Local Rotation Research Articles

Displacement vorticity as the origin of moiré potentials in twisted WSe2/MoSe2 bilayers

<h2>Summary</h2> The moiré potential induced by nonuniform interlayer coupling in a twisted van der Waals bilayer manifests itself in excitons, trions, and many other exotic electronic and optical properties, yet its origin remains elusive. Strains are generally believed to give rise to the moiré potential in a complicated way through lattice deformation. Our density functional theory calculations on twisted WSe₂/MoSe₂ heterobilayers (<mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo>°</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>) confirm that lattice deformation plays a dominant role but reveal that the marginal normal strain makes only minor contributions, and that the shear strain is not correlated directly to the moiré potential. It is found that the vorticity of atomic displacements, that is, the local lattice rotation, rather than strains in the moiré cells, determines, to a large extent, the moiré potential. This discovery sheds new light on the understanding of the roles of distortion in twistronics and will be instructive in electronic structure engineering of moiré materials.

Reconstruction of a high-energy penetrating injury from the abdomen to the sacral area using a latissimus dorsi free flap with monofilament polypropylene mesh and pedicled flap rotation: a case report

A 50-year-old man was transferred to a level I trauma center for penetrating injury. Industrial metal had penetrated his trunk, and he was injured in internal organs. The injured internal organs were treated by the trauma surgery team. The peritoneum was reconstructed with artificial dermal matrix graft. The wound was managed with negative-pressure wound therapy, and several debridement procedures were performed. The full-thickness abdominal defect was covered with monofilament polypropylene mesh(Parietene mesh, 30×30 cm). A latissimus dorsi flap was elevated with a musculocutaneous flap measured 50×30 cm, and 6-cm thoracodorsal artery pedicle. Microvascular anastomosis was performed using the thoracodorsal and left femoral arteries. Two weeks later, we performed local flap rotation based on gluteal artery perforator in the sacral area. Polypropylene mesh was successfully inserted without complications. Combining a latissimus dorsi free flap on a polypropylene mesh can be an effective method for reconstructing large penetrating wounds on the trunk.

Segmental molecular dynamics boosts Li-ion conduction in metal-organic solid electrolytes for Li-metal batteries

Metal-organic frameworks have emerged as a promising class of solid electrolytes for Li batteries. However, previous efforts to enhance Li-ion conductivity exclusively rely on the incorporation of solvents/salts and modifications of the rigid frameworks. In this study, we demonstrate metal-organic solid electrolytes with superionic conductivity by grafting hemilabile anionic chains with segmental motions in the pore channels of an Al-based metal-organic framework. High room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.4×10–5 and 1.1×10−3 S cm–1 have been achieved under solvent-free and lean-solvent conditions, respectively. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals the localized molecular rotation and vibration of the anionic chains within in the rigid framework. Such segmental molecular dynamics would build Li transport highways and facilitate the Li-ion transport even without solvent. The metal-organic solid electrolyte shows excellent stability against Li metal anode, and the as-developed Li-metal batteries exhibit remarkable rate performance up to 4 C and long lifespan over 300 cycles. This work sheds light on the design principles of advanced metal-organic solid electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries.

An alternative understanding of the skyrmion Hall effect based on one-dimensional domain wall motion

A moving magnetic skyrmion exhibits transverse deflection. This so-called skyrmion Hall effect has been explained by the Thiele equation. Here, we provide an alternative interpretation of the skyrmion Hall effect based on the dynamics of domain walls enclosing the skyrmion. We relate the spin-torque-induced local rotation of the domain wall segments to the shift of the skyrmion core, explaining the skyrmion Hall effect at the micromagnetic level. Based on our intuitive interpretation, we also show that the skyrmion Hall effect can be suppressed by combining the spin-transfer and spin–orbit torques, thereby removing the major obstacle to utilizing skyrmions in devices.

A multinode superelement in the generalized strain formulation

Design and optimization of flexure mechanisms and real time high bandwidth control of flexure based mechanisms require efficient but accurate models. The flexures can be modeled using sophisticated beam elements that are implemented in the generalized strain formulation. However, complex shaped frame parts of the flexure mechanisms could not be modeled in this formulation. The generalized strain formulation for flexible multibody analysis defines the configuration of elements using a combination of absolute nodal coordinates and deformation modes.This paper defines a multinode superelement in this formulation, i.e., an element having its properties derived from a reduced linear finite element model. This is accomplished by defining a local element frame with the coordinates depending on the absolute nodal coordinates. The linear elastic deformation is defined with respect to this frame, where rotational displacements are defined using the off-diagonal terms of local rotation matrices. The element frame can be defined in multiple ways; the most accurate results are obtained if the resulting elastic rotations are as small as possible. The inertia is defined in two different ways: the so-called “full approach” gives more accurate results than the so-called “corotational approach” but requires a special term that is not available from standard finite element models. Simulations show that (flexure based) mechanisms can be modeled accurately using smart combinations of superelements and beam elements.

A micromechanics based model for rate dependent compression loaded unidirectional composites

Strain-rate effects in a unidirectional non-crimp fabric carbon/epoxy composite are addressed. To allow for kink-band formation including strain-rate effects and damage in such composites, the paper advances a recent model focused on compression loading at small off-axis angles. The model is based on computational homogenization with a subscale represented by matrix and fibre constituents at finite deformation. The fibre constituent is assumed to be elastic transversely isotropic and the matrix is viscoelastic–viscoplastic with damage degradation. Novel model improvements of special importance to small off-axis loading relate to the isostress formulation of the homogenized response in transverse shear. In this context, an enhanced homogenized elastic response is proposed based on Halpin–Tsai corrections to account for the nonuniform stress distribution on the microscale. The model captures the strongly rate sensitive kink-band formation due to localized matrix shearing and fibre rotation, confirming the experimentally observed increase in compressive strength for high strain rates.

Nitrate leaching and potato tuber yield response to different crop rotations

Intensive potato production causes nitrate leaching and contributes to groundwater nitrate contamination. This study investigated the impacts of five potato rotations on nitrate leaching and tuber yield using a plot-based field experiment in combination with numerical modeling in Prince Edward Island, Canada, from 2014 to 2021. The rotations included barley underseeded with red clover–red clover–potatoes (B–RC), three buckwheat–buckwheat–potatoes rotations with buckwheat harvested for seed (BWS), terminated mid-season by disking (BWD) and terminated mid-season by mowing (BWM), and barley underseeded with timothy–timothy–potatoes (B–T). The buckwheat rotations represented typical management options for wireworm control, B–RC represented the local industry standard rotation, and B–RC and B–T acted as controls. Rotation-based total nitrate leaching that occurred from 23 October 2014–20 July 2020 (covering two 3-year rotation cycles) was calculated using a combination of lysimeter sampling and soil drainage numerical modeling. The three buckwheat rotations had comparable effects on total nitrate leaching and marketable tuber yield in most cases. When treated as a group, the buckwheat rotations (BW) were shown to significantly reduce total nitrate leaching by 30% within the two rotation cycles, while significantly increasing marketable tuber yield (mean of 2016 and 2019 potato yields) by 16% compared to B–RC. However, BW produced 58% more total nitrate leaching than B–T and had a comparable marketable tuber yield. Total nitrate leaching and tuber yield were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.95) with nitrogen (N) surplus (calculated as total N supply minus N removal at crop harvest within the total nitrate leaching accounting period), with higher N surplus producing higher nitrate leaching and lower tuber yield. Nitrogen removal accounted for 33%, 36% and 53% of total N supply for B–RC, BW and B–T, respectively, indicating very low N use efficiency. These findings suggest that N surplus was the key explanatory variable for the variations in total nitrate leaching and tuber yield, and adequately accounting for N credits from the preceding rotation crop (especially red clover) is important to minimize nitrate leaching while maximizing potato productivity. • Buckwheat–buckwheat–potatoes produced 30% less N leaching and 16% more tuber yield than barley–red clover–potatoes. • Buckwheat–buckwheat–potatoes produced 58% more N leaching and comparable tuber yield, compared with barley–timothy–potatoes. • Adequately accounting for N credits from preceding crops is required to reduce N leaching and enhance tuber productivity.

Cluster Analysis of Dense GNSS Velocity Field Reveals Characteristics Associated With Regional Tectonics in New Zealand

AbstractNew Zealand is located in the converging zone between the Australian and Pacific Plates. The Pacific Plate is descending beneath the Australian Plate in the north of New Zealand, while the Australian Plate is descending beneath the Pacific Plate in the south. The contrastive tectonics is connected by the Alpine Fault, the transform fault with NE‐SW strike along most of the length of New Zealand. Recently, previous studies showed that a cluster analysis of dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocity field objectively yields major velocity discontinuities, which may reflect an important tectonic boundary. We applied two different types of clustering algorithms: hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) and Euler pole clustering (EPC), to the dense GNSS horizontal velocity data in New Zealand. Both methods agree that the primary kinematic boundary lies from the northern Wairarapa region to the southwestern end of the Alpine Fault. The HAC introduces a cluster boundary along the North Island Dextral Fault Belt whereas EPC emphasizes the importance of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Since EPC fits the data reasonably well, it indicates the TVZ is an important boundary. This result displays the limitation of the flat earth assumption. The Chatham Islands is identified as an independent cluster by the HAC, but not by the EPC. Further cluster splits illustrate that the relative motion between the two plates is accommodated by distributed deformation in the Marlborough Fault Zone in the South Island whereas the North Island is characterized by local block rotations.

Enhanced Inactivation of Pseudoparticles Containing SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Using Magnetic Nanoparticles and an Alternating Magnetic Field.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2's (SARS-CoV-2) rapid global spread has posed a significant threat to human health, and similar outbreaks could occur in the future. Developing effective virus inactivation technologies is critical to preventing and overcoming pandemics. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the binding of the spike glycoprotein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cellular surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). If this interaction is disrupted, SARS-CoV-2 infection could be inhibited. Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) dispersions exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) possess the unique ability for magnetically mediated energy delivery (MagMED); this localized energy delivery and associated mechanical, chemical, and thermal effects are a possible technique for inactivating viruses. This study investigates the MNPs' effect on vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticles containing the SARS-CoV-2 S protein when exposed to AMF or a water bath (WB) with varying target steady-state temperatures (45, 50, and 55 °C) for different exposure times (5, 15, and 30 min). In comparison to WB exposures at the same temperatures, AMF exposures resulted in significantly greater inactivation in multiple cases. This is likely due to AMF-induced localized heating and rotation of MNPs. In brief, our findings demonstrate a potential strategy for combating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic or future ones.

Variably rotated lamproite dikes within a transpressive fault zone: Structural and paleomagnetic analysis of the Socovos Fault zone (Eastern Betics, SE Spain)

Rotations of large-scale crustal blocks deduced from paleomagnetism are usually invoked to support evolutionary tectonic models in orogens. However, the regional representativeness of local paleomagnetic rotations strongly depends on the structural context and can lead to conflicting results. This work analyzes an unusual cluster of almost coeval lamproite dikes (9.3–7.1 Ma) intruded along a 25 km-long segment of the Socovos transpressive fault zone in the Eastern Betics, with a view to determine rotations at the metre-scale. This fault zone has contrasting deformation styles, depending on the rheology of the rocks, which vary from ductile evaporites (gypsum) to brittle carbonates. The volcanic and subvolcanic rocks present a primary acquisition of high quality natural remanent magnetization, which defines a single directional component with very narrow α95. Matching the outcrop scale structures with the apparently dispersed paleomagnetic directions in the fault zone allows us to differentiate four deformational domains with distinctive characteristics: (1) a brittle zone with deformation concentrated in planes that bound blocks with no rotation or rotations below the expected secular variation ( ± 16° in inclination and ± 21° declination); (2) transpressive decametre-scale duplexes or single horses, also limited by brittle faults, where inclined axis rotations below 60° occur as rigid blocks; (3) buckling folds in ductile units associated with local reverse faulting; and (4), a triclinic transpressive ductile shear zone affecting a gypsum layer, where volcanic boudins have a rotation that is the sum of folding parallel to the shear zone walls plus an angular shear of 36°. These paleomagnetic results indicate that fault displacement continues after 7 Ma with the same kinematics as previously. Besides regional findings, this study illustrates the potential usefulness of small-scale paleomagnetic analysis for determining strain partitioning and deformation mode along large and complex transpressive fault zones, as well as the necessity to know the local structure to attribute regional meaning to the paleomagnetic rotation data.

Multiscale Strain Field Characterization in Flexible Planar Auxetic Metamaterials with Rotating Squares

Auxetic mechanical metamaterials show significant potential to impact many engineering fields and have been a topic of considerable research interest in recent years. Existing literature on the topic often aims to achieve larger negative Poisson's ratios or tailorable responses by carefully designed and distributed unit cells. Herein, it is aimed to investigate the relationships between global and local strain fields in rectangular center‐symmetric perforated planar structures, thus highlighting the role of local morphology on the macroscopic material response. Additively manufactured samples with hyperelastic constitutive behavior are characterized under tension. The structures are designed and developed with several perforation aspect ratios, leading to various degrees of auxeticity. Global and local strain fields are characterized using a multiscale digital image correlation measurement approach. The local rotation and in‐plane strain fields generated within the solid portions of the unit cells are correlated with the global strain fields and macroscopic Poisson's ratios for a range of cell geometries. The interplay between cell rotation and strain at the meso (unit cell) scale is shown to be the dominant factor in the strain‐dependent evolution of the Poisson's ratio in the structures.

Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Asymmetry of Reef and Atoll Wakes in the Xisha Archipelago

A high-resolution (∼500 m) numerical model was used to study the reef and atoll wakes in the Xisha Archipelago (XA) during 2009. Statistical analyses of simulation data indicated strong cyclonic dominance in the mixing layer (above ∼35 m) and weak anticyclonic dominance in the subsurface layer (35∼160 m) for both eddies and filaments in the XA. The intrinsic dynamical properties of the flow, such as the vertical stratification and velocity magnitude, and the terrain of reefs and atolls had a significant effect on the asymmetry. Without considering the existence of reefs and atolls, the “background cyclonic dominance” generated under local planetary rotation (f≈4.1×10−5 s−1) and vertical stratification (with mean Brunt–Väisälä frequency N = 0.02 s−1 at 75 m) was stronger for filaments than eddies in the upper layer from 0∼200 m, and the larger vorticity amplitude in the cyclonic filaments could greatly enhance the cyclonic wake eddies. Furthermore, inertial–centrifugal instability induced selective destabilization of anticyclonic wake eddies in different water layers. As the Rossby number (Ro) and core vorticity (Burger number, Bu) decreased (increased) with the water depth, a more stable state was achieved for the anticyclonic wake eddies in the deeper layer. The stratification and slipping reefs and atolls also led to vertical decoupled shedding, which intensified the asymmetry.

A new mixed finite element formulation for reorientation in liquid crystalline elastomers

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCE) belong to the class of soft materials and are capable of large deformations induced by temperature changes and ultraviolet irradiation. These materials are under investigation as actuator materials in light-weight structures. In order to numerically simulate LCE materials by using a space–time finite element method, a continuum model is necessary which combines a thermo-viscoelastic material formulation with a dissipative reorientation process of mesogens. Mesogens are rigid and rod-shaped molecules linked with the polymer chains of the elastomer. The dissipative reorientation of the mesogens can be described by a combination of an independent field of orientation vectors with unit length and micropolar rotational degrees of freedom. The orientation vector field follow from a partial differential equation and possesses initial–boundary conditions. The unit length of the orientation vector field for any time is guaranteed by a local rotation with the micropolar rotational degrees of freedom. The dissipative reorientation process is introduced by a local time evolution equation with respect to the micropolar rotational degrees of freedom. This is analogous to thermo-viscoelasticity and can be variationally-based formulated. In this paper, we present this new variational-based reorientation finite element formulation in a dynamical framework. We arrive at an energy–momentum consistent mixed finite element formulation with a Galerkin-based space–time integration.

Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and Free Probability.

Quantum thermalization is well understood via the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). The general form of ETH, describing all the relevant correlations of matrix elements, may be derived on the basis of a "typicality" argument of invariance with respect to local rotations involving nearby energy levels. In this Letter, we uncover the close relation between this perspective on ETH and free probability theory, as applied to a thermal ensemble or an energy shell. This mathematical framework allows one to reduce in a straightforward way higher-order correlation functions to a decomposition given by minimal blocks, identified as free cumulants, for which we give an explicit formula. This perspective naturally incorporates the consistency property that local functions of ETH operators also satisfy ETH. The present results uncover a direct connection between the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis and the structure of free probability, widening considerably the latter's scope and highlighting its relevance to quantum thermalization.

Stabilization of double tearing mode growth by resonant magnetic perturbations

It is well known that for non-monotonic profiles of the safety factor q with two q = m/n resonant surfaces inside the plasma (m/n being the poloidal/toroidal mode numbers), the low-m double tearing modes (DTMs) are usually unstable, especially for plasmas with a high bootstrap current fraction as required for the steady operation of advanced scenarios. The effect of applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the m/n = 2/1 DTM growth is investigated numerically in this paper using two-fluid equations. The DTM growth is found to be stabilized by moderate static m/n = 2/1, 4/2 or 6/3 RMPs below their penetration threshold if the distance between the two resonant surfaces and the local plasma rotation velocity at the outer resonant surface are sufficiently large. The outer magnetic island is stabilized due to the change of the local plasma current density gradient around the outer resonant surface caused by RMPs, while the inner island growth is stabilized by the bootstrap current perturbation in the negative magnetic shear region. The mode stabilization is more effective for a higher electron temperature, indicating a possible method to improve the DTM stability in a fusion reactor.

Formation of η-oriented shear bands and its significant impact on recrystallization texture in strip-cast electrical steel

The evolution of shear band (SB) and texture in strip-cast electrical steel was studied in order to investigate the crystallographic character of SB and its influence on recrystallization texture. Shear deformation in the form of SB played an effective role in tailoring the local lattice rotation to accommodate heavy deformation in the case of inhomogeneous deformation under conditions of initial coarse grain in strip-cast electrical steel. During rolling process, η-oriented SBs appeared at different stages of deformation as a result of geometric softening. Cube-oriented SB was mainly retained from initial exact Cube grain at early stage of shear deformation and Goss-oriented SB was newly developed during the formation of γ-fiber matrix after heavy deformation. {210}<001> SB formed as a transition form among different SBs. Crystal rotation inside SB, SB dimension and SB boundary misorientation progressed in proportion to cold rolling reduction. It is demonstrated that crystallographic direction of SBs tended to be parallel to <001> under the driving force of reduction in stored energy to maintain relatively quasi-stable state. Low orientation gradient as well as relatively low density of dislocations was developed within SB region, while high orientation gradient formed between SB region and surrounding matrix. Interestingly, the η-oriented cell blocks inside SBs provided preferential nucleation sites for Goss and Cube texture at early stage of recrystallization, which significantly contributed to beneficial recrystallization texture in a manner of texture inheritance and superior magnetic properties (B50 was as high as 1.81 T, and P1.5/50 was as low as 4.0 W/kg).

Dispersive surface waves propagating through a continuous elastic medium with local rotation

Elastic metamaterials are man-made materials engineered with the purpose of inducing atypical bulk elastic properties. To model a type of elastic metamaterial with local rotational effects, a new two-dimensional continuum model which incorporates local rotation as a scalar field superposed on the translational displacement fields is utilized. This paper provides a comprehensive study of surface wave propagation in this new continuous medium. Unlike the classical Rayleigh wave, the surface wave in this new medium is dispersive. An explicit dispersion relation is obtained, and a closed-form solution of the dispersion curve is derived. The dispersion relation is then used to evaluate the general behaviour of the surface wave. It is found that even for the cases where the effect of local rotation is relatively weak, the surface wave still clearly shows dispersion. The phase velocity of the surface wave falls mostly between the classical Rayleigh wave and the shear wave, especially for cases where the effect of local rotation is weak. In addition to the classical Rayleigh wave, there exists another surface wave which possesses a wavespeed depending only on local rotational parameters. It was also found that particles residing on the free surface of the material move in an elliptical fashion similar to that of classical Rayleigh wave propagation.

Structural evolution on {10−12} co-zone twin-twin junction in magnesium single crystal

The local stress state induced by twin-twin interaction leads to the complex microstructural evolution. In this paper, we studied the local structural characteristics on the {10–12} co-zone twin-twin junction in the compressed Mg single crystal. For parent crystal, the primary lattice rotation through the low-angle tilt around the [1−210] axis facilitates the formation of the reorientated parent-crystal substructure on the acute-angle side of incoming twin. Experimental results reveal that local stress field is formed on the acute-angle side of incoming twin, and the level of stress concentration increase with further twin-twin interaction. On the twin-twin junction, the local stress caused by twin-twin interaction induces the local lattice rotation of incoming twin, leading to the orientation of the incoming-twin tip close to that of encountering twin, which indicates a tendency of the twin-twin merger interaction. And the structural evolutions of the interacted twins are consistent with twinning dislocation reaction. The size difference between the interacted twins may be an important reason for twin-twin merger interaction.

Satisfactory Wound Reconstruction with a Local Rotation Flap After Removal of Large Penile Divided Nevi: Original Technique, Early and Mid-Term Results.

ObjectiveTo investigate the application of local rotation flaps for reconstruction of divided nevi of the penises in young male patients.MethodsA group of 8 patients of divided nevi of the penises who underwent wound reconstruction with local rotation flaps after surgical lesion removal was enrolled in a retrospective clinical study. Postoperative complication, sexual function and psychological traits were evaluated during the follow-up.ResultsAll patients, with ages ranged from 16 to 32 years (mean 23.25 years), were followed up for 6 to 48 months (mean 19.86 months). The patient’s average length of hospital stay was 7.85 day (7 to 15 days). The average dimension of the lesions was (2.31±0.44) × (1.46±0.48) cm2 on the glans and (1.38±0.40) × (1.01±0.46) cm2 on the inner prepuce plate. All patients had no postoperative infection and were satisfied with the postoperative outcome upon discharge. Five cases of benign intradermal nevi and 3 cases of compound nevi without malignant transformation were confirmed by pathological evaluation on the removed samples. The sexual function of all patients was unaffected postoperatively by male sexual function scale (BMSFI and IIEF-5) evaluation. The psychological status of depression, anxiety and stress was all improved after the surgical reconstruction confirmed by the psychological traits scale (DASS) evaluation.ConclusionReconstruction with the local rotation flap is a simple, safe and appropriate surgical procedure, achieves satisfactory cosmetic outcome, and maintains intact male sexual function when used for the repair of defect after removal of divided nevi of the penises.

Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus

Agriculture is a major contributor to nitrate groundwater contamination. Hence, farmers are demanded to reduce the environmental impact but simultaneously must provide sufficient food products. One important building block for this “sustainable intensification” are appropriate cropping strategies. The potential of modified crop rotations was evaluated in a high-yielding environment in Northern Germany. Therefore, in five consecutive growing seasons (2016/2017 – 2020/2021) three crop rotations were grown in a field trial and compared with respect to agronomic (cereal unit), economic (gross margin) and environmental (N surplus) parameters. A standard crop rotation, typical for the region of the study, was compared with rearranged and augmented crop rotations. Therefore, crops with a high autumnal N uptake (winter oilseed rape and catch crops) were grown after crops with typically high soil mineral N (SMN) amounts after harvest (faba bean and winter oilseed rape). Due to the change of preceding and subsequent crops, an increased N transfer was supposed to prevent N from leaching and a lower N fertilizer demand of the subsequent crop was expected. On average, the modified crop rotations achieved significantly higher cereal units (9.3 and 10.8 t · ha−1) compared to the local crop rotation (8.5 t · ha−1). The gross margin of the local crop rotation was 1474 € · ha−1 and the other crop rotations maintained (1443 € · ha−1) or significantly increased (1572 € · ha−1) this value, respectively. The local crop rotation had a N surplus of 47 kg N · ha−1. In contrast, the N surplus of the modified crop rotations was significantly lower (10 and 28 kg N · ha−1). In summary, the results showed that a thoughtful rearrangement of crop rotations is an appropriate measure to simultaneously improve yields and gross margins with less unfavorable environmental impacts.