Local Self-administration Research Articles

THE DIGILIZATION AND CONNECTION OF NOTARIES WITH THE REPUBLIC REGISTERIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

In a time of rapid social and dynamic changes, due to the legal security of the circulation of goods and services, in the Republic of North Macedonia, the need was felt to present the notarial service as a guarantee of safety for the parties, to be achieved through the state their legal security. This country applied the German-Latin model, which today is a safe step. With the independence of the Republic of North Macedonia from 1991, the need was felt for the legal circulation of goods and services. In order to facilitate legal transactions due to their multiplicity, in 1996, for the first time, we brought the corresponding law for notaries. They operate within various branches based on law. Development of the notarial service as a public service, independent and self-contained, where the works of the type of public authorizations are performed based on the law. In 2016, in certain articles, the innovation of digitally referencing the notarial document is established, respectively by placing them in the Central Notarial Archive, which includes: electronic certificate, certified electronic description and their archiving in electronic form. Whereas, as far as data submission is concerned, the recording and entry of notarial documents in electronic form in public registers and electronic communication of the notary with the notarial databases. Today there are several links such as: 1. The electronic link with the Real Estate Cadastre Agency; Electronic connection with the Central Registry; Electronic connection with the Pawn Registry (movables); Electronic connection with the Debt Register; Electronic connection with the Official Gazette; Electronic connection with the Directorate for financial disclosure; Electronic connection with local self-administration units, etc. All these electronic links will be analyzed in this scientific paper!

Modernization on Empty Coffers: Polish Minority Institutions in Early Soviet Ukraine

After the Civil War, the Bolshevik government planned to mobilize the Soviet population on a voluntary basis and installed opportunities for local self-administration. Rural soviets were the most promising initiative. National minorities received particular attention. Western Soviet Ukraine with its Polish communities provides case studies for the practical impact of these ‘affirmative action’ policies. This article explores three configurations of Polish minority institutions: (a) neighbouring rural soviets close to an urban centre, (b) neighbouring rural soviets far from any urban centre and (c) isolated rural soviets far from any larger urban centre. Whereas small and poor Polish rural soviets could not function properly, bigger and financially better-equipped ones could improve their communal life by well-equipped community centres and minority schools. Yet despite the affirmative action propaganda, the state and party institutions drained the local self-administration of their financial surplus. With a few exceptions, they did not plan to invest sparse state funds into the development of a particular Soviet Polish culture. This lack of financial commitment combined with the Polish communities’ resilience against atheist initiatives from above led the communist organizations within the rural soviets such as KNW, Komsomol, and the Pioneers to complete failure. The subsequent disappointment within the party paved the way for ideas of forced collectivization.

ОЗНАКИ СЛУЖБОВОЇ ОСОБИ У КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРАВІ УКРАЇНИ

Introduction. In spite of definitude of the concept of public official directly in Criminal Code of Ukraine, its definition makes many difficulties. As the result there is an absence of the only approach concerning interpretation of context and amount of the concept in theory as well as ambiguous applying of relevant criminal and legal norms in enforcement practice. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to find out the subject matter of public official, as well as preparation of improvement of definition of the public official notion in criminal legislation. Results. Persons, that implement functions of a representative of authority or local self-administration, should also be referred as persons empowering the rights from state and its bodies; municipalities, bodies of local self-government make demands and solve problems, which are necessary for implementation by external respondents (entities, that are not subordinate by position and legal entities) and also implement from state, its bodies, bodies of local self-government enforcement measures in case of violations of legal norms. Organizational and regulatory functions should be exclusively considered as functions of administration working with employees that are implemented by person’s availability to make orders, instructions, commands, take encouragement and penalty measures referring to them. Administrative and economic functions should be perceived as functions of administration or disposal of other people’s property. Conclusion. Based on the research the author suggests to apply the defined term of public official instead of terms "an individual fulfilling functions of representative of authority or local self-government" "organizational and regulatory function" and "administrative and economic functions", terms "an individual empowered fulfilling state functions or local self-government", "functions concerning administration of work with employees" and "functions of administration and disposal of other people’s property" accordingly.

Interaction between the municipal authorities of St. Petersburg and local communities via Internet communications

The level of civil activity and participation of local communities in solving local problems is an important pre-requisite for spatial development. The setting up of local communities, to a large extent, is the outcome of self-determination, the result of the actions of social actors, aimed at value-oriented and active involvement of citizens in local self-administration. Forming the local identity, ensuring the activation of the civil position, is one of the major objectives of municipal authorities. In St. Petersburg, where the local identity of the population is quite vague, and the municipal authorities, in fact, are dependent on the city’s administration, which is preconditioned by the status of the city of the federal significance, the role the municipal authorities play in solving problems of the city’s development must be reconsidered.At the height of the fourth industrial revolution, information technology is expanding the context and motivation for participating in the civil life, increasing unprecedentedly the level of public discourse and ensuring an interactive network environment for communications between the municipal authorities and local communities.In the research study, we evaluated the quality of communications between the municipal authorities of St. Petersburg and local communities through official websites and social media pages of intra-city municipalities of St. Petersburg. The research was conducted using the methods of content analysis, communicative-discourse and composite-graphical analysis, and the expert evaluation method. It was concluded that the existing resources are hardly suitable for solving the problems of intensifying civil participation of local communities and some guidelines were developed to detect the target audiences and expand the range of tools used for interactive communications.

Влияние численности населения на организацию местного самоуправления и административно-территориальное устройство в Республике Саха (Якутия) (политический аспект)

The paper studies the influence of population size on the administrative and territorial structure and the organization of local self-administration in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The historically established settlement system has influenced the administrative and territorial structure and organiza-tion of local self-administration of the republic. The settlements are few in number. To ensure function-ing, the state budget incurs significant expenses. Local self-administration is not effective. The high level of subsidies into local budgets indicates a sig-nificant dependence of municipalities on public au-thorities. To solve the problem of the administrative and territorial structure and the organization of local self-administration, the author proposes to study the issue of abolition of settlements. In particular, it is proposed to exclude localities where there is no population from the register; to organize the reloca-tion of residents from localities where up to 100 people live to larger localities; to introduce project management mechanisms to ensure effective inter-action of various organizations and authorities in the process of closing localities.

Competences of Public Administration of the Slovak Republic in the Area of Defense

In one of the many definitions of public administration it was stated that it is the fulfillment of individual and collective needs of citizens, resulting from the co-existence of people in society, realized by the state and its dependent organs. One of the needs of an individual is the need for safety. Ensuring the safety of citizens is realized by the public administration, due to its service to the society as an executive apparatus possessing a democratic mandate of political power, in service of the law created by said organs. A particular role in the area of defense belongs to authoritative administration, which performs tasks including reversing risks and removing dangers, including the realization of tasks and undertakings aimed at military preparation in case of war. The aim of the following article is to present the tasks and competences in the area of protecting the President, the government, government administration officials on duty and local self-administration of the Slovak Republic. Various methods have been used to reach the pre-determined goal, primarily the method of document investigation, which made it possible to gather, sort, describe and scientifically interpret the legal acts of the Slovak Republic regarding defensive matters.

Взгляды Ю.Ф. Самарина на народное представительство в контексте славянофильской и либеральной политической мысли России

In the article the author analyzes the views of Yu. F. Samarin, – one of the leaders of Slavophil trend, on the popular representation, comparing his views with those of other Slavophiles and moderate Westerners on this problem, thus making up for certain deficiency in Russian political science. The article shows the evolution of Slavophiles’ views on the issue of popular representation: from the appeal for organizing local self-administration without forming at that representative power at the national State level, and to the initiatives to organize the representative power that could serve as counterweight to the reforms of Alexander II, and to the subsequent idea of recreating the specific Russian historic institution – Zemsky Sobor. However, Yu. F. Samarin turned out to be the most conservative one among Slavophilism ideologists regarding the popular representation. He was almost the only one who considered Russian monarchy of the 19th century to be in full compliance with the principle of nationality while retaining solid unity with the people. Accordingly Samarin was a consistent defender of absolute autocracy and did not consider it necessary to supplement it with representative institutions.

Ю.Ф. Самарин и дискуссия о всесословном земстве в трудах русских консерваторов пореформенной России

Local self-administration was introduced in Russia by the Tsar Alexander II “Liberator” in 1864 and became one of the most important political events in the Russian Empire of that time. The new reform immediately sparked vigorous discussions on how exactly the Russian Zemstvo should be organized. The question of the role and importance of classes in Zemstvo institutions became most important. The Russian conservatives were also looking for the answer. Some of them considered that it was necessary to defend the old imperial order and the dominant role of the nobility, others hoped that Zemstvo would become a nationwide force based on the principle of the participation of all classes. Yu. F. Samarin, Zemstvo leader, Slavophil and the author of the most prominent project on the history of Zemstvo in Russia, supported the second alternative. He consistently criticized the idyll of the nobility domination in Zemstvo, asserted the ability of the peasants for self-government, and supported introducing the principle of all-classes representation in Zemstvo institutions of the Russian empire.

THE OPTIMIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ACTIVITIES OF A MUNICIPAL POLICE

Public administration in Slovakia is organized on three levels, one of which is self-government. A local self-administration is defined as a territorial self-government, which is lower on the hierarchy than a regional government. In the Republics of Slovak and Czech, local self-government consists of municipals of privileged entities or incorporations that are attempting to achieve the most secure environment for their citizens. Obtaining this status is possible with a sufficient local budget to form and use services of municipal police. The municipal police force is a disciplinary unit within an area of its territory. In study is the possibility of improving the municipal police of the Slovak Republic. To identify limitations, the Slovak municipal police force is compared with that of another nation exercising activities under similar conditions. For this purpose, the municipal police force of the Czech Republic is compared with that of the Slovak Republic using various indicators. The results show several weaknesses of the municipal police force of Slovak Republic and recommendations are provided to improve its effectiveness.

Local Government Model as Basis of Federative Organization of Political andTerritorial Landscape and as Resource of Federal Stability

Background/Objectives: The study considers the possibilities to identify the effects produced by the established local government model on the stability of a subject of the Russian Federation. Methods: Self-administration and subsidiarity have been defined as the most important institutions of federative political order. The study is founded on the principles of distribution of competence and jurisdiction between federal and regional level of state power on the one hand, and the local government on the other hand. Findings: Jurisdiction of local government is represented as an aggregate of two component elements: subjects of competence and the degree of power delegated to local government bodies. The study shows the matrix of potential optional combinations of these variables that represent the models of local self-administration: ideal types and transitional versions. Applications/Improvements: The study provides historical examples of the effects produced by the established local government models on the sustainability of sub-national entities to further improve federative organization and federal stability.

Methodological bases for sustainable forest management monitoring

Approaches to understanding the essence of the notion of .sustainable forest manage- ment. are systematized.The peculiarities of the Russian experience of forest relations institutional- ization on the principles of sustainable development are identified. As the state policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of forest utilization, protection, preservation and reproduction is targeted at forests retaining and growth, as well as meeting the needs of the population in quality forest products and useful forest properties, the paper reveals the main tendencies of forestry development in the Russian Federation in the period of 2007-2014.In those years, the activity on protection, preserva- tion and reproduction of forests on the state territory of Russia showed the decline in the volume of activities and events.There was a marked tendency towards forest resources loss because of wild- fires. Methodological bases for state forest man-agement monitoring with the view of forming .green economy. in the context of sustainable development and eradication of poverty are defined. The methodology for sustainable forest development monitoring with the strategic goal of sustainable forest management, i.e. support and accrual of forest social and economic functions, is worked out having in mind the indicators of social and economic tasks solving for forestry development and the analysis of the dynamics of perception of social and economic consequences of forest enterprises activity by the representatives of the bodies of local self-administration and social organizations.

History of Local Self-government and Public Administration in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in Relation to Waste Management

This article investigates the history of local self-government and public administration in relation to waste management to answer a question: Is there any relationship between the development of local self-government in towns and public administration in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the current state of development? Findings regarding the development of local self-administration are divided into the following eras: the period before the arrival of Slavs, early and developed feudalism, and the beginnings of the industrial revolution, ending with the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. Particular attention will be paid to municipal self-government in the city of Brno.

ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CITY SELF-ADMINISTRATION (EVIDENCE FROM THE VYATKA-CITY OF MID 19 AND THE BEGINNING OF 20 C)

The article touches upon the issues of interrelations between the administrative and social functions in the activity of municipal administration. A case study from history reveals the practical realization of the social and the state theories of self-administration. The actual examples of local self-administration show that from early on the state viewed upon the organs of social representation as upon the initial element of the administrative system. The article features further on as in the process of state activity self-administration maintains its civil position and secures judgment when having disagreements with higher authorities. The author retraces functional evolution of self-administration from the spiritless executive to the active policy maker, capable to measure out the spheres of state and local interests. This kind of development was caused both by the objective and by the subjective factors. The subjective factors include the qualitative change of social representation in the local Dumas when their membership was renewed by active and experienced managers who were not indifferent to the effective work of the city administration. The main objective factors were innovating processes at the turn of the century that couldn’t but influence the upgrading the urban environment. The result of this evolution was the grassroots realization of the social theory of self-administration.

Публичное управление «на местах»: некоторые вопросы российского и зарубежного опыта

When studying public administration on the ground cannot be limited only to local government in municipal law. Metro areas in Russia and the larger territorial public groups in foreign countries are not, strictly speaking, the "municipalities". This governmental regional education some other kind. Therefore in European continental system (Russia still closer to the Anglo-Saxon system) in such entities, "on the ground" have not only elected bodies (both at the grass-roots level), but also by top officials of the general competence (their bodies). Although they are concerned with public values or values of constituent entity of the Federation, they do so at the local level, manage, resolve issues "on the ground". All this is somehow out of our attention (while in Moscow in municipalities (grassroots units) are also appointed by the Council, in the areas of St. Petersburg (regional unit) - appointed heads of districts, bringing together a total of 110 local municipalities). They work closely with the elected bodies in foreign countries, especially with the President of the Council (the local executive power) regional public education. Therefore, true understanding of local government in such regional sui generis municipal entities, as well as in the municipalities of the grass-roots level, (and the community) can only be achieved by studying the local governance in general. Course of municipal law too narrow. It could teach more broadly as "local public administration and self-administration".

From Prussia to China: Japanese Colonial Medicine and Gotō Shinpei’s Combination of Medical Police and Local Self-Administration

Recent historical investigation into the rise of ‘biopolitical modernity’ in China has shed some surprising light. While it was long thought that British public health initiatives entered China via Hong Kong, the recent work of Ruth Rogaski, Philippe Chemouilli and others has established that it was actually early Japanese colonialism that played the crucial role. It was the Meiji Empire's hygiene reform projects in Taiwan and Manchuria that provided the model for Republican China. Curiously overlooked by medical historians has been one of the major early works of Japanese public health that directly inspired and guided this colonial medical enterprise. This was that of the Japanese health reformer and colonial officer, Gotō Shinpei (1857–1929), and it was undertaken in Munich as a doctoral thesis under the supervision of Max von Pettenkofer. In this article, I focus on the way in which Shinpei dealt in his thesis with the relations between centralisation and local self-administration as one of the key issues facing hygienic modernisation and colonial biopolitical control.

Risky neighbourhoods or structural flaws?

Since the 1980s, demographic and structural developments have transformed the social dynamics in European cities. Particularly in poorer communities, such changes may increase feelings of insecurity that facilitate social tension...

Regions (forms of territorial autonomy) in the theory of law and law history

This discussion has two main parts: theoretical and empirical. The task of the first part is to determine the notion of the region as such (the problem not sufficiently cleared up so far). Namely, it is necessary to delimit the region both from the notion of local self-administration and from the notion of state. The region differs from local self-administration in possessing a qualitatively higher degree of authority, authority for the original regulation of legal relations, legislation in the material sense. The region differs from the state in the fact that the authority of the subject with statal (constitutional) authority in principle has above it only the social legal norm as the content of the joint (collective) legal act of a stronger part of the nation in a state. On the contrary, the region has to be subjugated to the constitutional authority of the state in whose borders it is located. There are two basic types of regions: the region as a state fragment and region as a public service. The former is similar to the state, because it has its own state organs (organs with their own authority of coercion), while the latter does not have such organs. Furthermore, regions could be comprehensively divided into non-incorporated autonomous territories, separate original parts of a state and the regions included into the regional state. This discussion accepts as politically most, relevant the division of regions into the regions within monarchies and the regions within republics. (Due to the spatial limitations the third category, regions under the regime of international law, could not have been included into the discussion). Naturally, this discussion could not have been comprehensive when it comes to regions, so it discussed only the most interesting examples. Thus as examples of the regions in monarchies, it presented dominions within the British Empire and Finland within the Russian Empire, and of the regions in republics, the regions in Italy.

Dix ans de conflit. Les autorités municipales face à l'administration régionale à Omsk

During the past ten years, several conflicts have marked the relations between regions (oblasti) and big cities in Russia: personal rivalries, conflicts of interest over privatization, struggles to control the economic and financial resources for regional development. The chronicles of this decade in the Omsk Region (western Siberia) reflects changes in the relations between the federal center and regions, and sheds light on institutional and political misunderstandings about local self-administration, which has lost out in the configuration of powers that has emerged.

Participation in Social Research in Rural Ethiopia

A world conference on agrarian reform and rural development came to the conclusion a decade ago that since real progress could only be achieved in these fields if the peasants participated in both the necessary planning and practical work, the prerequisites were democratic organisations for local self-administration and self-reliance.