides empirical data on these vehicles’ actual performance in everyday driving conditions. The data are important for evaluating the potential to address environmental concerns, promote sustainable transportation solutions, influence consumer adoption, and shape government policies. With ongoing improvements in technology and expanding charging infrastructure, HEVs and EVs are poised for significant adoption in the coming years.

Abstract B089: Understanding the relationship between neighborhood disorder, racial segregation, and ovarian cancer survival in African American women

Abstract Black women have a 10% lower 5-year survival of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) than White women, despite having a 25% lower incidence of OC than White women. Evidence suggests that these health disparities can be partially explained by neighborhood social and environmental factors such as disorder. We used Google Street View (GSV) imagery to estimate a measure of neighborhood disorder (ND) at the block group level within the largest multi-state cohort study of Black women diagnosed with EOC (AACES) between 2010 and 2015. 592 AACES participants were enrolled and geocoded residing in 544 unique block groups. We used the online Computer Assisted Neighborhood Visual Assessment System (CANVAS), to conduct virtual audits at 5 street address locations in each block group. These audits included questions related to the presence of different types of land use, the quality of the built structures, and the presence of other markers of ND. Factor analysis identified 5 distinct neighborhood factors: developmental intensity, development age, neighborhood disorder, land use, and green/blue space. An ND score was calculated for each block group audited based on the ND factor, which included the condition of residential units and yards, and assigned to the residents of that block group. Initial analyses indicated that this score did not impact EOC survival. We conducted Weibull AFT survival analyses with frailty to assess the impact of racial segregation on the relationship between ND and EOC survival. An Isolation Index was calculated to quantify the segregation of non-Hispanic Blacks compared to other racial groups. Increased racial isolation was associated with decreased survival (HR: 1.234, 95%CI: 1.03-1.60), after adjustment. Additionally, to understand the impact of the social aspects of disadvantage compared to the built aspects of our disorder score, we examined ADI as a predictor of EOC survival. Increasing ADI was associated with marginally decreased survival (HR: 1.002, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01), after adjustment. The lack of association between our disorder score and EOC survival and the presence of an association between the measures of racial isolation and ADI and EOC survival could indicate that it is the social aspects of an environment, not the built factors, that are driving EOC survival. Future research should explore the impacts of racial segregation and individual-level perceived racism on EOC survival. Citation Format: Christopher Pierson, Steve J. Mooney, Andrew B. Lawson, Joellen M. Schildkraut, Edward S. Peters. Understanding the relationship between neighborhood disorder, racial segregation, and ovarian cancer survival in African American women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B089.

Latest Development of Low Noise Road Surfacing in Hong Kong - Application on Local Roads with Different Road Characteristics

Like other metropolitan cities in the world, road traffic noise is a major problem in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Government endeavors to pre-empt road traffic noise issue through comprehensive noise planning process for new road projects or new residential developments. For traffic noise from existing roads, the Government has adopted various noise mitigation strategies, for example, resurfacing with Low Noise Road Surface (LNRS) material, retrofitting of noise barrier, etc., to combat the noise problem. As of today, Polymer Modified Friction Course (PMFC) is the most commonly adopted LNRS in Hong Kong, which serves as a standard road surface material for high-speed roads and expressways. Nonetheless, it is found to be less durable for local roads due to its open-texture, especially for common road characteristics such as frequent start stop, sharp turn, roadside parking, etc. To explore suitable LNRS material for local roads, a trial programme on a newly developed LNRS material - Polymer Modified Stone Mastic Asphalt (PMSMA6), has been launched to evaluate its noise reduction performance and engineering feasibility on local roads with common road characteristics. This paper attempts to share the experience and latest technical findings of the above trial programme on LNRS in Hong Kong.

Statistical parameters in assessing ecological and geochemical state of the Kolpashevo-Turukhan mineragenic zone eastern part

The relevance. The required statistical identification of natural and anthropogenic biogeochemical anomalies when conducting ecological and geochemical studies on the territories of buried exogenous ores with a weak anthropogenic pressure. The difficulty of their identification according to their sources is related to a similar litho-siderophilic geochemical specialization of sedimentary rocks of iron ore, titanium-zirconium formations and modern soils of taiga zone landscapes. Moreover, the research implemented a method for biomaterial sample preparation. This method is aimed at obtaining the possibility of using a biomaterial sample as a natural indicator to reveal the aeolian and dust aerosol substance intake. As a result, there is an urgent need to involve steps in biogeochemical data statistical processing that allows one qualitatively differentiate the effects of chemical elements concentration via root nutrition and dust accumulation on the leaves. The aim. Statistical assessment of content variability and relationships of chemical elements in aspen leaves in the zone of anthropogenic influence of transport roads crossing the localization areas of buried iron ore deposits of the Bakcharsko-Kolpashevo ore district, Kolpashevo-Turukhan mineragenic zone. Qualitative biogeochemical identification of biomaterial enrichment through root and dust in areas of anomalous concentration of chemical elements using data on accumulation of rare earth elements. Objects. Soil, leaves of common aspen (Populus tremula L., 1753). Methods. Regional biogeochemical and lithochemical sampling was carried out in three profiles along local roads with asphalt and unpaved surfaces at the entrances to settlements. The sampling points common for the methods were shifted off the roads at a distance of at least 20 m to undisturbed landscapes. After sample preparation, the concentration of 28 chemical elements in the samples was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The interpretation of geochemical data was based on the results of multicomponent statistical analysis. Results. The studied territories along the lines of regional research are characterized by the background biogeochemical and lithochemical values. The revealed biogeochemical anomaly is caused by a dust halo that accompanies the unpaved road. The rare earth elements levels show the influence of fine dust-aerosol and aeolian material intake.

A granular framework for modeling the capacity loss and recovery of regional transportation networks under seismic hazards: A case study on the Port of Los Angeles

Earthquakes, being both unpredictable and potentially destructive, pose great risks to critical infrastructure systems like transportation. It becomes crucial, therefore, to have both a fine-grained and holistic understanding of how the current state of a transportation system would fare during hypothetical hazard scenarios. This paper introduces a synthesis approach to assessing the impacts of earthquakes by coupling an image-based structure-and-site-specific bridge fragility generation methodology with regional-scale traffic simulations and economic loss prediction models. The proposed approach’s use of context-rich data such as OpenStreetMap and Google Street View enables incorporating information that is abstracted in standard loss analysis tools like HAZUS in order to construct nonlinear bridge models and corresponding fragility functions. The framework uses a semi-dynamic traffic assignment model run on a regional traffic network that includes all freeways and local roads (1,444,790 edges) and outputs traffic volume on roads before and after bridge closures due to an earthquake as well as impacts to individual trips (42,056,426 trips). The combination of these models enables granularity, facilitating a bottom-up approach to estimating costs incurred solely due to damages to the transportation network. As a case study, the proposed framework is applied to the road network surrounding the Port of Los Angeles—an infrastructure of crucial importance—for assessing resilience and losses at a high resolution. It is found that the port area is disproportionately impacted in the hypothetical earthquake scenario, and delays in bridge repair can lead to a 50% increase in costs.

Geo-environmental factors controlling gully distribution at the local scale in a Mediterranean environment

The study was conducted with a view to identifying the primary factors controlling the formation and evolution of gullies in Central Portugal. A total of 38 permanent gullies were identified in an 11 km2 area. Their mean length, maximum width, and mean width were 105 m, 6.8 m, and 3.8 m, respectively, based on orthophotograph analysis. The gullies are located in an area of highly weathered granites which led to the formation of deeply weathered mantles. To understand gully distribution, 11 geo-environmental controlling factors were selected. Group Analysis (GA) identified two groups of gullies. These are differentiated not only by morphological aspects but also by geo-environmental elements. One group (Gg1) is characterised by being larger in size, and these tend to be located on hillslopes with a higher slope. The second group (Gg2) contains the smaller gullies that are located on the lower slopes of hillsides. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies as controlling factors the slope, topographic ruggedness index (TRI), and vegetation gain (VG), after the October 2017 wildfire. Although this wildfire affected all the study area, the creation of higher burn severity mosaics positively enhanced the drainage and accelerated the gully erosion of Gg1, as well as the location of the nearest roads and paths, which emerge as a primary factor in the initiation and enlargement of this group of gullies. This study helps to better identify the current gully erosion conditions, and this can provide an important reference for risk assessment and control of gully erosion. Given the size of the gullies and the likelihood that recurring forest fires will affect the study area, some vital gully erosion control practices should be implemented urgently.

Assessing the effectiveness of road safety measures in Barcelona (2013-2018)

IntroductionThis article aims to determine the effectiveness and extent of measures taken to decrease the severity of traffic crashes in Barcelona from 2013 to 2018. This will be achieved through an analysis of the traffic crash data. MethodOur approach involves the use of binary logistic regression models. We rely on the traffic crash dataset from 2010-2019 available in the Open Data Barcelona platform. ResultsThe outcomes obtained from the suggested models are contrasted with the strategies outlined in the Local Road Safety Plan 2013-2018 to minimize the severity of crashes. Effective preventive actions were identified, such as road safety educational programs, creating calm zones, enhancing pedestrian crossings, or expanding bicycle lanes. However, certain measures were found to be ineffective or their impact remained uncertain. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the measures implemented in Barcelona may have participated in and influenced the decrease in the severity of traffic incidents over the past decade. Notably, fatalities have decreased more than severe injuries. More attention should be given to less effective measures such as speed controls and drug/alcohol testing.

Where is it complex to reallocate road space?

Road space distribution has traditionally been based on the hierarchical classification of streets. In arterials, the majority of space is dedicated to traffic lanes, whereas local streets typically have fewer traffic lanes and more space for parking or sidewalks. Within urban areas, road space is contested between two main types of spaces: corridors of movement, and places for access and standing/stillness/staying. Given the limited availability of urban space, particularly in central areas, deciding how to allocate space for these functions poses a dilemma and requires tradeoffs. Nonetheless, certain areas experience underutilization and inefficiencies in space utilization over time. In this context, we propose a site selection methodology to identify complex zones within a city where different types of users and demands compete for space. These zones present the potential for dynamically allocating road space based on fluctuating demands and policy objectives. This methodology serves as an initial guide for planners to identify zones that require a thorough evaluation of activities and diverse temporal-spatial demands when reallocating road space. We use network centrality, land use indicators, traffic, and public transport dynamics indicators to detect complex zones and apply them to a Lisbon case study.

The Challenges and Opportunities of Small-Scale Public-Private Partnership Scheme to Finance Indonesia Local Street Lighting Equipment Projects : The Case of the Madiun Regency

The Public-Private Partnerships Scheme (PPP) has become an important option in overcoming the gap in infrastructure financing needs. From the total number of PPP projects implemented in several countries, it was found that the number of small-scale PPP projects was relatively greater than mega PPP projects. In line with this, in the Indonesian context, regional governments are expected to be able to innovate infrastructure financing, including by using the PPP scheme. The Madiun Regency Street Lighting Equipment (APJ) PPP project is the first small-scale PPP that has completed the auction process and signed the Cooperation Agreement in Indonesia. Using the qualitative method through the relevant case study approach, this research succeeded in identifying several challenges as well as opportunities for more massive implementation potentials of small-scale PPP in APJ in the future as follows: (1) optimal risk allocations; (2) the strong commitment of the regional government as the party responsible for the cooperation project; (3) financial aspects/parameters accepted by the market; and (4) doable projects.