Location Aided Routing Protocol Research Articles

Performance study of reactive routing protocol in wildfire detection using mobile ad-hoc network

The routing protocols play an important role in creating routes and sending packets between sensor nodes. There are many methods in the literature that presented and applied several protocols in various domains. However, there is a lack of using routing protocols in the detection of wildfire. Moreover, most methods have used a single number of sensor nodes, where there is a need to investigate the routing protocol based on different simulation parameters such as the number of sensor nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a type of reactive routing protocol that is named Location Aided Routing (LAR). The simulation of LAR protocol has been conducted based on a various number of sensor nodes in order to deeply study and investigate the LAR protocol in the detection of wildfire. In addition, different performance metrics are used for evaluating the performance of the LAR protocol. In the simulation, the performance of LAR protocol shows promising results in the wildfire detection.

Secure Location-Aided Routing Protocols With Wi-Fi Direct For Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Secure routing protocols are proposed for the vehicular ad hoc networks. The protocolsintegrate the security authentication process with the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol to supportWi-Fi Direct communications between the vehicles. The methods are robust against various security threats.The security authentication process adopts a modified Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol. The Diffie-Hellman protocol is used with a short authentication string (SAS)-based key agreement over Wi-Fi Directout-of-band communication channels. It protects the communication from any man-in-the-middle securitythreats. In particular, the security process is integrated into two LAR routing schemes, i.e., the request-zoneLAR scheme and the distance-based LAR scheme.We conduct extensive simulations with different networkparameters such as the vehicular node density, the number of the malicious nodes, and the speed of thenodes. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols provide superior performance in securedata delivery and average total packet delay. Also, the secure distance-based LAR protocol outperforms thesecure request-zone LAR protocol.

Energy Aware Metaheuristic Optimization with Location Aided Routing Protocol for MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure. The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology, link loss, and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process. Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes. Location aided routing (LAR) is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption. Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR, energy efficiency still remains a major design issue. In this aspect, this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR (EAMO-LAR) protocol for MANETs. The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm (MRFO) to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol. The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function. The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization. To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol, a series of simulations take place. The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods. The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques.

Two-level data packet security mechanism – secure location-aided routing (SLAR)

Secure data transmission is one of the most difficult challenges of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), it is a group of wireless mobile nodes that creates a temporary network without the help of a centralized system, infrastructure, or access point. Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocols limit the ad hoc network's search for a new route to a limited "request zone." For safe message transmission in the current Location Aided Routing protocol, the Secure Location Aided Routing algorithm (SLAR) is proposed in this paper. The LAR is a geographic routing protocol that establishes the route discovery region between the source and distance before forwarding the route request packets. SLAR is an extension of LAR where the performance of LAR is compared in the presence and absence of malicious nodes, and the security of LAR is improved by putting cryptographic features in it. SLAR has significantly improved throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio compared to LAR.

Secure Optimized Request Zone Location-Aided Routing

Secure data transmission is one of the biggest challenges for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) due to its dynamic and infrastructure-less characteristics. Such security services become a demand to provide safe and secure conversation between automobiles. In this paper, two optimized secure routing protocol for VANETs were proposed: 1) Secure Tilted-Rectangular-Shaped Request Zone Location-Aided Routing protocol (STRS-RZLAR); 2) Secure Cone-Shaped Request Zone LAR (SCS-RZLAR). Each proposed secure protocol integrates a security unit with an optimized shape request zone. The security unit in both protocols is a multi-layer unit that adopts two security agreement protocols: 1) modified Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol; 2) short authentication string (SAS)-based key agreement protocol. The overall communication scheme is performed using Wi-Fi Direct out-of-band channels. The proposed secure protocols provide a reliable and secure data transmission between automobiles in a VANET and thus making it robust against man-in-the-middle attack (MITMA). Extensive simulations using three main network parameters: vehicular node density, number of malicious nodes and vehicle speed show that the proposed secure routing protocols provide superior performance regarding data delivery and normalized routing load (NRL) with a trade-off in average end to end packet delay. From the other side, Simulation results show that SCS-RZLAR protocol outperforms the STRS-RZLAR protocol regarding NRL and average end to end packet delay, while STRS-RZLAR protocol outperforms the SCS-RZLAR protocol regarding data delivery.

Adaptive Security-aware Cone-shaped Request-zone Location-aided Routing Protocol Using Agent-Based Methodology for VANETs

In this paper, we propose an agent-based adaptive security-aware enhancement algorithm with congestion control mechanism for limited resources VANETs using intelligent transportation systems. The proposed security algorithm is to be installed at a central server that receives information about the vehicle resources from distributed intelligent road side units (RSUs) in a virtual segmented road via existing wireless cellular networks (4G). The security algorithm adaptively makes a decision about the best integrity security service level a source node can adopt while encrypting its data flows according to a resource estimation congestion control mechanism. The information about the security level decision will be transferred from the central server to the RSU via wireless cellular networks (4G). From the other side, the RSU transfers it to the source vehicle node via Wi-Fi direct technology. In finding the secure route to destination, we adopt our previously proposed secure cone-shaped request-zone LAR (SCSLAR). In order to notify the destination node with the security level that was adopted by the source, we override the 1st 3 bits of the 1st payload byte of the IEEE 802.11 wireless frame format to represent the associated integrity security level. Using three main network parameters: node density, vehicular speed, and number of malicious nodes, extensive simulation results based on QualNet simulator that is based on the GloMoSim used by Scalable Network Technologies (SNT) show that the proposed secure cone-shaped request zone LAR with resource estimation methodology (SCSLAR-RE) outperforms the SCSLAR regarding data delivery and in protecting the VANET from being congested by heavy traffic load through minimizing both the buffer consumption and the average packets delays at the destination side, while providing the best integrity security level to the data streams that make them robust against the alteration threat.

Enhancing Route lifetime in Vehicular Ad Hoc ‎Networks Based on Skellam Distribution Model

The emergence of smart cities and the need to use intelligent transportation systems has led to an increased reliance on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANET). The topology of VANET is highly dynamic, which results in a short effective routing time. This paper presents a two-stage algorithm to select a route that can sustain communication between vehicles for as long as possible while taking into account the variables that affect the VANET topology. The first stage uses Skellam distribution model to assess the connectivity probability of paths in ‎a 2d road network based on traffic-flow and the number of vehicles ‎joining and leaving the ‎network, accordingly, the path with the highest connectivity is chosen. In the second stage, the control packets sent only to vehicles on the selected path to detect routes between source and destination, thus reducing the overhead of control packets and increasing network stability. ‎ the algorithm adopts the principle of global evaluation to ‎estimate the lifetime ‎of the ‎detected ‎routes within the chosen path. ‎the route with the ‎best estimated ‎lifetime ‎is ‎chosen to be ‎the active route. ‎in the event of route failure, the validity of the next route in lifetime is confirmed to be adopted as the alternate route. The proposed algorithm was compared with both on-‎demand distance ‎vector routing protocol (AODV) protocol and the modified location-aided routing ‎‎(LAR) ‎protocol. The proposed algorithm showed greater network stability, higher performance in terms of longer lifetime route detection, less energy consumption and higher throughput.

3D Location Oriented Routing in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks for Information Dissemination

A Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) is an autonomous technology that creates a self-organized wireless network via Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs). In this network, all UAVs can communicate within a restricted range of wireless communication in the absence of fixed infrastructure. As a result of high mobility, the limited energy, and the communication range of UAVs, network forming and deformation between them are very frequent that causes packet delivery failure. Therefore, a stable route is always needed to ensure effective data dissemination between source and destination in FANETs. Since it has drastically changing network topology, therefore, to maintain the stable route during packet transmission, there is a need for a suitable routing protocol. This paper proposes an Optimized Location-Aided Routing (O-LAR) protocol which is the modified version of Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol. Our protocol’s novelty comes from the fact that it established an optimal route between UAVs for information dissemination towards their respective destination UAV by considering weight function. A weighted function is used to decide the best next-hop node selection based on the parameters like residual energy, distance, and UAV movement direction. The performance of the O-LAR is evaluated mathematically and simulated through the NS-2 simulator. The empirical results attest that O-LAR improves the link duration, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and average throughput compared with the state-of-the-art protocols: LEPR, D-LAR, and LAR. Further, the proposed scheme reduces the number of next-hops, routing overhead and end-to-end delay compared to the state-of-the-art protocols.

Optimized Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Realization of an Enhanced Energy-Aware Location-Aided Routing Protocol in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is a wireless network topology with mobile network nodes and movable communication routes. In addition, the network nodes in MANETs are free to either join or leave the network. Typically, routing in MANETs is multi-hop because of the limited communication range of nodes. Then, routing protocols have been developed for MANETs. Among them, energy-aware location-aided routing (EALAR) is an efficient reactive MANET routing protocol that has been recently obtained by integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) with mutation operation into the conventional LAR protocol. However, the mutation operation (nonuniform) used in EALAR has some drawbacks, which make EALAR provide insufficient exploration, exploitation, and diversity of solutions. Therefore, this study aims to propose to apply the Optimized PSO (OPSO) via adopting a mutation operation (uniform) instead of nonuniform. The OPSO is integrated into the LAR protocol to enhance all critical performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, overhead, and end-to-end delay.

Minimize the routing overhead through 3D cone shaped location-aided routing protocol for FANETs

Recently, designing an effective routing protocol is challenging for flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) due to the versatile nature of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Position-based routing schemes are seen to be a remarkable preference for routing in FANETs due to the fact that the geographical information of UAVs is readily available. In this paper, we are interested in the modification of the location-aided routing (LAR) that we call 3D cone shaped location-aided routing (3DC-LAR) a position-based routing (PBR) protocol. In the existing LAR scheme, a route discovery process done through the concept of request zone, in which only nodes presents in the request zone will forward the route request for transmitting the data. The proposed 3DC-LAR scheme modified the definition of request zone using 3D cone shape by intermediate UAVs in FANETs environment. The simulation results reveal that the proposed 3DC-LAR scheme has contributed to lead to an improvement in the terms of routing overhead.

The resistance of routing protocols against DDOS attack in MANET

A Mobil Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless multi-hop network with various mobile, self-organized and wireless infrastructure nodes. MANET characteristics such as openness restricted resources and decentralization impact node efficiency and made them easy to be affected by various security attacks, especially Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The goal of this research is to implement a simulation model called DDoS Attack Simulation Model (DDoSM) in Network Simulator 2(NS-2) and to examine the effect of DDoS Attack on various routing protocol types in MANET namely: Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol. The introduced model uses the NS-2 simulator to apply DDoS on the three chosen routing protocols. In terms of throughput and end-to-end latency under the consequences of the attack, the performance of three routings protocols was analyzed.

Genetic Optimized Location Aided Routing Protocol for VANET Based on Rectangular Estimation of Position

Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a dynamic decentralized network that consists of various wireless mobile vehicles with no individual user management. Several routing protocols can be used for VANETs, for example, the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol that utilizes location information provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors. It can help to reduce the search space for the desired route—limiting the search space results in fewer route discovery messages. However, two essential aspects are ignored while applying the LAR protocol in the VANET-based environment. Firstly, the LAR does not exploit the fact that nodes in VANET do not have pure random movement. In other words, nodes in LAR predict the position of destination node by ignoring the fact that the pre-defined constraint on the destination node navigation is met. Secondly, the nodes in the conventional LAR (or simply stated as LAR) protocol use the location information of the destination node before selecting the route location, which is most likely to expire because of the fast movement of the nodes in the VANET environment. This study presents an estimation based on a heuristic approach that was developed to reject weak GPS location data and accept accurate ones. The proposed routing protocol stated as Rectangle-Aided LAR (RALAR) is based on a moving rectangular zone according to the node′s mobility model. Additionally, the proposed RALAR protocol was optimized by using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) by selecting the most suitable time-out variable. The results were compared with LAR and Kalman-Filter Aided-LAR (KALAR), the most commonly utilized protocols in VANET for performance metrics using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), average End-to-End Delay (E2E Delay), routing overhead and average energy consumption. The results showed that the proposed RALAR protocol achieved an improvement over the KALAR in terms of PDR of 4.7%, average E2E delay of 60%, routing overhead of 15.5%, and 10.7% of energy consumption. The results proved that the performance of the RALAR protocol had outperformed the KALAR and LAR protocol in terms of regular network performance measures in the VANET environment.

Secure Location-Aided Routing Protocols With Wi-Fi Direct For Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Secure routing protocols are proposed for the vehicular ad hoc networks. The protocolsintegrate the security authentication process with the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol to supportWi-Fi Direct communications between the vehicles. The methods are robust against various security threats.The security authentication process adopts a modified Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol. The Diffie-Hellman protocol is used with a short authentication string (SAS)-based key agreement over Wi-Fi Directout-of-band communication channels. It protects the communication from any man-in-the-middle securitythreats. In particular, the security process is integrated into two LAR routing schemes, i.e., the request-zoneLAR scheme and the distance-based LAR scheme.We conduct extensive simulations with different networkparameters such as the vehicular node density, the number of the malicious nodes, and the speed of thenodes. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols provide superior performance in securedata delivery and average total packet delay. Also, the secure distance-based LAR protocol outperforms thesecure request-zone LAR protocol.

Packet Delivery Ratio and Overhead Reduction for À GPS Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Now a day’s mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is engaged by numerous scientists and endeavoring to be conveyed by and by. To accomplish this objective, these two components are a significant issue that we need to consider. The first is "overhead". As it were, messages that is not important to be sent when setting up a system association between versatile hubs. The following issue is the parcel sending rate from source to the goal hub that sufficiently high to ensure a successful system association. This paper is concentrating on improving the exhibition of the Location-Aided Routing Protocol (LAR) regarding overhead decrease by adjusting the calculation of the MANET course disclosure process. The consequence of the reproduction shows that the proposed convention can decrease overhead definitely, growing system lifetime and increment parcel sending rate while contrasting and other traditional conventions.

Performance analysis of Geocast based location aided routing using Cache agent in VANET

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is a self-organizing communication network which built over mobilized vehicle. Finding and maintaining the route for sending any information is a challenging task. In this paper a hybrid routing protocols called Cache Agent based Location aided routing using distance and direction (CALAR-DD), Cache Agent based Location aided routing using direction (D-CALAR) and Fuzzy assisted Location Aided Routing using Cache (FLAR-C) were analyzed in term of performance. D-CALAR, CALAR-DD and FLAR-C protocols were fusion of Geocasting approach and Location Aided routing protocol. The D-CALAR, CALAR-DD and FLAR-C where deployed and implemented for City environment. This paper implements D-CALAR, CALAR-DD and FLAR-C for highway as well as city vehicular environment. An experimental study is carried out with 200 nodes and evaluated with performance metrics. Average hop count, packet delivery ratio, average delay, re-transmission ratio, throughput and packet lost ratio are used to evaluate D-CALAR, CALAR-DD and FLAR-C routing protocols performance analysis in VANET.

Opportunistic Directional Location Aided Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

The Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is an autonomous system mobile vehicle connected over a wireless link to transmit data packets in the network. It is noteworthy that vehicles are highly mobile with a limited communication range so that they change their network topology frequently. Therefore, efficient and robust data delivery in VANET is a challenging task due to dynamic network topology, unstable links, and high mobility. In this paper, an opportunistic routing protocol named Opportunistic Directional-Location Added Routing (OD-LAR) protocol proposed that uses full broadcast characteristics. The proposed protocol OD-LAR is a combination of geographical location, link quality, and angular deviation. Using all of these three metrics proposed protocol prioritizes the candidate next-hop forwarder (CNHF) nodes at the border area (BA) of the forward area (FA) towards destination node D. The proposed protocol OD-LAR assign the highest priority to CNHF node has the minimum distance from destination, good link quality, and minimum angular deviation and selects it as an optimal next hop forwarder (ONHF) node. The basic aim of the proposed OD-LAR protocol is to improve packet overhead, packet drop rates, delay, and throughput. To evaluate the performance of OD-LAR, it has simulated through network simulator-2 (NS-2) and compared with the directional-location aided routing (D-LAR) and location aided routing (LAR) protocols. Through simulated results, it has shown packet drop rate and delay is minimum in OD-LAR as compared to the D-LAR and LAR protocols.

Secure and Efficient Location-Aided Routing Against DDOS Attack in Manet

A wireless LAN is one in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection. There are many routing protocols used in wireless networks for transmission of message, among which, Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol is used to find the location of destination. This may be possible using Global Positioning System (GPS) in mobile. We concentrate on other malicious attacks that would have caused tremendous loss by impairing the functionalities of the computer networks. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the MANET functionality. From this point of view, LAR provides a solution against DoS and DDoS attacks. LAR does not have any security mechanism, so we propose a SE_LAR technique which includes traffic analysis methods and extended OEDA method. It is helpful to analyze the traffic, to detect an overwhelming traffic, legitimate nodes, congestion on network, and snooping attacks. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is even more vulnerable to such attacks. So, in this paper, we propose Secure Location-Aided Routing (SE_LAR). Its results are compared with existing secure routing protocols like ISE_DREAM, SE_DREAM protocols. Using the existing SE_DREAM routing protocol malicious nodes are detected by traffic analysis process which is to monitor flooding impact on MANET. The OEDA method discriminates the attacker nodes from reputable nodes by evaluating the addresses in the response signal. But, it cannot be used for dense network, and cannot detect indirect Sybil attack. So, we introduce extended OEDA method with two schemes such as by refering cache memory of neighbor node scheme, and passive Sybil node identity detection, which is incorporated with SE_LAR routing protocol. OEDA method is currently incorporated with the SE_DREAM protocol, generally better known as ISE_DREAM, to produce the route to destination substantially more robust against DDOS attack. Finally we decide using the performance parameters to find out the best alternative among the three different routing protocols. Calculation of the performance of the computation compares SE_DREAM, ISE-DREAM and SE-LAR standards, the overall performance measurements by the NS2 simulator and using the parameters. To determine the effect of network size on the total performance of these protocols, we have three different phenomena.

QoS Enabled Improved Location Aided Routing (QEILA)

Background: Transmission of heavy and real-time data over wireless links with Quality of Service in Mobile ad-hoc network is a very challenging task. Bandwidth and battery backup parameters are checks for Quality of Service. To provide the Quality of Service in mobile ad-hoc network, the aliveness of a transmitting node has a great concern. Location-aided routing methods for mobile ad-hoc network have gained popularity because of network’s energy saving. Location-aided routing keeps a minimal number of participating nodes for path construction between source and destination, but they did not consider the health of participating nodes that constitute a path. Objective: The objective of this work is harness the location aided routing and builds a protocol which provides Quality of Service in terms of required battery life and available bandwidth. Method: In this work, various patented and non-patented location-based routing and Quality of Service methods for wireless network have been reviewed. The improved location aided routing protocol has been utilized and equipped with Quality of Service check while selecting the next forwarding node for path construction. A novel path preservation procedure is proposed which repair the broken link locally by utilizing candidate next node table. Results: The simulation reveals that the proposed protocol constructs a reliable path consist of trustworthy nodes in terms of battery life and available bandwidth. Conclusion: Proposed work can be utilized for transmitting heavy data traffic in Mobile Ad-hoc network with Quality of Service in real time situation.

Secure Tilted-Rectangular-Shaped Request Zone Location-Aided Routing Protocol (STRS-RZLAR) for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Securing data communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) becomes a demand to provide safe and secure warning messages to drivers. In this paper, a secure routing protocol for VANETs was proposed. The protocol integrates a security unit that adopts a modified Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol with an optimized location-aided routing protocol (LAR) that adopts a tilted rectangular shaped (TRS) request zone. The proposed Secure Tilted-Rectangular-Shaped Request Zone Location-Aided Routing Protocol (STRS-RZLAR) provides a secure communication between vehicles in VANETs and thus protects the overall communication scheme from man-in-the-middle attack (MITMA). By conducting extensive simulation results using two main network parameters: vehicular node density and the number of the malicious nodes, the proposed routing protocol outperforms the insecure TRS-LAR and the standard LAR in terms of secure data delivery.

Simulation Process for Mobile Nodes Information Using Location Aided Routing in MANET

Location-aided routing protocol (LAR) utilizes the position information for routing. This system is simulated position information in specific areas by using mobile nodes. Movement of hosts results in routes, requiring some mechanism for determining new routes. This system finds position information using Location aided routing algorithm between each nodes. In real application, mobile nodes can apply without time consuming and saving cost to get location information using wireless sensor network. Each of the nodes is involved with calculating its position. If the position information is searched in the routing protocol, then position-based routing protocol is used. After creating the position table, all mobile nodes can transmit 64B data within active mobile nodes via Base station. The algorithm is determined locations of nodes based on the connectivity for every node in specific area. This system is demonstrated location information by using Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol for route discovery. This system can assist to detect location of the specific areas using mobiles nodes. Simulation results are used to draw conclusions regarding to the proposed routing algorithm. The simulation of system is implemented mobile nodes and node movement function by using C# programming language.