Local Wars Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE PECULIARITIES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE MOVING AND TRAFFIC (TRANSPORTATION) OF GROUPS OF TROOPS (FORCES) IN THE OPERATIONS OF THE ARMIES OF NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES AND IN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The task of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat operations) in the modern conditions of repelling wide scale armed aggression of the rf is becoming more and more urgent. This is due to the fact that the success of logistical support of operations (combat operations) is achieved mainly by early and high-quality preparation and distribution of vehicles, deployment of transport communications, clear organization of their technical service and cover. In order to solve these problems, an analysis of the peculiarities and shortcomings of the moving and traffic (transportation) of groups of troops (forces) in the operations of the armies of NATO member countries and in the Armed Forces of Ukraine was carried out based on the experience of local wars and armed conflicts, the Russian- Ukrainian war and the conduct of Joint Forces Operation (JFO) (Anti-terrorist operation (ATO) ) and identified the main shortcomings of this process. These shortcomings indicate that in previously performed studies, the issue of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat actions) was not sufficiently considered in theory. Therefore, in further research, it is necessary to analyze the existing scientific approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of moving and traffic (transportation) of troops (forces) in order to determine ways of their improvement.

Study on the Protective Effect of Viscous Buffering Device under Explosive Load

In recent years, with the complex and changeable international situation, local wars and conflicts abroad have occurred frequently, which seriously threaten the safety of human life and property. Against this background, high-precision and high-intensity strikes against key targets such as enemy command posts and ordnance reserves have become the norm in modern warfare. As the undercard of national security, the security and protection capabilities of underground military facilities are of great importance. Underground structures not only play the role of emergency evacuation of personnel to avoid air and missile attacks, but also the core of the combat command system, where key facilities such as military underground factories and warehouses are located. The security of these facilities has a direct bearing on the outcome of a war and even the fate of a country. In view of this, taking effective measures to improve the explosion resistance, durability and survivability of underground protective structures has become an important research topic in the field of military engineering in various countries. Under the action of the explosion of conventional weapons at a certain distance, the underground protective structures can be damaged due to insufficient resistance. The powerful shock wave generated by the explosion, with its huge kinetic energy and impact force, will cause a large vibration acceleration ring inside the structure, which is very easy to cause casualties and equipment damage within the structure, thus posing a serious threat to the safety of underground engineering. In order to improve the anti-explosion performance of the protective structure under the action of blast impact load, the underground protection engineering structure has been continuously upgraded and optimized, among which the layered protective structure has been widely used because of its relatively excellent protection effect. The layered protective structure realizes a relatively effective protection system through a well-designed camouflage layer, a bullet shielding layer, a dispersed layer and a main structure. However, although significant progress has been made in the optimization of three-layer materials, the defects such as the unstable state of the dispersed layer and the possibility of reducing the overall protection performance with time or external conditions are still an urgent problem to be solved. This system is designed to replace or partially replace the traditional dispersed layer, which is not only designed to effectively absorb and dissipate the blast wave energy transmitted by the bomb shielding layer, but also fundamentally solve the problem of the reduction of protection effect caused by the change of the state of the dispersed layer. In this study, the simulation technology will be used to deeply explore the structural dynamic response of the protective structure after the addition of buffer energy dissipation device under the blast impact load, and the key factors affecting the protection effect will be systematically analyzed, the simulation parameters will be accurately set, and the protection effect under different parameter combinations will be simulated, so as to find an optimal parameter configuration scheme. This study not only helps to deepen the understanding of the anti-explosion performance of underground protection structures, but also provides valuable theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and construction of underground protection projects in the future.

Modeling and Simulation of UAV Task Assignment and Execution in Designated Area Based on Order Strike Theory

Abstract Since 2023, local conflicts have intensified and local wars have occurred frequently. The term “order strike” has appeared on the battlefield many times and is one of the hot spots in the study of modern warfare. Order strike has the characteristics of small scale, fast response, low cost, etc. It is a distributed combat mode proposed by the US military on the basis of theories of “Kill Chain” and “Mosaic Warfare”, etc. This paper takes the UAV penetration and strike against large targets as research case, and builds a new type of UAV penetration and strike combat platform based on the theory of “order strike”, combined with the technologies of “ StarLink “ satellite network reconnaissance and intelligent UAV control. This combat platform can continuously monitor the designated area and effectively strike the hostile targets invading the area. Finally, we conducted a preliminary simulation and initial effectiveness evaluation of the method proposed in this paper through multi-agent simulation.

SOVIET SERVICEMEN IN LOCAL WARS OF THE 2nd HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF BELARUS): HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ASPECT

The article contains the description of main directions of the study of the representatives of Belarus who took part in local wars and military conflicts in 1950 – 1980th on the territory of foreign states as Soviet servicemen and civilian specialists. Author describes how to detect the main categories of warriors (military advisers, military specialists, interpreters, etc.; officers, junior commanders, privates) in different countries, the specifics of Soviet participation in different military conflicts and it’s intensification at different stages. For example the author uses wars in Vietnam, Angola, Ethiopia and Arab-Israeli wars.

Realities of economic growth and development in the post-soviet countries

The article discusses issues of high-quality economic growth and development that create the foundations for sustainability and stability. An analysis of factors influencing changes in the macroeconomic situation for 2015–2022/2023 is presented. The current situation in the countries of the former USSR is considered. The main reasons limiting economic growth and development are identified, and mechanisms for overcoming them are revealed. The need to pay more attention to qualitative indicators of economic growth and development, which create the foundations of sustainability, is substantiated. In the current conditions, the qualitative component of economic growth and development is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing influence of global problems, risks, uncertainty, sanctions, and local wars. The pandemic had a certain impact on the country's economic growth, which revealed the need for sustainable financing of public investment to achieve a certain level of economic growth and development, tax revenues. The pandemic has contributed to increasing the importance of innovative projects. The adopted programs, concepts and road maps contribute to the formation of a competitive innovative industrial complex. All this, in turn, will create the basis for a qualitative improvement of the country’s existing production potential and contribute to the transition to a predominantly innovative type of development. It is advisable to realistically reflect the current situation, not to turn a blind eye to the real positive changes taking place in the country, which contribute not only to its economic, but, above all, to its political strengthening of its position in the world. The essence of economic planning is not to give a project, but to determine a direction that is adjusted depending on the situation. Economics must justify economic activity and the following chain can be shown schematically: idea – ​economic justification – ​real implementation.

India’s North Border Conflicts: Between Reality and Fiction

Ever since the Republic of India became an independent nation in 1947, the Indian state has strived to keep its territorial integrity, in spite of the numerous territorial claims made by neighboring states. Firstly, the Kashmir region is home to both Muslim and Hindu populations; therefore, when the Indian and Pakistani states were created, the region was split between the two new states. However, both states hold the belief that the entirety of the Kashmir region should be part of their territory. This situation sparked numerous local conflicts and four local wars (1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999). Secondly, another disputed area is located on the border with the People’s Republic of China, as the Chinese state does not recognize the McMahon Line, which was agreed upon by British India and Tibet. This led to the conflict in 1962 and to a tension-filled relationship between China and India. This paper approaches both the historical evolution of the conflicts and the way in which these two conflict areas are portrayed in literature. While Veera Hiranandani, in The Night Diary (2018), and Khushwant Singh, in Train to Pakistan (1956), focus on the conflicts between Muslims and Hindus after the partition of India and Pakistan, Salman Rushdie, in Midnight’s Children (1981), analyzes the traumas of the conflict in Kashmir. Furthermore, Jon Cleary, in Pulse of Danger (1966), presents the context of the Sino-Indian war. The most disturbing novel about the Indian conflicts is Humphrey Hawksley’s novel, Dragon Fire (2000), because the author presents an apocalyptic war between the Republic of India, on one side, and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan allied with the People’s Republic of China, on the other side.

COMPUTER PRODUCTION OF FACIAL EPITHETS

BACKGROUND: The issue of rehabilitation of patients with facial defects is extremely acute. In addition to the annual increase in the number of patients with cancer of the maxillofacial region, in recent years the number of people with shrapnel and gunshot wounds to the face has increased as a result of local wars and conflicts. Traditional methods of orthopedic rehabilitation of patients and the manufacture of facial epitheses are quite a complex and lengthy process. In the postoperative period, there is a sharp decrease in the quality of life of this category of patients, a violation of the basic body functions necessary for vital activity and poor social adaptation. Direct prosthetics of the face in the postoperative period was impossible due to the lack of necessary digital modeling technologies and structural materials for additive or subtractive production methods. The production of temporary or permanent facial epitheses using digital technologies is an urgent task that can improve the social and functional living conditions of patients. AIMS: Development of 3D modeling technology for additive manufacturing of facial epithets. METHODS: To achieve this goal, the first task was to develop specialized three-dimensional software for modeling defects in the facial area. The functionality of the program should allow you to virtually simulate the missing parts of the face (ear, eye, nose, orbit). To create a digital platform together with IT specialists, it was decided to use the following programming languages: C++ - Writing the software core, writing UI/UX interaction modules, interacting with the Windows operating system; C# - Complex assembly of the entire project; Python is an automated assembly of virtual library modules; OpenGL HSLS is a shader language for graphical visualization of objects; C is the creation of functions for interacting with shaders that require high speed. RESULTS: A specialized computer program has been developed for 3D modeling of prostheses in patients with defects in the middle zone of the face using combined facial scanning and computed tomography data (Computer program. Apresyan S.V., Stepanov A.G. "A program for 3D modeling of facial epitheses. Registration number (certificate) 2023663490, Registration date: 07/04/2023). Instead of obtaining analog impressions with plaster or silicone material, the developed technology uses a special 3D facial scanner, which greatly eases the suffering of patients. A virtual three-dimensional database of ears, noses, orbits, and zygomatic bones of patients of various ages and gender is integrated into the developed program. This allows the specialist to select the most adaptive part of the face to make up for the defect. Built-in modeling tools allow you to personalize a 3D model of a part of the face, based on the structural features of the maxillofacial region of a person. The finished three-dimensional model of a part of the face can be exported in various formats CONCLUSIONS: The developed 3D program for modeling defects allows to avoid invasive prosthetics approaches, to coordinate the shape of future structures with the patient. The built-in library of structures with a database provides remote manufacturing of the prosthesis without the presence of the patient, in case of a need to replace it. Among the undeniable advantages of the technology, it is important to include the fact that prostheses can be made directly on the day of surgery to remove part of the face, completely restoring lost functions and providing rapid social adaptation.

Allocation of public health services across urban and rural regions and armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Armed conflicts exacerbate public health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Inequality across groups and poverty in rural areas can be an important factor in triggering local wars. This study investigates whether equitable distribution of public services by governments across urban and rural geographical regions reduces the risk of local wars initiated by armed groups in Sub-Saharan African countries. Does an equitable distribution of public services such as healthcare and clean water public services across regions decrease the risk of armed conflicts? Uneven distribution of public services can increase the risk of conflict by contributing to group grievances, rural poverty, and rent-seeking competition over government resources. Analyses of 39 Sub-Saharan African countries from 1947 to 2021 show that a one-standard deviation increase in equal access to public services by urban-rural location lowers the risk of armed conflict, a substantial 37 to 53 percent with consideration of a battery of control variables.

Research on airport apron planning strategy in emergency situations

In events of local war or highly infectious epidemics, airports face the problem of how to park numerous non-missioned aircraft on aprons. In this study, the apron planning problem in emergency situations (APPES) was considered to replan existing parking stands and taxiways, thus determining the numbers and locations of different aircraft types. A mixed-integer programming formulation for the APPES was developed to maximise the total revenue for the apron, where the aircraft was planned to be parked based on factors such as the safety distance and aircraft taxiing method. A two-stage approach based on the discrete particle swarm optimisation algorithm and bottom-left algorithm was designed to solve the APPES. Random instances of different sizes were generated, and the experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The two-stage approach could find optimal solutions to the APPES for 19 of the 20 small instances and could well approximate optimal solutions for the medium and large instances within a reasonable timeframe. Parking priority factor and aircraft taxiing methods sensitivity analyses were also designed to develop a strategy that can adhere to the preferences of decision makers or increase the total revenue.

On the early postclassic collapse of Plazuelas (Northern Border of Mesoamerica): Archaeomagnetic evidence based on full geomagnetic vectors

We report a detailed rock-magnetic, archaeomagnetic and absolute intensity investigation on burned in situ remains of the Plazuelas archaeological site (Northern Border of Mesoamerica). Fifty-six specimens were subjected to step-wise alternating field demagnetizations to retrieve characteristic remanence directions. All samples yielded evidence of stable, single-component magnetization carried by magnetite or Ti-poor titanomagnetite. Sixty-four specimens were selected for paleointensity experiments following the Thellier double heating technique, including remanence anisotropy correction. The archaeomagnetic dating, based on full geomagnetic vectors, was performed using the global geomagnetic models and the regional Paleosecular Variation Curves available for Mesoamerica. The most probable age intervals obtained for the burned floor of Site 1 (Casas Tapadas North) are within the interval 972AD – 744 AD. In the case of the burned floor of Site 2 (Casas Tapadas West), the ages obtained fall within 971 AD - 752 AD. In the case of the burned floor of Site 3 (South Sector), the ages obtained fall within the interval 752 AD – 969 AD. The calculation of the most probable age intervals, carried out using the Bootstrap resampling method, provided the dates of 940 ± 6 AD, 896 ± 14 AD and 883 ± 14 AD, respectively. These ages agree well with various archaeological hypotheses on the sudden collapse of Plazuelas as a result of intentional destruction, mutilation and generalized firing due to the local war and/or social unrest.

Naval widows, war work and the port town civic burden: State, civic, philanthropic and self-help in the aftermath of the battle of Jutland (1916)

The naval town of Portsmouth bore a large portion of the brunt of the casualties lost at the Battle of Jutland (1916). The article will explore the precedent of naval philanthropy in Portsmouth and its historical links with naval disasters affecting the town which will lead to an analysis of how the town viewed their civic duty and mobilised local support for war widows immediately after the Battle of Jutland. It will then turn to assess the role of the local War Pensions Statutory Committee and its intersections with charitable organisations such as the Royal Patriotic Fund and Lady Beatty’s Jutland Fund. The analysis will lastly explore some of the stories of the nearly 100-strong Jutland war widows who worked in Portsmouth Royal Dockyard during the war. It will highlight the agency of civic leaders in determining aspects of World War One relief and how war widows were able to navigate and survive their personal tragedies in a naval town.

The Resolution of Disputes Concerning the Protection of Civilians in Areas of Engagement in Armed Conflict: Based on the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions

The Resolution of Disputes Concerning the Protection of Civilians in Areas of Engagement in Armed Conflict: Based on the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions

Anti-war forces of the FRG in 2022–2023: is their alliance possible?

A few years ago it was believed that the anti-war movement, which represented a real force in the era of nuclear confrontation between two military blocs, was not adequate to counter new threats – local wars and Islamic terrorism. The revival of the movement in the spring of 2022 was met with hostility by the political authorities of Germany and the mainstream media, despite its initial apparent inoffensiveness to the official course of the government in the Ukrainian crisis. However, in 2022, anti-war public initiatives began, which in February 2023 turned into a mass demonstration for peace, and also intensified the so-called “Easter marches”. These events showed that the anti-war movement has broad electoral potential and could turn into a political force or at least into an alliance of certain forces on a common anti-war platform. The analysis of modern German anti-war forces is presented and the possibilities of their situational alliance with supporters of left and right populism are investigated. The purpose of the study is to determine the domestic political relevance of such unions. It is concluded that today such a temporary union is fragile and it can be destroyed. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of anti-war themes for the identity of modern Germany, as well as the geopolitical significance of this nation in the balance of forces of the modern West.

Battlefield informatization: some possibilities and possible problems

The subject of the study is informatization in military affairs, the object of the study is possible ways to control the enemy through intentional and targeted distortion of information about their troops, goals and conditions of action. The author examines in detail such aspects of modern warfare as multi-domain, with a significant shift in emphasis in the sphere of information warfare. As the experience of local wars and armed conflicts of the last decade shows, the forms of their conduct differ significantly from the "classic" wars waged until the end of the XX century. The informatization of the battlefield made it possible to switch to such form of use of troops (forces) as network-centric actions. But the expansion of capabilities, the improvement of technologies of warfare, in accordance with the laws of dialectics, generates certain vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities manifest themselves in the same area where the strengths are located – in the field of informatization of military operations. Based on this, special attention is paid to assessing the impact of informatization on the adequacy of decisions, primarily in terms of possible vulnerabilities of the management process. Using general scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis, the author, based on the analysis of the main trends of modern armed confrontation, synthesized a description of possible vulnerabilities when using automated control systems, formulated the task of developing a mathematical apparatus for the formation and evaluation of the reliability of information about the opposing systems. This is not about physically changing information in the automated control systems of the enemy: this task is technically difficult, but relatively simple from the point of view of algorithmization. And not about the trivial misleading of a decision-maker, as it has been done many times before. The article deals with the situation of decision-making management through the management of the directed submission of information using vulnerabilities by its automated processing in the automated control system.

Социальное здоровье: сущность, дефиниция и детерминация (литературный обзор)

The social health of the individual in psychological science today is one of the most relevant issues. The increased level of social tension in the last five years due to social cataclysms (coronavirus infection, local wars) has led to a new round of research in personal social health. Considering social health this way is difficult as this process is dynamic and constantly changing. We point out the presence in the scientific literature of several approaches to the interpretation of the phenomenon under study, including pathocentric, normocentric, and sociological. There are two traditional directions in psychological science in considering issues related to the social health of the individual: representatives of the first direction focus on society and the possibilities of its development on the part of a person, the second direction representatives study the impact of social factors on personality and their contribution to its development. The difficulty in studying the social health of an individual also lies in its determination. We consider social support, social regulation, and stability of social life to be objective factors. Subjective factors include mental health, psychological well-being, age and gender characteristics, physical health, environmental friendliness of relations with society, and the atmosphere of family life.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ: ВИКЛИКИ ТА НАСЛІДКИ

The enterprises of the industry not only satisfy the transport needs of various enterprises and citizens, but are also the largest component of the general infrastructure, the material and technical base for the formation and development of the regional division of labor and have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the socio-economic development of individual regions and the country as a whole. Today, transport services cover all spheres of life in modern society. Qualitative and effective they become, the more intense the development of society becomes. In the modern context, transport services a defined as a sub-type of activity of the transport system, aimed at satisfying the needs of consumers, with the indispensable sign of the presence of all the necessary support for the provision of services – technical, financial, informational, legal and resource. We note that the transformations of the world market, including the corona virus disease, local wars, the economic crisis, sanctions against some countries, etc., have affected the activities of transport enterprises, changing the key trends of their development. Transport companies constantly faced with various challenges when providing transport services, which leads to the need to improve transport work. In the conditions of the market and fierce competition, the services offered and provided by transport companies include more than the transportation of goods and passengers. Until recently, most transport companies provided only transport services, ignoring the other range of services. This was due to the lack of management and control systems and, as a result, intense competition on the market. Transport services bought and sold on the international market and depend on the type of transport, transported goods, regional and national characteristics. Such transport services include not only transport activities, but also a number of related operations (delivery of goods to the nearest cargo terminal, for example, a port or a railway junction; loading, transshipment and unloading of transported goods and luggage; temporary storage at intermediate points; redistribution of documents; in some in cases of insurance).

Професійна успішність як складник психологічного благополуччя особистості

B a c k g r o u n d . The relevance of the study of the problems of psychological well-being of the individual is due to extreme circumstances in the development of human society, which are, for example, the COVID pandemic, local wars, as well as sufficiently high requirements for the professional achievements of the individual in society, which affect the current trends of changes in social interaction. The purpose of the study is to study personal predictors of achieving professional success as a component of psychological well-being. M e t h o d s . The research used theoretical methods (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization, empirical, namely: 1) The scales of psychological well-being by K. Riff. 2) Optimism and Activity Scale (AOS) by N. Vodopyanova, M. Shtern; 3) SAMOAL questionnaire (A. V. Lazukin, adaptation by N. F. Kalinaya), as well as statistical: correlation analysis according to K. Pearson (r), statistical criterion of significance of difference (Mann – Whitney U-criterion). R e s u l t s . It was found that professionally successful subjects are highly active in combination with adaptability to new situations, internal locus of control and high sociability. A positive worldview is an important attribute of psychological health and well-being, characteristic of professionally successful people. Optimism as a positive life attitude combined with activity (energy) is a psychological resource of individual resistance to professional and life stresses. Reliably significant differences between the groups of professionally successful subjects and the control sample were determined on the scale "orientation in time" and "spontaneity". C o n c l u s i o n s . It is substantiated that the professionally successful researched feelings of subjective well-being are associated with reliable social ties, good health and satisfaction with the activities they perform. It is proved that for the subjects of the control sample, the subjective feeling of well-being is primarily associated with the absence of tension in life, and self-actualization is an important aspect of life creation for professionally successful people. It is argued that professionally successful subjects are satisfied with everyday activities, understand the importance of living here and now, are open to new ideas, opportunities and impressions.

Оказание хирургической помощи при ранах прямой кишки

Introduction. Over the past decades, due to the constant conduct of local wars and armed conflicts, gunshot fragmentation and mine explosion wounds have become dominant in injury surgery. Modern combat gunshot injury is characterized by combined and multiple injuries of various anatomical areas, a high frequency of purulent-septic complications, persistent disability and high mortality. Despite the improvement of modern means of armor protection, there is no tendency to decrease the category of penetrating pelvic wounds with damage to the rectum, which can be attributed to extremely severe both in the course of the pathological process and difficult to diagnose, which requires further study of this pathology. Objective: to study the frequency and localization of rectal wounds, features of diagnosis and treatment at the stage of providing qualified surgical care, options and sequence of surgical interventions, early complications. Materials and methods: a prospective analysis of the provision of surgical care for rectal wounds to patients admitted to advanced medical organizations and to the surgical hospital of FGKU “1602 EKG” of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation from the area of a Special military operation was carried out. At the same time, medical documentation was studied, including primary medical records, protocols of performed surgical interventions of previous stages of medical care. The analyzed group of wounded belongs to the same age group, with the same conditions of military service, life and nutrition, which increases the representativeness of the results obtained. Results: The rectal injury Scale (AAST) was used in the work. The degree of injury was determined either based on the data from the protocols of surgical interventions of previous stages of medical care, or intraoperatively when performing programmatic relaparotomies. The vast majority of the wounded (86.4%) were admitted to the stage of providing qualified medical care in the first day from the moment of injury. The proportion of shrapnel wounds (88.2%) prevailed over bullet wounds (11.8%). In the absolute majority of cases, the localization of the inlet was located in the gluteal region (61.7%). The multiple nature of the injuries, combined with injuries to other organs and systems, was recorded in 87.6% with intraperitoneal injuries, in 85.5% with extraperitoneal localization. At the same time, damage to the small intestine (23.1%) and pelvic bones (19.0%) was most often noted in combination with injury to the intraperitoneal rectum, colon (15.2%), with extraperitoneal localization, respectively, the bladder (54.1%), pelvic bones (27.3%). The tactics of simultaneous surgical treatment were used everywhere in 48.3%, and multi–stage surgical treatment in 51.7%. In the surgical treatment of rectal wounds of both localizations, in 92.0% of cases, the formation of an unloading stoma was performed. In 8.0% of cases, the discharge stoma did not form, the operation ended with suturing of the rectal wound. In 0.8% of cases, the failure of the distal stump of the rectum was noted, in 3.4% — the development of intrathase phlegmon. There have been cases of late diagnosis of isolated rectal wounds of extraperitoneal localization, due to poor clinical data, short periods of stay at the stages of medical evacuation. In 1.7% of cases, the onset of death was noted against the background of progression of intrathase phlegmon, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. Conclusion: rectal wounds, especially those of extraperitoneal localization, occupy not a leading, but an important place in the structure of combat surgical trauma. Timely detection of damage to the rectum, determination of optimal surgical tactics, allows you to avoid or reduce the risk of purulent septic complications. The main tactical tasks for rectal wounds should be considered: stopping passage through the rectum, washing the distal colon, draining the cellular spaces of the pelvis in case of extraperitoneal injuries.

Klimatske promene i zdravlje ljudi

Compared to the end of the 19th century, the average temperature of the earth's surface is higher by 1.1o C, and the last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest recorded since 1850. Mortality rate to high temperatures increases by 1-4% for each degree of increase in air temperature due to dehydration, heatstroke, and worsening of existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and storms are associated with an increase in drowning, and injuries, psychological disorders, but also contamination of water and food with an increased risk of infectious diseases. Temperature changes affect the interaction of vectors and hosts, changes in ecosystems, and the existence of new species in a certain area, which leads to an increase in diseases transmitted by mosquitoes (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and West Nile virus), ticks (Lyme disease), flies (leishmaniasis), snails (schistosomiasis), etc. Animal and plant diseases, in addition to natural disasters and pollution, further increase the reduction in the amount of food, which results in an increase in malnutrition of the human population, from which 3.5 million people die every year. Frequent fires (increase in fine particles 2.5-10 mm and dust) and chemical air pollution (increase in the concentration of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and fine particles smaller than 2.5 mm) cause an increase in diseases of the respiratory (asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer) and the cardiovascular system (arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism). The change in the pattern of plant vegetation, with the increase in the concentration of pollen in the air, leads to an increased incidence of allergic diseases, which will reach the level of a pandemic in 2050 with about four billion people suffering from asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Exposure to algae biotoxins in marine animals, water, or air causes short-term memory disorders and worsening of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and chemical substances and heavy metals (released from destroyed warehouses in disasters or sewage spills) as well as insecticides and pesticides have immunotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effect. Mental disorders that occur after natural disasters range from acute traumatic stress to chronic stress conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, anxiety, psychosomatic disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and alcohol and drug abuse. The long-term effects of climate change (natural disasters, sea level rise, destruction of the economy, reduction of natural resources of food, water, fuel, risk of local wars) lead to migration, and by 2050 the migration of about 200 million people is expected.

The Essence of High-Tech Warfare in the Organizational and Institutional Security Theory of State Administration

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, fundamental changes occurred in the field of international security. The world community faced fundamentally new challenges and threats. In many regions of the world, interstate rivalry was observed, which led to the outbreak of local wars and military conflicts, which mostly took the form of armed confrontation. Technological progress, the presence of significant military power, the demonstration of determination and its use transformed social relations into more conflictual ones. Gradually, more and more countries of the world are involved in local wars and military conflicts. In this context, it should be noted that the intensity and scale of hostilities during the last thirty years, which took place in different corners of the globe, testify to the growth of dynamic changes in the situation in the combat zone during the use of international coalition forces. At the same time, the strict implementation of the requirements for stable, continuous, operational and covert management of troops during their performance of combat missions prompts the world's leading countries to develop and implement new concepts of information networks and systems. It should be noted that future wars will depend on high-tech intelligence. The priority is to identify the enemy first, before he notices you; blind the enemy's sensors, be it drones or satellites; and disrupt their means and data channels, whether through cyberattacks, electronic warfare, or old-fashioned firepower. Armies will have to develop new forms and methods of application, relying on mobility, dispersion, camouflage and deception measures. Large armies that fail to invest in new technology or develop new doctrine will be overwhelmed by smaller ones that do. "We have to recognize that the old concepts of fighting large tank battles on European land are over," said Boris Johnson, the UK's prime minister, in November 2021. "There are other, more important things in which we should invest. Cyber technologies, this will be the war of the future." Three months later, Russia invaded Ukraine. So, the work defines the problem of incomplete compliance of the current state and readiness of the security and defense sector with regard to the requirements of effective countermeasures against threats to national security and their neutralization, the task of improving this activity, regarding the creation of unified management and communication systems, and horizontal connections are defined connections of these systems and electronic communication networks, which in the future will undoubtedly affect the safe functioning of the national segment of cyberspace.