Burner Location Research Articles

Metal Casting Furnace Design Development Using Computer Simulation

Metal foundries still rely heavily on crucible furnaces. The current furnace design, which is currently being used by the partner industry, has been found to be not properly designed and will result in a reduction in efficiency. CFD simulation will be used to find the optimal melting furnace design. This research simulation consists of 3 stages: pre-processing, solving, and post-processing. There are two furnace geometries, cylindrical and hexagonal, while the burner location will be divided into 3 positions, namely P1, P2, and P3. The most optimal furnace design will be used as a basis for the verification testing process. The process of comparing the old and the new smelting furnace design is carried out to understand the performance and characteristics of each furnace. The simulation results for the average crucible temperature in the cylindrical furnace were obtained as follows: 288.5 ºC for the P1 burner, 306.2 ºC for the P2 burner, and 284.5 ºC for the P3 burner. Meanwhile, the simulation results show that the average crucible temperature value in the hexagonal furnace is 290.0 ºC for the P1 burner, 281.6 ºC for the P2 burner, and 237.8 ºC for the P3 burner. The verification testing process produced an average crucible temperature value of 237.5 ºC. Furthermore, the comparison test from the old and new furnace designs to melt 2.5 kg of aluminium at 680 ºC with the old furnace took approximately 30 minutes and 33 minutes with the new furnace. The new furnace produced much more uniform melting than the old furnace.

Reducing Persistently High NO x Emissions and the Risk of Hopper’s Thermal-Fatigue in a 600-MWe low-NO x Down-Fired Boiler Furnace with a Staged Arch-Firing Framework: Effect of the Primary-Burner Location

ABSTRACT To address high NO x emissions and the hopper’s overheating environment of a 600-MWe low-NO x down-fired boiler furnace, a staged arch-firing framework (SAF) was implemented. This included an enhanced low-NO x framework, a decreased primary-burner coal/air flux, and a hopper-air arrangement which were regulated for (i) repeated deepening air staging and (ii) decreasing coal/air penetration. To evaluate the primary-burner location effect and confirm the SAF’s viability in resolving these problems, detailed real-furnace measurements and simulations were performed within the original furnace and subsequently within the SAF furnace at primary-burner locations of C b = 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 (C b signifying the dimensionless burner location in the upper-arch depth direction). Increasing C b first improved but then decreased combustion symmetry and the overall low-NO x performance. At C b = 0.40, optimal NO x levels of about 660 mg/m3 at 6% O2 were achieved, along with low carbon levels of about 5% in the fly ash. A comparison before and after the SAF suggests that the SAF effectively shortened the flame penetration and raised both combustion intensity and air utilization for coke combustion downstream. As a result, NO x emissions were reduced by approximately 30% (without affecting burnout). Furthermore, hopper-temperature levels were lowered by about 400 K. These results confirm the viability of the SAF.

Experimental studies of the effect of burner location on the development of building fires

Building-related safety design and assessment requires precise and quantifiable fire laws. However, the effect of fire source location on flame behavior and combustion products has not been fully elaborated leading to a lack of precision in the corresponding risk assessment. The experiments were carried out in a 1/2-scale compartment to investigate the effect of burner location on the self-extinguishing behavior. Six burner positions were used and combustion conditions were varied by adjusting the opening factor and total heat release rate (HRR). Flame behavior, temperature, critical HRR, oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that the burner location could change the flame behavior and its critical conditions. The effect of burner position on the roof temperature could be quantified by the newly proposed position factor. The oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations in the smoke layer were significantly higher when the burner was near a wall or corner than in other positions. The critical HRR for flame extinction varied with burner position because the process by which the flame entraining air and air into the opening was changed. Experimental results in this study provide accurate data support and physical mechanisms for predicting building fire development.

A Large-Eddy Simulation study on the effect of fuel configuration and pan distance towards chemical species for under-ventilated compartment fire scenario

A set of numerical analyses was conducted to investigate the effect of fuel location of dual burners in an under-ventilated ISO9705 compartment room. Moreover, the influences of the burner separation displacement on the fire development, the evolution of thermal layers, the distribution of toxic gas species were comprehensively studied. The simulations were conducted using a novel in-house large eddy simulation (LES) based fire field model comprised of subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence, detailed chemical kinetics of combustion, soot and radiation models. The first part of the simulation focused on 3 different fuel distributions: single centre burner (SCB), single rear burner (SRB) and two distributed burner (TDB). Alternative configurations were considered for dual burners with 4 different distances between the dual burners, to study the influence towards air flow at the doorway, internal temperature profile and major chemical species (i.e. CO/CO2) distributions. The numerical outcome states that fuel distribution has a minor effect on heat release rate and the total CO2 amount but noticeable differences in CO's generation and distribution. Overall, the temperature and gas field predictions were almost identical for all dual burner cases, while significant differences were observed at the rear section of the compartment, especially temperature, CO/CO2vol fraction and soot concentration.

Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Oil Gun Location and Oil Feed Rate on Coal Ignition and Burner Wall Temperature in a Tiny Oil Ignition Burner

To solve the overheating problem of tiny oil ignition burners’ walls during the firing-up process in a 330 MWe tangentially pulverized coal-fired boiler, a numerical model of a tiny oil ignition burner was carefully built considering combustion, gas–solid flow, and heat transfer. Then, the burner location and oil feed rate were optimized based on the model to prevent the burner’s walls from overheating. The effects of the oil gun extension distance (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mm) and oil feed rate (160, 140, 120, 100, 80, 70, 60 kg/h) on coal ignition performance and burner wall temperature were carefully investigated. The simulation results showed good agreement with the measured results. The results indicated that decreasing the oil gun distance within the burner diminished the flame length of the co-combustion of oil and pulverized coal, thus lowering the burner wall temperature. Decreasing the oil feed rate appropriately could also reduce the burner wall temperature without influencing the ignition performance. Considering both ignition performance and burner wall temperature, an extension of 400 mm of the oil gun location and an oil feed rate of 160 kg/h were successfully applied to the actual operation without adverse effects. Moreover, it is suggested to move the temperature monitor points from the burner upper wall to the burner side wall.

Perfection of technology and equipment for heating of steel ladles lining at horizontal stands

To change or repair sliding gates, steel ladles are installed in horizontal position, in which they are heated to keep a working temperature of lining. Peculiarities of a steel ladle heating in horizontal position considered. Description of the lining heating process presented, necessity of elaboration a method of its numeral simulation justified. The method should enable to make studies of influence of various methods of burner location on the ladle cover and torch parameters on efficiency of heating for a particular ladle and time available for the heating. A method of mathematical simulation of heat- and mass-exchange processes of lining heating in nonstationary conditions described. Based on examples of various variants of torch power calculation, dynamics of a ladle walls heating was shown. Results of calculation of temperature distribution over a ladle lining presented, as well as the map of gases flow in the ladle volume for various parameters of torch and heating process stages. Taking into consideration, that calculation costs related to simulation of nonstationary ladle heating are very high, a simplified one-dimensional model of calculation of lining heating process was elaborated. In the model correction factors are used, obtained as a result of numeral simulation. The model enables to make calculations in real time conditions and to use them for control at a practical steel ladle heating in horizontal position at a modern automized heating facility.

Low load performance of tangentially-fired boiler with annularly combined multiple airflows

A novel burner arrangement scheme with annularly combined multiple airflows (ACMA) was previously proposed for wall-tangentially fired boiler (WTFB), and its superiority over traditional WTFB had been proved. However, coal-fired boilers are often required to play the role of peak-shaving. To this, low load performances of ACMA boiler were investigated in this work to test whether ACMA can still work well under low boiler thermal load (BTL) conditions. Results show that ACMA boiler performance is still better than that of traditional WTFB under low BTL condition, with smaller airflow deflection, improved coal combustion behavior and alleviated thermal deviation on suspended heating surfaces. Besides, NOx emission characteristic of ACMA boiler under low BTL is more desirable. Furthermore, the location of non-service burners has significant effects on coal combustion and heat transfer processes under 440 MW load conditions, and closing the upper burner group is the optimal choice in terms of the comprehensive boiler performance. These findings deepen the understanding of ACMA boiler and provide theoretical and practical guidance in its application in power plants.

Розробка раціональних технологічних параметрів обігріву коксової батареї з трамбуванням вугільної шихти.

DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR HEATING OF A COKE BATTERY WITH A STAMPED CHARGING OF COALS © V.I. Goncharov, I.I. Sikan, Ya.I. Dyachuk, N.V. Mukina (Coke production of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih», 50095, Dnipropetrovsk region, Kryvyi Rih, Kryvorizhstal str., 1, Ukraine), I.V. Shulga, PhD in technical sciences (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Research Coal Chemical Institute (UHIN)", 61023, Kharkov, Vesnina st., 7, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the introduction at the PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih» coke plant of a promising technology for compaction of a coal charge, which allows obtaining blast furnace coke of high mechanical and "hot" strength from charges characterized by an increased content of lean components of various stages of metamorphism. Under the present circumstances, this is of great importance for increasing the economic indicators of the production of blast furnace coke and the operation of blast furnaces. The start-up of coke oven battery No. 6, designed for the application of this technology, necessitated the determination of rational technological parameters of heating: the temperature level in the control verticals and the location of the burners for supplying coke oven gas in the vertical along the heating wall. The article presents the calculations, the results of which confirm the expediency of rationalizing the actual starting (design) distribution of burners on coke oven battery No. 6. First of all, attention is drawn to the insufficient diameters of the holes in the burners for the extreme and pre-extreme verticals. This, according to the authors, caused underheating of the head zones and resin spills, which were observed during start-up operations on the battery. The replacement of burners at the edges of the walls by large diameters, carried out by the personnel of the coke shop of the coke plant PJSC “ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih” and LLC “Koksokhimstanciya”, combined with the full opening of the recirculation windows in these zones, improved the heating of the charge and significantly reduced the intensity of spills. The experience gained was taken into account when locating the control devices at coke oven battery No. 5, which was put into operation later. The article also formulates recommendations for adjusting the temperature regime of coking, depending on the grade and component composition, as well as the technological properties of coal charges. Keywords: coke oven battery, stumping of coal charge, temperature in control verticals, location of burners along the length of the heating wall. Corresponding author Ya.I. Dyachuk, е-mail: Yaroslav.Dyachuk@arcelormittal.com

Thermoacoustics and combustion instability analysis for multi-burner combustors

This paper presents a low-order thermoacoustic model for multi-burner combustors and proposes a control theoretic approach to linear combustion instability analysis in frequency domain, taking acoustic and flame interaction effects among burners into account under a non-zero mean flow condition. Our thermoacoustic model can deal with can-annular and annular combustors in a unified way and is given as a multi-input multi-output transfer function matrix from heat fluctuation input vector to velocity fluctuation output vector. We also propose a flame transfer function matrix description where off-diagonal components describe the effects of a local acoustic field of one burner location on the flame response at another burner location. The discrete rotational symmetry of burner arrangement in a combustor makes it possible to diagonalize both the aforementioned thermoacoustic and flame transfer function matrices analytically from a spatial discrete-time Fourier transformation. The decoupled thermoacoustic transfer function matrix provides a characterization of acoustic resonances, particularly the longitudinal-azimuthal coupled modes unique to multi-burner combustors. In addition, from the Bloch wave interpretation, we find general patterns in the mode shape of a multi-burner combustor and its relations to the mode shape of a single-burner combustor. Furthermore, from a diagonalized closed loop transfer function matrix, a simple combustion instability condition for a multi-burner combustor is developed. This stability condition shows how a single-burner combustor and a multi-burner combustor are different quantitatively, when it comes to combustion instability. Numerical examples are presented to validate our thermoacoustic model against three-dimensional FEM results, and to illustrate our developments and findings.

Promising designs of water-heating boilers is great power for centralized heat supply systems.

The article is devoted to the actual theme - an increase of energy efficiency of powerful heating boilers and heat supply stations of centralized heat supply systems of Ukrainian cities, in particular replacing their operational term and physically worn water heat boilers of high capacity.In fact, in high-power boiler-houses of district heating systems of the cities of Ukraine, water-heating boilers of two series - PTVM and KVGM are used. Both types of boilers today do not meet the needs of the market - the requirements of normative documents on the environment and on energy efficiency. In the post-Soviet countries of the Baltic and Eastern Europe, there has been a great deal of experience in modernizing these boilers in order to increase their environmental and thermal performance. In particular, due to the replacement of burners by more than one hour, reduction of their number for boilers of the PTV series, the arrangement of gas-density screen surfaces in boiler furnaces, on-the-spot molding on light fibrous materials, deep automation of boilers operation and equipment with frequency regulators of load-bearing machines. However, if it is necessary to increase the capacity of large boiler-houses, it is inappropriate to use boilers of the types of PTVM and KVGM.In the article reviewed in the technical literature, a large amount of information was analyzed with the results of studies on optimization of the design of powerful steam boilers, in particular, to optimize the design of burners in furnaces. The analysis of this information has shown that it can be used for the design of high-power water heat boilers (from 30 MW to 200 MW).On the basis of information analysis, selected directions of optimization of structures of water-heating boilers of high capacity of the location of burners in the vault or in the subsoil, the use of gas-density screen surfaces, part of which is carried out by two-colored, the use of as few modulated low-NOx burners of high power, deep automation of boilers and boiler-houses in general.The article gives an example of a conceptual design of a 120 MW water boiler using the above principles in comparison with a boiler of the same capacity, which is an upgraded variant of the boiler PTVM-100 capacity of 116 MW. The equation shows that the proposed conceptual design of a water-heating boiler has almost 2.5 times less metal capacity, almost 2 times less than height, which has much more flexibility and wide regulation, which leads to lower cost of the boiler itself and, accordingly, the cost of installation work.

Effect of the burner position on an austenitizing process in a walking-beam type reheating furnace

An analysis of the effect of burner location on the performance of a walking-beam type reheating furnace for an austenitizing process is presented in this work. Four configurations were evaluated, where the main difference was the position of four high-speed self-recuperative burners. The analysis was done through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, using a set of models suitable, and previously validated, to consider combustion, heat transfer, and billet heating, all in a 3D steady-state calculation. The self-recuperative burners were modeled by programming a custom user-defined-function (UDF) for the specific burner. This UDF calculates air preheating temperature in each burner as a function of air mass flow rate and the flue gas temperature entering the burner recuperator. The efficiency of the heating process, the billet heating characteristics, and the heat transfer rate to the billets for the different configurations were analyzed and compared. The results show that position and type of burners have a great effect on the furnace performance. The entrance of cold air through the furnace openings was responsible for the lower efficiencies and some billet heating problems observed. The configuration with the burners staggered on the sidewalls presented the best results in terms of energy efficiency and the billet heating characteristics required for an austenitizing process (heating rate, austenitizing temperature, holding time, and temperature uniformity).

Review and comparative assessment of engineering correlations for the fire-induced air inflow rate through a compartment opening

In a building fire, the initial fire compartment is rarely airtight, since it is quite common for some opening (e.g. door, window) to be present, either by chance (e.g. a window left open) or due to the failure of the glazing in a high temperature environment. The opening provides essentially a physical connection of the fire compartment to either the ambient environment or an adjacent room. The developing fire-induced buoyant flow is significantly affected by the presence of an opening, since an open vent provides a means for ambient air to enter the compartment (air inflow through the bottom section of the opening) and for gaseous combustion products, or even flames, to exit the compartment (plume outflow through the top section of the opening). In the context of building fire safety design, it is commonly required to estimate the characteristics of the fire-induced opening flow (or “vent flow”), since the ambient air inflow rate is the main parameter affecting fire ventilation conditions and can thus determine whether over- or under-ventilated fire conditions will prevail. As a result, the air inflow rate through an opening has a significant impact in several important fire development characteristics, such as fire spreading rate, compartment temperature, flashover or backdraft hazards etc.There are several works available in the open literature that focus on developing appropriate fire engineering correlations to accurately estimate the fire-induced opening air inflow rate. These correlations are commonly used in simplified pre-flashover fire simulation tools (e.g. two-zone models). However, despite the importance of this parameter, a general consensus has yet to be achieved. The majority of the available correlations are semi-empirical in nature, where a general analytic opening flow model is combined with experimental results obtained in relevant fire tests. In addition, there are certain empirical parameters appearing in various correlations (e.g. flow discharge coefficient) or other parameters that require prior experimental observations, which may not always be available (e.g. thermal discontinuity height). Motivated by this observation, this work is aimed at evaluating a broad range of available fire engineering correlations for the estimation of the fire-induced air inflow rate through an opening; the correlations are validated and comparatively assessed by comparing the respective predictions with experimental data obtained in eight large-scale fire tests, all performed in fire compartments with a single door-type opening.Nine different correlations available in the open literature are evaluated in this work; the original correlations are cast in a common format, using identical symbols to facilitate comparison. Aiming to evaluate the various correlations’ performance, measurements of air mass flow rate through the opening, obtained in eight different large-scale fire tests, are used; the employed fire tests span a broad range of operational conditions, such as fire heat release rate (32 - 320 kW), burner position (back, centre, front), burner elevation (0 - 0.3 m) and ventilation factor (1.83 - 2.17 m5/2).In general, the investigated correlations are found to exhibit disparate levels of prediction accuracy. The majority of correlations over-predict the measured air inflow rate values, therefore yielding “conservative” results, appropriate for fire engineering design purposes. The correlation of Tewarson (1984) is found to provide the most accurate results (average error: 12.9%). Predictions are further analysed to determine the main physical parameters affecting the prediction accuracy; changing the burner location and elevation is found to significantly affect the quality of the obtained results.

Establishing an overall symmetrical combustion setup for a 600 MWe supercritical down-fired boiler: A numerical and cold-modeling experimental verification

The aim in this work is to establish an overall symmetrical combustion setup for a 600 MWe supercritical down-fired boiler via evaluating effects of various factors (related with the upper furnace parameters and combustion system) on asymmetric combustion. Firstly, based on comparing the flow-field symmetry and performance parameters at the furnace outlet, effects of various factors (such as the dimensionless upper furnace height CH2, boiler nose depth CL, upper/lower furnace depth ratio CW, furnace arch's burner location CD, burner span CS, and staged-air angle θ) were numerically determined under coal-combustion conditions. Secondly, three combined setups that considering all these factors were numerically compared. With CW and CD fixed at the boiler's design levels, applying an integrated solution consisting of lengthening upper furnace to CH2 = 1.125, shortening burner span to CS = 0.387, and performing a sharp staged-air declination, developed symmetrical combustion plus apparent improvements in burnout and NOx emissions. Under these circumstances, maintaining CL at its original value of 0.298 and meanwhile setting θ at 45°, which corresponded to the combined setup 2 in this work, attained the best performance parameters at the furnace outlet. In view of the cold-modeling experiment also confirming the symmetrical gas/particle flow-field formation, the combined setup 2 was finally recommended as an overall symmetrical combustion setup for the down-fired boiler.

Development of an improved device to control flame brightness in combustion chambers of steam boilers

The study has helped create a device by developing the design of a sensor to control the fire brightness of a coal burner as well as by using the electronic circuit of an information processing unit. The proposed optical fiber transformer design provides a comparison of the brightness of adjacent areas and the total area of a separate torch, and it increases the viewing angle of the sensor up to 20 degrees. A third channel has been introduced to correct measurements, taking into account the radiation of combustion products that hinder the accuracy of the measurement. The study has determined the radiation spectrum of combustion products in the furnace and their dependence on the temperature of the flame. It has been revealed that the developed optical fiber sensor increases the area of the controlled flame, which increases the accuracy of control. The presence of a “window” in the logic source block will help adapt the device to the temperature and location of burners in the furnace. The design of the optical fiber transformer and some nodes of the electronic unit can be used in the development of serial combustion control devices for coal burners. The use of CCD matrices will help achieve future two-coordinate control of the burner flame and increase the selectivity and performance of the device

Trends of the Flow-Field Deflection and Asymmetric Combustion in a 600 MWe Supercritical Down-Fired Boiler with Respect to the Furnace Arch’s Burner Span

The asymmetric upper furnace configuration effect (mainly relied on the short upper furnace) and unreasonable burner designs (mainly related to the burner location and burner span on furnace arches) are taken as potential major factors favoring the asymmetric combustion formation in down-fired boilers. To confirm the burner span’s role in this aspect, numerical simulations on coal combustion in a 600 MWe supercritical down-fired boiler that suffered from severe flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion were carried out at three burner span settings (i.e., CS = 0.387, 0.441, and 0.495), plus full-load industrial-size measurements at the boiler’s design setup CS = 0.441. The boiler’s design setup shows a badly asymmetric combustion performance with poor burnout and high NOx emissions, corresponding to its severely deflected gas/particle flow field. Shortening the burner span to CS = 0.387 greatly improves the flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion, resulting in a burnout increase and NOx redu...

Physical mechanisms that cause intermittency that presages combustion instability and blowout in a turbulent lifted jet flame combustor

ABSTRACTThe physics of intermittent dynamics that presages the onset of impending combustion instability and blowout in a turbulent lifted jet flame combustor is investigated. It is observed that the transition from combustion noise to combustion instability happens via intermittency while varying the relative location of the burner inside a confinement as a bifurcation parameter. For further change in burner location past the condition of combustion instability, the intermittency before the flame blows out is once again observed. The authors show that the coupled interaction of flow, flame dynamics, and combustion chamber acoustics is the physical reason for the occurrence of intermittency prior to combustion instability. In contrast, intermittent dynamics that presages blowout occurs due to the interplay between flame blowout precursor events and the driving of high-amplitude oscillations as the flame propagates towards the burner.

Effect of burner location on flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion in a 600 MWe supercritical down-fired boiler

To evaluate the burner location's role on the flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion that occurring in a 600MWe supercritical down-fired boiler, cold-modeling gas/particle flow experiments and numerical simulations on coal combustion were performed with varying the furnace arch's burner location. Meanwhile, full-load industrial-size measurements at the boiler's design setup were performed to uncover the asymmetric combustion characteristics and verify the simulation validity. The boiler's design setup displayed a severely deflected gas/particle flow field with (i) a large downward gas/particle flow penetration difference appearing in the front- and rear-half sides and (ii) the upward flow fully deflecting towards the front-half side. Accordingly, a badly asymmetric combustion performance (much lower gas temperature levels appearing in the front-half side than in the rear-half side) occurred with poor burnout and high NOx emissions. The calculated coal/air penetration and flow-field deflection extent were found to be shallower than the cold-modeling experimental versions, despite the consistent flow-field deflection pattern respectively gained by the two methods. Positioning burners towards the front/rear wall greatly improved the flow-field deflection in the form of apparently decreasing the aforementioned penetration difference and redirecting the upward gas/particle flow in the furnace’s central part. Consequently, asymmetric combustion sharply weakened to increase burnout and reduce NOx emissions. In contrast, moving burners towards the furnace centerline aggravated the flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion to worsen the furnace performance in burnout and NOx production. These results suggest that in the absence of coal/air distribution with varying burner location, the local high gas temperatures incurred by asymmetric combustion facilitate the NOx production. Finally, burners are recommended to position towards the front/rear wall as much as possible for weakening the flow-field deflection and asymmetric combustion if a lowered manufacturing cost requires a short upper furnace where the asymmetric upper furnace configuration effect is aggravated.

Studies on ceiling maximum thermal smoke temperature and longitudinal decay in a tunnel fire with different transverse gas burner locations

A series of experiments are conducted to analyze and discuss ceiling maximum thermal smoke temperature and longitudinal decay along the centerline of the tunnel with different transverse fire source locations. The size of scale model tunnel is 72m (length)×1.5m (width)×1.3m (height). Three transverse gas burner locations were considered, such as Location A (close to the wall), Location B (near the wall), Location C (centerline of the tunnel), the corresponding distance between the centerline of the gas burner and the tunnel wall are 0.2m, 0.475mand0.75m, respectively. It was found that Li model underestimates the maximum thermal smoke temperature beneath the ceiling with different transverse fire source locations. Thus a dimensionless coefficient λ is put forward to consider the effect of different horizontal fire source location on thermal smoke temperature profile. The predictions by the modified model of this work agree well with the measured data in the maximum thermal smoke considering different transverse fire source locations. The revised thermal smoke temperature decay formula along the centerline of the tunnel is introduced, and the deduced values of coefficient Kcdown are correlated linearly with transverse fire location.

The Influence Of Burner Locations In The Heating Furnace On The Charge Temperature Field

AbstractCharge heating in industrial furnaces is a difficult and complex process. There are many physical phenomena which influence heat transfer. At the charge surface heat transfer takes place by radiation and convection. In order to ensure correct operation of the technological system, it is necessary to achieve the required charge temperature in the whole volume and ensure its uniformity.The influence of selected burner locations inside the furnace on the charge temperature has been analysed. The temperature field and its uniformity in the round charge made of steel for hot open die forging have been analysed. The model and numerical calculations were performed with the ANSYS-Fluent 14.5 package.

Aspects of the Aerodynamics in the Working Space of a Modern Electric-Arc Steelmaking Furnace

The standard arrangement of burners in the working space of modern electric-arc steelmaking furnaces is analyzed. The conditions under which the location of the burners would be optimum are determined and an efficient system is proposed for their installation in the furnace. Special attention is given to the energy efficiency and safety of gas-oxygen burners and combination burners and to improving the service conditions of the electrodes and the refractory lining in the slag zone.