Local Waste Research Articles

Investigation on Mechanical Strengths and Carbon Foot Print of Modified Foamed Concrete

This paper describes the work of a study carried out to investigate the mechanical strengths and carbon foot print of foamed concrete incorporating with local industrial wastes. Experiments were performed to obtain a minimum 28 days compressive strength of 15 MPa modified foamed concretes by using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and fly ash (FA) as partial cement replacement and unprocessed rush husk ash (RHA) as partial fine aggregate replacement. Carbon footprint analysis was carried out by determining the CO2emission for each constituent materials in the modified foamed concrete mixes. Although incorporation of POFA in the foamed concrete containingRHA fine aggregate gained lower mechanical strengths compared to the use of FA, the minimum compressive strength is still can be attained. In terms of the sustainability, modified foamed concrete with 30% POFA or 30% FA was found an encouraging reduction of carbon foot print up to about 30% compared to the control foamed concrete. Based on eco-strength indicator, the optimum foamed concrete mix with POFA was found to be at 22.5% cement replacement level. The eco-modified foamed concrete has good potential in civil engineering construction and environmentally friendly.

Emission of volatile organic compounds from landfill working surfaces: Formation potential of ozone and secondary organic aerosols

The working surface of landfills is an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have received increasing attention because of their role in potentially forming ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In this study, 99 monitoring datasets on VOC emissions from a landfill working surface were obtained in 9 months and used to evaluate their ozone formation potential (OFP) and SOA formation potential (SOAFP) from a statistical perspective and compared using various methods. December was found to have the highest total OFP and SOAFP caused by VOC emissions from the landfill working surface. Both the propylene equivalent concentration (PEC) and maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) methods indicated that oxygenated compounds, especially ethanol, contributed the most to the OFP, accounting for 16.1 %–95.4 % and 44.9 %–98.6 % of the total OFP during the entire observation period, respectively. The fraction aerosol coefficient (FAC) method highlighted the effect of aromatic hydrocarbons which contributed to over 97 % of the total SOAFP. In contrast, the SOA potential (SOAP) method indicated that both aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds play important roles, contributing 26.6 %–93.9 % and 21.6 %–73.4 % of the total SOAFP, respectively. Based on their mechanisms and comprehensiveness, PEC and SOAP methods are considered more appropriate for evaluating the OFP and SOAFP of VOCs released from landfill working surfaces. The annual total OFP and SOAFP of VOCs from landfill working surfaces of China in 2020 were thus estimated as 1.5 × 104 t and 135 t, respectively, with high variations among different regions along with the population, waste management system, and the amount of landfilled waste. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts and evaluation methods of local waste landfills in the atmospheric environment from a statistical perspective.

Development of refractories for the pyro-processing (heat-based) industry in Nigeria through the evaluation of mixtures of Enugu Iva-Pottery clay, Nsu-clay and palm kernel shell waste

The energy demand is on the global increase as the world economy is increasing steadily. Hence, the need to develop energy-saving technology with local raw materials and abundant waste materials becomes paramount. The mixtures of Enugu Iva-pottery clay, Nsu clay and PKS were evaluated to improve the quality of locally produced refractory for pyro-processing industries. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the PKS and the clay were determined. Eight recipes were made by varying PKS with quartz from 5 to 35% and produced by the wet pressing technique, then fired to 1200 °C and 1300°C respectively. The mechanical properties were determined by the Modulus of Rupture test, also, the bulk density, linear shrinkage, total shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption and thermal efficiency tests of the produced refractories were ascertained.The recipe with 15% PKS sintered well at 1300°C and gave the best optimum results of 1.76g/cm3 bulk density, 6.49% linear shrinkage, 21.384% apparent porosity, 20 cycles of spalling tests at 1300 °C. The results comply well with the standards of refractory properties. The PKS additives have shown significant improvement in the properties of the locally produced refractories and waste control; hence, can promote sustainable development of the local pyro-processing industry.

What drives the viability of waste-to-energy? Modelling techno-economic scenarios of anaerobic digestion and energy generation for the Scottish islands

Anaerobic digestion, a technology which converts biowaste into biogas, can address issues of waste utilisation, energy security and reducing emissions. Co-digestion of waste could improve biogas yields and synergies between sectors but requires transport of waste. To improve on existing biowaste-to-energy models which consider simple transport costs, this work combines a techno-economic model with a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) solver to consider detailed waste transport costs with actual Open Street Map (OSM) road networks. This addresses whether biowaste-to-energy techno-economic modelling is improved with more specific transport costs and more broadly how factors of resource availability, generation technology and transport costs influence the viability of anaerobic digestion and generation plants. The levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is used to compare scenarios of these aspects. The Scottish islands have been modelled as a case study due to high biowaste potential and varied topographies, which both influence transport costs. Number of waste vehicles required is improved by 42.8% and the unit cost of collection varies from £0.1–1670.0/tonne. Local topographies and waste availability significantly affects the viability of individual facilities, which might not be considered by simpler collection cost metrics. Between 14.0 and 20.6% of the regions electricity demand could be met by biogas. While industrial facilities co-located with demand have the cheapest LCOE, this can in some cases be improved with other waste streams, highlighting the need for further research on and policies supporting co-digestion, as well as improving household and business participation rates. Incentives and avoided costs are crucial to supporting biowaste-to-energy if more isolated regions are to benefit from improved waste utilisation.

End-of-pipe treatment of secondary treated coke-oven wastewater for removal of fluoride, cyanide, phenol, ammoniacal-N and nitrate using waste material: Experiment, modelling and optimization

The present investigation focused on End-of-pipe treatment of secondary treated coke-oven wastewater to remove cyanide, phenol, ammoniacal-N, nitrate and fluoride using earthen tea pot (ETP), a local market waste. The effect of parameters like adsorption time (0–10 h), particle size (1–3 mm) and adsorbent dose (10–30 gL−1) was tested for removal of pollutants from synthetic BOD treated coke-oven wastewater (SBTCW) and maximum removal was obtained as cyanide (95.46 ± 0.004%), phenol (99.70 ± 0.005%), ammoniacal-N (47.88 ± 6.31%), nitrate (61.03 ± 2.12%), and fluoride (92.35 ± 0.09%) at adsorption time 10 h, particle size 1 mm and adsorbent dose 10 gL−1. Kinetic study showed that the fluoride removal data fit satisfactorily to the Pseudo 2nd order kinetic model, whereas the Pseudo 1st order model was found to be fitted well to the kinetic data of all other pollutants. Adsorption isotherm study portrayed that the Freundlich isotherm model holds good to represent equilibrium data for the removal of pollutants. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the removal efficiencies of all five pollutants. The optimum removal condition as shown by RSM study was contact time: 7.3 h, and initial concentrations (ICs) of cyanide, phenol, ammoniacal-N, nitrate and fluoride are 0.71, 10, 400, 100 and 10.1 mgL−1, respectively, and the removal of five pollutants (cyanide, phenol, ammoniacal-N, nitrate and fluoride) were predicted as 40.58%, 90.00%, 41.63%, 96.00% and 45.29%, respectively. Artificial Neural Network model was developed based on experimental points which indicated that the model can calculate abatement of five different pollutants for various operating conditions with reasonably high accuracy. Genetic Algorithm was then used to optimize the removal process of the five pollutants. Regeneration study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the regenerated adsorbent in next cycle of the End-of-pipe treatment of SBTCW. Finally, real secondary treated coke-oven wastewater was collected and treated with the present adsorbent.

Analysis of the Characteristics of Bio-Coal Briquettes from Agricultural and Coal Industry Waste

One of the options for reducing harmful emissions in the production of heat energy is the use of biomass, including in combination with industrial waste (for instance, coal and coke dust). Recent studies demonstrate that a mix of biomass and coal makes it possible to obtain a bio-coal briquette with better characteristics, which is a motivating factor in the search for alternative sources of heat energy from local agricultural waste. The aim of this research is to study the properties of bio-coal briquettes from biomass (sunflower husks and leaves) and industrial waste (coal and coke dust). The raw material was grinded and used for the production of bio-coal briquettes of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of biomass. The biomass was grinded to the size of no more than 2 mm for the fine fraction and no more than 6 mm for the coarse fraction. The briquettes were made mechanically using a hydraulic press with a compression pressure of 25 MPa without the use of any binder. The characteristics of the investigated bio-coal briquettes, such as density, strength, moisture content, ash content, volatile yield, calorific value, ignition time, burning duration, and burning rate, have good enough values. The fine fraction briquettes compared to the coarse fraction briquettes have a longer burning time (about threefold longer) and a lower burning rate. For all briquettes, an increase in the composition of coal dust results in a rise in the burning time, whereas the burning rate falls. The best in terms of strength, calorific value and combustion parameters are the following briquettes: 70% sunflower husk and 30% coal dust from the Karazhyra deposit; 60% sunflower husk and 40% coal dust from the Shubarkul deposit; briquettes from 70% sunflower husk and 30% coke dust; briquettes from 80% leaves and 20% coal dust from the Karazhyra deposit; and briquettes from 70% leaves and 30% coal dust from the Shubarkul deposit. The selected briquettes are suitable as an alternative source of fuel.

Hydrogeochemical Responses of MTMS-Coated Capillary Cover under Heavy Rainfalls

To limit the oxidation of waste rocks that originates from mining operations and the subsequent leaching of acidic solutions with high concentration of metal ions, a tailing–rock–clay triple layer capillary cover system was developed to prevent rainwater infiltration in humid climatic regions. The fine grained soil (FGS) layer consists of mine tailing and a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) clay from waste-water treatment with a 95:5 mass ratio. The coarse grained soil (CGS) layer consists of local waste rock granules with a size of 1–10 mm. Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), an oxidation-inhibiting agent with strong hydrophobicity, was passivated on the rock grains to further reduce water infiltration and leaching of metal ions. Prototype-scale column tests were performed with matric suction and water content measurements under 680 min rainfall of 60 mm/h, the most severe annual precipitation case scenario for the Dexing Copper Mine (Jiangxi Province, China, 28.95° N, 117.57° E, humid climate). Both the uncoated and the coated covers exhibited zero leakage throughout the experiment. The passivation on rock granules in the coated cover increased the water entry value (WEV) of the CGS layer to −0.56 kPa. This led to a 15 mm water storage increment in the overlain FGS layer as compared to that in the uncoated cover, and induced lateral drainage (5% of the precipitation) in the FGS layer, which was not overserved in the uncoated cover. The concentrations of the leached Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations drained from the CGS layers of the uncoated cover were 0, 0.4, 0.8, 73.5, and 590.5 mg/L, which are all within the regulation limits of industrial discharge water standards. The concentrations of Cu2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations drained from the coated CGS layer were reduced by 1–3 orders of magnitude. The abovementioned laboratory studies validated the water retention and leaching prevention abilities of the proposed three-layer capillary covers and the MTMS coating, which hold promises in engineering applications.

Packing density investigation of blended cement pastes incorporating waste perlite and recycled concrete powder

Widely available industrial local waste materials could be viable solutions as supplementary cementitious materials. Aside from their possible positive effect on material properties, benefits are also expected in the environmental and economic sense. This is the case mainly because these materials do not have value in the market and are discarded as waste. This research examines locally abundant waste powders from the production of recycled concrete aggregate and perlite. For the investigation, the wet packing density method was used based on volumetric replacement ratios of cement ranging from 2.5 to 12.5% and 2.5 to 7.5% for waste perlite and recycled concrete powder, respectively. The ternary blended cements showed beneficial behaviour when compared to reference containing solely ordinary Portland cement. On the other hand, compressive strength is one of the key indicators of porous materials' mechanical and durability performance. Compressive strength measurements for the blended cement pastes were also obtained to identify the possible enhancement in the packing density and its effect on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. It has been demonstrated that focusing just on packing density for investigation of the mechanical performance of cementitious materials when alternative solutions are concerned might not be the most robust approach.

Effective Decolorization and Turbidity Removal of Canal Water using Activated Carbon Prepared from Local Agricultural Wastes

Effective Decolorization and Turbidity Removal of Canal Water using Activated Carbon Prepared from Local Agricultural Wastes

Local pineapple waste as potential bio-ingredient

The pineapple by-products possess desirable nutritional and physicochemical properties, making it worthwhile to explore their use as a potential functional food element. The study aimed to evaluate the proximate composition and the potential use of MD2 pineapple waste such as peel and pomace, as a growth medium for probiotic bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacterial. The pineapple pomace was obtained after the pineapple pulp was pressed for the juice. Proximate analysis and the growth of lactic acid bacteria were carried out on the dried and ground pomace. The proximate composition of MD2 pineapple peel and pomace was attained in dry matter (g/100 g) including protein (5.14 g, 6.34 g), total fat (1.14 g,1.09 g), total carbohydrate (85.07 g, 82.75 g) ash (2.42 g, 2.04 g), moisture (6.22 g, 7.79 g), crude fibre (17.4 g,19.39 g) and energy (371 kcal, 366 kcal). The growth performance of Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus acidophilus in pineapple peel and pineapple pomace as an alternative bio ingredient in growth media was significantly increased to log 2-log 3 at 72 hrs of incubation and was evidenced by the lowered pH of the growth medium for each bacterium. The results showed that pineapple waste is a good candidate as a bio ingredient to support the growth of L. paracasei and L. acidophilus and has the potency to be a potential prebiotic for probiotic strains.

Enhancing bauxite residue properties for plant growth: Gypsum and organic amendment effects on chemical properties of soil and leachate

Here, we assess the effects of gypsum and local organic waste as amendments to non-weathered, filter-pressed bauxite residue (BR) to improve its properties and support plant growth. In addition, we monitored the leachate quality of the amended BR under progressive leaching that simulated precipitation conditions in Northern Brazil. Free-draining column tests consisting of BR amended with gypsum and organic waste, at 5% and 10% w/w, respectively, were leached for 8 weeks to assess the effects on the chemical composition of BR and the leachates. Adding gypsum to BR reduced the exchangeable sodium (Na) percentage (ESP) from approximately 79%–48%, whereas adding only organic waste had smaller effects on ESP (from ∼79% to ∼ 70%). The mean leachate pH ranged from 8.7 to 9.4 for the gypsum, and organic waste amended BR, while this was 10.3 in the leachate of the unamended BR. The treatments had similar trends of electrical conductivity throughout the experiments and were below 2 dS/cm after 8 weeks, when ∼1.700 mm simulated precipitation had leached. Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), and Vanadium (V) concentrations in leachates of BR with gypsum, either alone or in combination with organic waste, were significantly lowered than in leachate of non-amended BR. By contrast, metal concentrations increased if organic waste was added to BR. We conclude that amending BR with gypsum, in combination with organic waste, significantly improves the chemical properties of the solid phase and achieved rehabilitation goals for SAR and EC of the leachates after 8 weeks of leaching. However, despite high leaching rates, rehabilitation goals for pH and ESP were not achieved with gypsum either alone or combined with organic waste.

Effect of Crushed Clay Brick as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement on Properties of Concrete

The continuous construction activity increases the demand for concrete production. At the same time, the construction and demolition activity also generate solid waste which is disposed of at landfills. The approach of discarding waste such as concrete waste, brick waste, and timber waste pollutes the environment. Thus, the present research investigates the effect of integrating local clay brick waste as a partial fine aggregate replacement on the properties of concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared by integrating various percentages of crushed clay brick ranging from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as partial sand replacement in concrete. All specimens were subjected to continuous water curing until the testing date which is 7 days and 28 days. The finding shows that the use of up to 10% crushed clay brick successfully enhances the compressive strength of concrete. The water absorption of concrete increase as larger content of crushed clay brick waste is integrated in the mix. Basically, the use of clay brick waste in concrete would help to reduce dependency on river sand supply for concrete manufacturing and promote a cleaner environment.

What do frontline communities want to know about lithium extraction? Identifying research areas to support environmental justice in Lithium Valley, California

Clean energy technologies provide global benefits through climate mitigation and many local environmental benefits for consumers. However, the supply chains that produce them inevitably impose some environmental burden on the communities where they operate. To align with the principles of environmental justice, the burdens and benefits of clean energy supply chains should be distributed equitably, with decision-making processes that empower local communities to participate. Academic research can play a key role as a source of transparent information that addresses the concerns of frontline communities; however, this requires deliberate effort during the initial stages of research to understand what those concerns are and seek data that will respond to them. As a case study, this article analyzes public meetings about a developing lithium industry in Imperial, California, and reviews relevant literature to build a research agenda that is guided by the priorities of local stakeholders. We find that water consumption, public health impacts, local employment, and opportunities to participate are high-priority topics for community members. We also compare the content of discussions across groups, finding that participants in community-focused meetings mainly asked about the local impacts of the process, whereas state-led discussions focused on the sustainability of direct lithium extraction compared to conventional production methods. To address the priorities of frontline communities, we recommend evaluating water consumption in the context of regional availability, including local air emissions and waste streams in sustainability analyses, and monitoring the impact on local employment over time to ensure the promises made during development accrue to communities.

Assessing Plastic Waste Discharges into the Sea in Indonesia: An Integrated High-Resolution Modeling Approach That Accounts for Hydrology and Local Waste Handling Practices

Plastic litter is increasingly accumulating in the marine environment, with rivers considered key pathways for entry. Current estimations of plastic input into the sea from land-based sources are limited in accounting for the mobilization and transport of plastic generated in the whole catchment area or in considering local variations in waste handling practices. Here, we show that, with an integrated discharge modeling approach (based on actual rainfall and local estimates for exposed mismanaged plastic waste), more realistic temporal estimates of plastic discharges into the sea can be constructed. Applying this approach to Indonesia enabled us to estimate the total national inputs of plastic waste into the sea from rivers and coasts and how these vary with rainfall, while providing insight into those catchments, local communities, and waste handling practices that most contribute to plastic waste leakages. We found that the plastic fluxes vary significantly in both the short and long term and that the total amount of plastic waste discharged during wet years may be twice as much as during dry years. Furthermore, river size, catchment population density, local waste management, and proximity of point sources influence river plastic waste loads. Such an integrated assessment can be very effective in helping to prioritize where interventions are most needed and, in combination with frequent monitoring, can provide evidence of the impact that upstream measures have on preventing plastic inputs into the sea.

The use of fine fractions of waste from stone quarries in Azerbaijan as sand in the preparation of concrete

Relevance. In recent years, the enterprises of the construction industry of the republic are experiencing an acute need for inert materials, especially for fine aggregates. The sand deposits available in Absheron are very insignificant and, moreover, in some cases do not meet the requirements of regulatory documents. As a result, it is necessary to use imported sands, which are also not always of satisfactory quality due to their significant fine grain and high content of clay and silt particles. In addition, the use of imported sands significantly affects the cost of finished products. Therefore, the study of the possibility of using fine fractions of stone quarry waste instead of sand in the preparation of heavy concrete is very timely and of undoubted interest. In the article, the characteristics of the materials used for the preparation of concrete are considered in sufficient detail, the main properties of limestone sand with different content of dust particles are investigated, the influence of the properties of limestone sand on the strength characteristics of concrete and their resistance to various temperature and humidity influences is studied. For the purpose of comparison, samples were simultaneously made using river sand from the Mingechevir deposit. The obtained results show that in concrete on gravel and crushed stone when using limestone sand, in comparison with concrete on natural sand, the consumption of cement per 1m3 of concrete slightly increases. The purpose of the research. The article deals with the problem of using fine fractions of stone quarry waste as sand in the preparation of concrete. Research methodology. A simple technique was used to determine the volume increment upon swelling. The physical and mechanical tests of sand have been conducted, the study of the particle size modulus when mixed with gravel and crushed stone and the ability to increase volume during swelling are shown. Results. The use of cheap local wastes of shell limestones as small and large aggregates of concrete will make it possible to somewhat cover the need of the construction industry of the republic for aggregates, especially for fine aggregates. Conclusions. Limestone sands obtained by sawing the shell limestones of the Apsheron Peninsula are a suitable fine aggregate for the preparation of concrete.

Reducing the Waste Oil Decomposition and Producing a useful Energy Conversion Process

Our project is about waste oil burning system, now a days many of the fuels are available to run a vehicle or to produce power. Nowadays we are using the many source of power and the same thing it will not properly disposed and it affect the environment , we have to stop affecting the environment. So we decided to used as Waste Oil is defined as any petroleum-based oil , In world wide approximately 1.3 billion gallons of waste oil are generated from the crankcases of millions of automobiles and trucks whenever the oil is changed. Approximately 200 million gallons of waste oil are not disposed of properly. Waste oil can be disposed of in a variety of ways, including by sending it off-site (some facilities, like your local garages and waste disposal facilities, are allowed to handle the waste oil), burning it as fuel and selling the used oil claims are made that the used oil is to be burned for energy recovery, and then it is shipped to a used oil burner who burns the used oil in an approved industrial furnace or boiler. A minimum flash point of 100°F.. According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) , a waste oil furnace is a type of furnace that is used for heating and is powered by old oil that is free of hazardous impurities. Boilers powered by waste oil can be utilised for a variety of commercial tasks in addition to heating. In our project we are deside to fabricate waste oil stove by reducing the use of the LPG or other electrical stove. In the burners were developed as a way to effectively burn the waste oil and to provide alternative heating systems.In this project work all the challenging parts are fabricated as per innovative design and then rigidly assembled to perform the indented function. We have to recycle the waste oil and reduce the pollution.

Development of Agar Substitute Formulated with Mucilage and Pectin from Opuntia Local Waste Matter for Cattleya sp. Orchids In Vitro Culture Media

The technology for reproducing orchids in vitro has had to evolve due to the demand for these plants and the high cost of the biotechnology used due to the agar, the gelling agent. Consequently, research has tended to search for natural substitutes for agar. Our work describes the use of pectin and mucilage hydrocolloids extracted from the local waste matter of two species of Opuntia (O. ficus-indica and O. robusta) to study as a gelling agent in vitro culture media for Cattleya sp. These hydrocolloids were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. Subsequently, these were used in proportions of 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.4%, and 0.2% in combination with agar to study the gelation time, texture profile analysis (TPA), seed germination under light and dark conditions, and a phenological study, including orchid analyses of leaves and roots, root and leaf length, seedling height, and width of the best-designed treatment were studied. Our results demonstrate that the treatment composed of 0.4% O. ficus-indica pectin and 0.4% agar improves the germination time, plant growth, and the number of leaves and roots, resulting in a biostimulant formula for optimal in vitro growth of Cattleya sp.

PROXIMATE LOCAL FOOD WASTE IN ALTERNATIVE FISH FEED PRODUCTION IN SOUTHEAST MALUKU

Utilization of local food waste as an innovation in diversifying quality fish feed products in producing superior seeds. The study aimed to determine the nutritional content of local food waste. The research was carried out for 2 months,. The pr,imate analysis method (AOAC, 2005) and the results are presented in table and descriptive form. The research was conducted in two stages, namely 1). Local food waste sampling stage and 2) proximate analysis stage. The results obtained are proximate coconut cake which includes protein content: 7.29%, fat: 38.76%, water content: 3.05%, ash content: 22.247% and crude fiber: 24.29%. The proximate content of cassava leaves includes: protein content: 22.53%, fat: 5.05%, water content: 5.1%, ash content: 22.75%, and crude fiber: 33.46%, nutritional content of Moringa leaves among others: protein content: 25.66%, fat: 2.54%, water content: 7.4%, ash content: 22.247%, and crude fiber: 30.01%. The results show that local food staples still have a high enough nutritional content so that they can be used as raw materials for fish feed.

Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility through Green Packaging: A Case Study in Thailand

This article is to study corporate social responsibility through packaging and communicated CSR to evaluate consumer buying decisions using the packaging from coconut fibrin. Packaging was obtained from local materials in the community of Samut Sakorn Province, Thailand. Using local waste material (coconut fibrin) for green packaging, it is beneficial to the environmental issue, and can create jobs in the community by making paper and packaging from coconut fibrin. Coconut pulp paper has performed under alkaline conditions coupling a mixture of natural additives consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose and corn starch. The obtained pulp paper was tested according to The National Standard of Kraft paper. It was characteristic of the liner board. The individual packaging was fabricated and used as an instrument for the consumer perception study (258 informants). We found the consumer view of business doing CSR is an ethical organization (4.44) that deems to present responsibility to society and the environment. The decisions were agreed upon, and consumers were delighted to buy the packaging.The CSR activity through the packaging could induce community development in job creation and reduces waste in the community by adding value to green packaging. The CSR activity of business influences the positive perception of consumers.

Microplastics accumulation in pelagic and benthic species along the Thoothukudi coast, South Tamil Nadu, India

Microplastics contamination poses a serious threat to marine biota, so the current study was carried out to assess the incidence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of pelagic and benthic species collected from the six sampling sites along Thoothukudi region from January 2021 to December 2021. In the present study, benthic species (0.67 ± 0.14 MPs/indiv) showed a higher abundance of microplastics than pelagic species (0.53 ± 0.11 MPs/indiv). The dominance of microplastic shapes, sizes, colours and polymers found were comparable among both pelagic and benthic species, this being fibre (27.56% and 48.33%), 0.5-1mm (39.78% and 42.94%), blue (50% and 40.85%), and PE (46.24% and 48.18%), respectively. The present study showed that microplastics are ubiquitous in both habitats, which raises serious concerns for public health. Hence, measures focusing on reducing local emissions and plastic waste disposal should be implemented to control microplastic pollution in the marine environment.