Local Resource Management Research Articles

Development of a decision framework for river health and water yield ecosystem service in watershed

Maintaining river health in a changing environment is an important way to improve the service value of the river basin ecosystem. An ecological flow threshold process with multiple ecological constraints was proposed using the Range of Variability Approach method and the Improved Intra-annual Spreading method. When combined with the multi-source dataset and the InVEST model, a 'ecology-function pattern-driven and decision' service framework was proposed. The study found that the important ecological constraints of the ecological flow in the Xiangjiang River basin changed after the hydrological change (1991–2019). High pulse occurrence times were delayed by 3 d, while low pulse occurrence times and durations were advanced by 8 d and delayed by 10 d, respectively. Temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are all important factors influencing the dynamic characteristics of the basin's water yield services. Human activities and climate change have contributed nearly 19% more to the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics of water yield in the basin than in the natural period. Additionally, it was discovered that excessive rainfall can inhibit the impact of other variables on water yield within the basin. Furthermore, the pivotal levels of significant meteorological factors that affect the water yield value of the basin were elucidated. This research leads to a better knowledge of watershed hydrological health in changing environments and a scientific basis for local water resource management decisions and optimal utilization of ecosystem service values.

Traditional ecological knowledge-based calendar system for sustainable seasonal grazing in the Pamir Mountains

Indigenous mountain communities are on the cutting edge of environmental threats, their responses, and the preservation of traditional knowledge that ensures the harmony between the environment and sustainable resource use. In the context of seasonal grazing, a key livelihood activity in the eastern Pamir Mountains, this study aimed to document a traditional ecological calendar-like management system and scientifically validate its effectiveness. Through an ethno-ecological survey comprising focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, we examined the variations in seasonal grazing practices based on ecological calendars. The study quantified and evaluated the indicators' efficacy in guiding these seasonal activities by analyzing time series satellite data of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Additionally, the research assessed the potential alterations required in the future under anticipated climatic scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585) using the random forest algorithm. The findings underscored the alignment between seasonal migration patterns, grazing as the primary seasonal activity, and spatiotemporal variations in vegetation phenology. Our analysis revealed that in the future local herders may need to spend more or shorter time in pastures at different elevation compared to present because of possible change in the phenology. Our findings demonstrate the high validity of this calendar system in local resource management, and with modification it would be equally important in the future under new climatic scenarios.

Local Resources Management to Support Activities Utilization of Yard Land in Wagir District, Malang Regency

Sumbersuko Village is one of the villages in the Wagir District, Malang Regency. This village is a village located in a mountainous area, including one area at the foot of Mount Kawi where approximately 60 percent of the area is a coffee plantation area. The purpose of carrying out this community service activity is to be able to develop community awareness so that they are willing and able to use their yard as a source of food and nutrition and process coffee waste. The method offered is in the form of direct assistance by providing counseling and training related to chemistry and waste treatment such as the manufacture of Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Eco-Enzyme. The result was that the Study Center Team Outside the Main Campus Universitas Brawijaya Kediri succeeded in opening the motivation of farmers to do better farming, especially in the utilization of their yards as well as the efficiency of garden crops in this case smallholder coffee plantations. In addition, the processing of coffee skin waste into Eco-Enzyme in the form of Liquid Organic Fertilizer can be used directly by the community as a solution to reduce production costs. Therefore, it is hoped that in the future the results of this activity can be optimally utilized to realize the success of organic coffee processing.

Developing a model for managing sustainable regional forest biomass resources: System dynamics-based optimization

In Japan, the number of plantation forests that must be harvested is increasing. Therefore, it is desirable to establish an operational system with a high efficiency. When using efficient forestry machinery, it is necessary to secure a sufficient amount of operation commensurate with the cost of machines, while simultaneously considering the feasibility of the labor force. However, no previous research has presented a quantitative forestry operation management method from the viewpoint of optimizing the amount of operation on a regional forestry scale. First, a basic model that mathematically quantifies the amount of operation and changes in forest biomass by applying system dynamics (SD) was developed, and a regional forestry scenario with the labor force as a constraint was optimized. As a result of the optimization, it is suggested that the scenario will be sustainable if regional forests are managed in an area of approximately 800 ha for 10 workers. The amount of operation in the scenario was generally feasible with a limited labor force during the simulation period and was also validated against reported domestic forestry data. We conclude that the SD model can contribute to the development of a regional forest management plan tailored to local conditions. In addition, it will greatly contribute to the assessment of carbon reduction in the national forestry sector through sustainable management of local forest biomass resources.

Modeling Earthen Treatments for Climate Change Effects

Adobe has been used globally for millennia. In the US Southwest, cultural heritage sites made of adobe materials have lasted hundreds of years in an arid/semi-arid environment. A common prediction across multiple climate change models, however, is that rainfall intensity will increase in the US Southwest. This increased erosivity threatens the long-term protection and preservation of these sites, and thus resource managers are faced with selecting effective conservation practices. For this reason, modeling tools are needed to predict climate change impacts and plan for adaptation strategies. Many existing strategies, including patching damaged areas, building protective caps and shelter coating walls are already commonly utilized. In this study, we modeled adobe block construction, subjected extant walls to a local 100-year return interval rainfall intensity, and tested earthen-coat-based strategies to minimize the deterioration of earthen fabric. Findings from the resultant linear models indicate that the patching of earthen architecture alone will not prevent substantial damage, while un-amended encapsulation coats and caps provide similar, and significantly greater protection than patching. The use of this model will enable local heritage resource managers to better target preservation methods for a return on investment of the material and labor costs, resulting in better preservation overall and the retention of culturally valuable resources.

Characteristics and Causes of Coastal Water Chemistry in Qionghai City, China

The coastal zone area of Qionghai City is one of the important coastal zones in the South China Sea, and its water environment has been affected by human activities such as urbanization and industrialization. In order to protect the water resources and ecological environment of this area, the water chemistry characteristics of the main watersheds and their causes in the coastal zone area of eastern Hainan Island were investigated to provide a scientific basis for environmental protection and sustainable development. In this study, the characteristics and sources of water chemical ion components were analyzed using a Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, and correlation analysis with the coastal zone area of Qionghai city as the research object. The results show the following: (1) the dominant cation of water chemistry in the coastal zone of Qionghai City is Na+ with a mean value of 35.001 mg·L−1, and the dominant anion is Cl− with a mean value of 30.69 mg·L−1; (2) the dominant cation content in the coastal zone of Qionghai City is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and the dominant anion content is Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > CO32−; (3) at the five collection sites in the study area, the ion concentrations showed different trends, with the highest ion concentration in the water samples collected from aquaculture ponds, and the main water chemistry type was Na-Cl; the lowest ion concentration was in the water samples collected from the rivers, and the main type of water chemistry was Ca·Mg-HCO3. The source of water chemistry ions in the study area mainly included seawater, rock weathering, atmospheric precipitation, and evaporation concentration. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the development, utilization, and management of local water resources and provide basic data for environmental protection and sustainable development.

Understanding old herbal secrets: The renaissance of traditional medicinal plants beyond the twenty classic species?

The use of traditional medicinal plants plays an important role especially in remote rural and marginalized landscapes at different latitudes. In the development of nature conservation strategies based on local knowledge and sustainable resource management, medicinal herbs have been hypothesized to be cultural key stone species. Environmental education is a crucial driver for fostering environmental literacy and preserving local knowledge across generations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the Autonomous Province of Bozen-South Tyrol (N Italy) to gain insights into, and reflections on, the cultural value of traditional medicinal plants and their interplay within the local landscape, nature conservation and their role in environmental education and knowledge transfer across generations. We also used a combination of purposive and snowball sampling to identify relevant actors. The different voices collected in the study clearly highlight the role of medicinal herbs in healthcare, for cultural identity of local communities and demonstrate a growing commercial market niche that maintains the local economy and services, including widespread offers related to environmental education, that have not, unfortunately, been used yet in the formal curricula of local schools. The latter is crucial for a holistic approach taking medicinal plants as an ideal vehicle to connect especially children with nature and history of South Tyrol, strengthening health education and overall environmental literacy, including species knowledge. However, the revival of herbal medicine and related knowledge do not prevent the continuous loss of local traditional knowledge regarding medicinal plants, recipes and use. More species and their uses are being forgotten due to superficialisation of knowledge and of mainstreaming and homogenization of the global market of herbal medicine. Safeguarding the natural and cultural treasures of South Tyrol for future generations is in the hands of the local communities.

The impacts of climate change on surfing resources

Surfing has increased in cultural, social, and economic importance through the last century and is now globally significant. Predicated on the natural phenomenon of ocean waves interacting with coasts, surfing’s future is threatened by Earth’s changing climate. This paper provides a comprehensive review of physical processes, including swell generation, wave breaking, and coastal dynamics, relevant for the locations — surf breaks — where surfing occurs and the myriad mechanisms through which each can be affected by a changing climate. We propose an organizing framework for these impacts characterizing them based on their mode of action as direct versus indirect, as well as by their magnitude, and conclude that some impacts (such as sea level rise) may threaten some breaks but on more protracted timelines, whereas other impacts (such as coastal armoring implemented in response to climate change) may pose more immediate, existential threats. This framework underscores the importance of local environmental knowledge of a given surf break for understanding its susceptibility to climate change and informs a Surf Break Vulnerability–Climate Change Assessment Tool (SurfCAT), designed to enable improved wave stewardship by local resource managers and stakeholders in the face of a changing climate.

Estimation of Evapotranspiration in the Desert–Oasis Transition Zone Using the Water Balance Method and Groundwater Level Fluctuation Method—Taking the Haloxylon ammodendron Forest at the Edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert as an Example

Shallow groundwater is an important water source for Haloxylon ammodendron (H. ammodendron). The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ETg) from groundwater is of great significance for the water cycle and the maintenance of ecological stability. Using a combination of the water balance method and the groundwater level fluctuation method (WTF), the water balance components (precipitation, soil moisture, groundwater depth, and Bowen ratio meteorological data) in the desert–oasis transition zone were continuously monitored from 2015 to 2018 and the ETg was estimated The results showed that the closed degree of Bowen specific energy after data screening was higher, and the annual actual evapotranspiration (ETa) value could be reliably calculated at 260.87 mm. As the main contributor to water consumption in the growing season, latent heat accounted for 70.16~91.86% of the energy balance. Precipitation had no significant impact on water consumption for H. ammodendron vegetation growth, and the precipitation in the main growing season accounted for 59.44% of the ETa. The groundwater depth in the study area decreased yearly and had a significant impact on the growth of H. ammodendron vegetation. Although the groundwater depth in the study area was greater than 9 m, the ETg, as an important part of the water balance, was found to participate in the evapotranspiration process brought about by H. ammodendron due to the strong root system and supporting capillary water in the soil. The actual evapotranspiration ETa for H. ammodendron in the main growing season was 244.32 mm, and the contribution rate for ETg was as high as 74.78% or approximately 182.35 mm. After the ETg was verified using the water balance method and WTF, R was greater than 0.96, the RMSE range was 1.5931~4.5706, the bias range was −0.15~0.11, and the IOA value was greater than 0.95. The accuracy of the estimation model was high, and the results were relatively accurate. The model can be applied in the desert–oasis transition zone to obtain accurate ETg estimations and provide theoretical guidance and a scientific basis for local water resource management and ecological protection.

Accountability, governance, and institutional change in intergovernmental relations: A theoretical framework

AbstractThis article develops an explanatory framework of institutional change in intergovernmental relations. Using new institutionalism, we focus on a main explanatory factor—the players' perceptions of their own accountability and that of others. Integrating the concepts of multiple accountability and felt accountability, we develop the concept of an accountability gap, meaning differences between the perceptions of players in the central government about their responsibility to provide local services and the perceptions of players at the local level about their responsibilities. Our claim is that perceptual gaps concerning accountability in a two‐tiered or multi‐tiered system may influence their interests, strategies, and behavior and hence determine the timing and pace of specific institutional changes. We illustrate the theoretical framework by examining how Spain managed the COVID‐19 pandemic.Related ArticlesAguado, N. Alexander. 2018. “Mayor‐Council Form of Government and Policy Responses in Times of Economic Travail.”Politics & Policy46(5): 714–30.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12273.French, Edward P., and Doug Goodman. 2011. “Local Government Human Resource Management Past, Present, and Future: Revisiting Hays and Kearney's Anticipated Changes a Decade Later.”Politics & Policy39(5): 761–85.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00312.x.Kwon, Sung‐Wook, and Sylvia Gonzalez‐Gorman. 2019. “Influence of Local Political Institutions on Policy Punctuation in Three Policy Areas.”Politics & Policy47(2): 300–25.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12295.

Downscaling Simulation of Groundwater Storage in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Regions of China Based on GRACE Data

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-derived groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) have been used to highlight groundwater depletion in regional aquifer systems worldwide. However, the use of GRACE products in smaller areas is limited owing to the coarse spatial resolution of the data product. This study utilized a dynamic downscaling method to improve the GWSA resolution from 1° to 0.05° by constructing a groundwater storage numerical model in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei regions of China (BTH). The results indicate that: (1) the GRACE-derived and calculated GWSA had a good match with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.61 cm equivalent water height (EWH) and an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.84 for the calibration period. (2) The hydraulic gradient coefficient and specific yield had the highest sensitivity, and transmissivity had the lowest sensitivity; however, different forcing data had no obvious influence on the GWSA. (3) The downscaled results not only exhibited time series variations that were consistent with those of the GRACE-derived solutions but also revealed a finer spatial heterogeneity of the GWSA along with increasing correlation coefficients between the GRACE-derived GWSA and the in situ measurements of groundwater levels by 0.06 and reducing the RMSE by 8.85%. (4) The downscaled results reflected the spatiotemporal change characteristics of groundwater storage in different hydrogeological units and administrative regions well. This study demonstrates the potential applications of the proposed downscaling method for both regional and local groundwater resource management.

Arctic char occurrence and abundance using environmental DNA

Abstract Our ability to rapidly monitor species is essential for effective resource management and for establishing conservation practices. Current monitoring practices for many fish species are not effective across multiple habitats due to limited resources, permit restrictions, etc. In response, environmental DNA (eDNA)‐based surveying and monitoring programmes are increasingly being developed and applied to meet the growing demands of local regulators and resource managers. The management of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), a fish species of economical and societal importance, is a prime candidate for eDNA surveillance as many existing and endemic populations are increasingly threatened by human activity and climate change. Here we applied and tested the effectiveness of using eDNA to survey endemic and transplanted Arctic char populations across north Wales, which represents the southern extent of the Arctic char geographic range. We used a species‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to assess Arctic char occurrence and estimated the biomass (e.g., abundance) of Arctic char populations for each of the sampled lakes. We found Arctic char present in four of the five lakes with eDNA detection increasing with increasing lake depth. Spatial distribution of Arctic char eDNA detection was not found to be related to spatial location or distance from inlet or outlet for each sampled lake. Arctic char biomass was estimated from eDNA using a range of previously documented eDNA concentrations to biomass measures. Following biomass validation from one lake, we suggested that a mid‐range measure of eDNA to biomass estimate (from the currently available literature) is most likely, resulting in a range of 3,002–42,614 g/ha for our biomass estimates across all sites. Environmental DNA sampling is an effective method for assessing Arctic char populations and offers an informative base for estimating population densities. DNA detection was not spatially structured, which might indicate that the transport dynamics of eDNA are more unpredictable than previously anticipated and that standard sampling strategies should employ spatial sampling in their design to ensure adequate detection is obtained from eDNA collection efforts. With the increasing infeasibility of traditional sampling and surveying methods it is essential to continue to test and refine our eDNA capabilities. These findings highlight the usability and sampling design strategy needed for eDNA based surveying of known and unknown locations for endemic species. We also provide an initial cross‐study framework for estimating fish abundances from eDNA data that uses and builds on existing knowledge and trends in contrast to study or site‐specific assessments.

Analysis of Seasonal Water Characteristics and Water Quality Responses to the Land Use/Land Cover Pattern: A Case Study in Tianjin, China

As the second largest city in northern China, Tianjin has a unique geographical and social status. Following its rapid economic development, Tianjin is experiencing high levels of surface water pollution. The land use/land cover (LULC) pattern has a considerable impact on hydrological cycling and pollutant transmission, and thus on regional water quality. A full understanding of the water quality response to the LULC pattern is critical for water resource management and improvement of the natural environment in Tianjin. In this study, surface water monitoring station data and LULC data from 2021 to 2022 were used to investigate the surface water quality in Tianjin. A cluster analysis was conducted to compare water quality among monitoring stations, a factor analysis was conducted to identify potential pollution sources, and an entropy weight calculation was used to analyze the impact of the land use pattern on water quality. The mean total nitrogen (TN) concentration exceeded the class Ⅴ water quality standard throughout the year, and the correlation coefficient of the relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH exceeded 0.5 throughout the year, with other water quality parameters showing seasonal changes. On the basis of their good water quality, the water quality monitoring stations near large water source areas were distinguished from those near areas with other LULC patterns via the cluster analysis. The factor analysis results indicated that the surface water in Tianjin suffered from nutrient and organic pollution, with high loadings of ammonia nitrogen (NH3N), TN, and total phosphorus (TP). Water pollution was more serious in areas near built-up land, especially in the central urban area. The entropy weight calculation results revealed that water, built-up land, and cultivated/built-up land had the greatest impact on NH3N, while cultivated land had the greatest impact on electrical conductivity (EC). This study discusses the seasonal changes of surface water and impact of land use/land cover pattern on water quality at a macro scale, and highlighted the need to improve surface water quality in Tianjin. The results provide guidance for the sustainable utilization and management of local water resources.

Our forest, our livelihood: Natural resources’ use controversies and community livelihood sustainability in the Mole National Park, Ghana

‘Protecting’ natural resources as a policy intervention for biodiversity conservation is a double-edged sword. Often touted as sources of revenue and a tool for poverty reduction in fringe communities, they are also largely a source of natural resource-use conflict. Over the years the Mole National Park in Northern Ghana has provided both cost and benefits to fringe communities and the local government. While studies have investigated the benefits of the Mole National Park to local resource users, conflicts that have characterized the park in recent years in terms of resource use, ownership and livelihood sustainability have been the least investigated. Using a qualitative approach, the study examines community perception of natural resource use and livelihood sustainability in fringe communities of the Mole National Park, Ghana. Thematic analysis from 13 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 14 in-depth interviews revealed that respondents’ major sources of sustenance hinge on Natural Resources (NRs) through farming and hunting with minimal alternative sources of livelihoods. As a consequence, denial of respondents’ access to the natural resources in the park has been a major source of contention between the local resource dependents and management of the park as residents believed that the resources from the forest are a gift from God, their ancestors and forefathers and no man can prevent access and utilization. This implies that a community-led management team involving other stakeholders is important in the management of the Mole National Park. Moreover, equal distribution of benefits that accrue from the forest with the forest fringe communities at heart will assist in minimizing the yearly conflicts that have been a characteristic of the park and ensure sustainable forest resource management.

Land-System Changes and Migration Amidst the Opium Poppy Collapse in the Southern Highlands of Oaxaca, Mexico (2016-2020).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10745-022-00388-4.

From Design to Deployment of Zero Touch Deep Reinforcement Learning WLANs

Machine learning is increasingly used to automate networking tasks, in a paradigm known as zero touch network and service management (ZSM). In particular, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques have recently gained much attention for their ability to learn taking complex decisions in different fields. In the ZSM context, DRL is an appealing candidate for tasks such as dynamic resource allocation, which are generally formulated as hard optimization problems. At the same time, successful training and deployment of DRL agents in real-world scenarios face a number of challenges that we outline and address in this article. Tackling the case of wireless local area network radio resource management, we report guidelines that extend to other usecases and more general contexts.

Is a village level always relevant to describe land cover changes? Analysing the landscape to understand socio-environmental changes in western Burkina Faso

This paper presents a study about land management in western Burkina Faso. A landscape approach combining surveys and spatial analysis was used to identify key, levels of land management. While the village level provides us with current key data for, a detailed understanding of population dynamics (i), and the household level provides, explanations of economic conditions (ii), these two traditional levels were not able to, fully explain local variability in environmental resources. We therefore question the, relative dominance of traditional levels (village, households) and introduce a spatial, dimension of environmental management to examine the variability of plural legal, rights in several places. We demonstrate the impact of lineage strategies on observed, changes at different levels. Our results provide evidence that, although land cover has, changed, the local land management system seems relatively stable due to historic, lineage alliances. This paper highlights the importance of understanding how the, localized social position of inhabitants, inside and outside the village level, can strongly affect local resource management and thus contribute to a certain inefficiency of public policies.

The Role of Crafts in the Development of Women’s Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas

The aim of the article is to indicate the need for a diagnosis of socio-cultural conditions of running a craft business by women. Local handicraft, culinary traditions, etc. are also an important resource for the development of women’s entrepreneurship with a craft profile. The problems of the article include the ‘common set’ of two research areas: crafts and women’s entrepreneurship in rural areas. The focus of the paper will be on the issue of the functioning of crafts in rural areas based on an empirical analysis of the scale of functioning of craft enterprises run by women. Concurrently, the subject outlined in this way is related to other issues, such as counteracting depopulation of rural areas based on the activation of local entrepreneurship. The potential of women’s entrepreneurship development in rural areas should also be indicated, among others, by tightening cooperation between Country Housewives’ Associations (koła gospodyń wiejskich, KGWs) and crafts organisations.
 The social effects of cooperation between crafts and KGWs will result in stimulation of entrepreneurship (especially female entrepreneurship) in rural areas, which will then contribute to rural development. These effects support the creation of new forms of small and medium entrepreneurship corresponding to social economy, which are defined as an element of creative economy. This will trigger the process of creating new jobs and may constitute an important mode of support for vocational education, increasing the chance for the local youth to smoothly enter the labour market. Likewise, the generation of local human and social capital resources cannot be overestimated. By mobilising and integrating key actors in the area, it will contribute to better management of local resources.

Water footprint and virtual water flows from the Global South: Foundations for sustainable agriculture in periods of drought

Freshwater availability has decreased alarmingly worldwide, with agriculture playing a vital role in this trend. The assessment of the agricultural water footprint (WFagricultural) and virtual water flows (VWF) is fundamental not only in local water resources management and protection, but also in our understanding of the synergies between local water consumption and global markets. Thus, the WFagricultural – broken down into its components (blue, green, and gray) – of the leading 21 crops (grouped in fruit, legumes, cereals, and vegetables), grown in four basins with the most significant agricultural activity in central Chile was determined, estimated in two consecutive years 2017–2018. In addition, due to their great importance in exports, VWFs were assessed, establishing connections according to their origins and destinations. The results show that the green and gray water footprints increased significantly in the south-central basins, while blue water consumption increased in the basins of the central zone, reflecting an evident WFagricultural transition in accord with latitude and climate conditions. Furthermore, VWF showed an annual increase of 44 %, in about 116 destinations, with Asia, Europe, and North America being the preferred destinations, with annual variations of VWFblue- gray associated with increases in exports of apples, cherries, grapes, blueberries, and walnuts, market preferences and growing areas. The present study is an initial step toward sustainable agriculture in a commodity exporting country, one that is relevant in the exploitation of virtual water yet faces severe water deficit problems, distribution, and local water policies. Therefore, contributing to encouraging the efficiency and value of water in the process of a new institutional framework.

Collective Properties of Trentino: From Traditional Competences to Modern Solution Providers

This paper focuses on the context of the Autonomous Province of Trento in Northern Italy, which has hosted common regime institutions that manage collective mountain properties daily since the 13th century. These institutions operate in the most significant part of the territory and adapt their routines to emerging challenges. From different scientific perspectives (economic, anthropological, and architectural), we analyzed how this method has been actualized as the most effective management of local resources, generating opportunities for commoners, new citizens, and external users. This includes the exposure of the communities to novel economic activities, adaptation of the internal normative and planning systems, and reflection on how to combine natural resources with local needs and global scenarios.