Local Regulation Research Articles

Local Structure Regulation for Oxygen Redox and Structure Stability of P2-Type Cathodes.

The local structure plays a crucial role in oxygen redox reactions, which boosts the capacity of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. While studies on local structural ordering have primarily focused on the intra-layer ordering, there has been limited research on the inter-layer stacking for the layered cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, the impact of the intra-layer and inter-layer local structural regulation on anionic kinetics and the structure stability are explored through experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. Cu2+ substitution is introduced to adjust the transition metal inter-layer structure of P2-Na0.67Mg0.28Mn0.72O2, obtaining a zig-zag stacked honeycomb superlattice structure in P2- Na0.67Cu0.14Mg0.14Mn0.72O2. The local structure regulation mitigates the cation migration, improves the structure reversibility even at a deeply desodiation state of Na0.05, and the reductive coupling between cationic and anionic redox processes facilitates electron transfer from oxygen to copper ions and governs the properties of electrochemical kinetics and hysteresis. A full cell with hard carbon anode shows commendable energy density at high power density. This study paves an optional path for enhancing the structure stability and dynamics of oxygen redox chemistry in P2-type cathode materials for sodium-ion battery systems.

Fungi, immunosenescence and cancer.

Fungal microbes are a small but immunoreactive component of the human microbiome, which may influence cancer development, progression and therapeutic response. Immunosenescence is a process of immune dysfunction that occurs with aging, including lymphoid organ remodeling, contributing to alterations in the immune system in the elderly, which plays a critical role in many aspects of cancer. There is evidence for the interactions between fungi and immunosenescence in potentially regulating cancer progression and remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we summarize potential roles of commensal and pathogenic fungi in modulating cancer-associated processes and provide more-detailed discussions on the mechanisms of which fungi affect tumor biology, including local and distant regulation of the TME, modulating antitumor immune responses and interactions with neighboring bacterial commensals. We also delineate the features of immunosenescence and its influence on cancer development and treatment, and highlight the interactions between fungi and immunosenescence in cancer. We discuss the prospects and challenges for harnessing fungi and immunosenescence in cancer diagnosis and/or treatment. Considering the limited understanding and techniques in conducting such research, we also provide our view on how to overcome challenges faced by the exploration of fungi, immunosenescence and their interactions on tumor biology.

Local lattice distortion regulation in high entropy engineering to enhance the triple conductivity of layered Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite cathode in H+-SOFCs

Local lattice distortion regulation in high entropy engineering to enhance the triple conductivity of layered Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite cathode in H+-SOFCs

Tissue Determinants of Antiviral Immunity in the Liver.

The liver is an organ bearing important metabolic and immune functions. Hepatocytes are the main metabolically active cells of the liver and are the target of infection by hepatotropic viruses. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are essential for the control of hepatocyte infection with hepatotropic viruses but may be subject to local regulation of their effector function. Here, we review our current knowledge of the tissue determinants of antiviral immunity in the liver. Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells (LSECs) not only allow through their fenestrations the access of circulating virus-specific CD8 T cells to engage in direct contact with infected hepatocytes without the need for extravasation but also cross-present viral antigens released from infected hepatocytes to these CD8 T cells. Two important features of LSECs and hepatocytes contribute to antiviral immune surveillance and liver failure. First, CD8 T cell immunity targeting LSECs leads to widespread endothelial cell death and results in sinusoidal microcirculation failure, causing fulminant viral hepatitis, whereas immune-mediated loss of hepatocytes is rapidly compensated by the regenerative capacity of the liver. Second, virus-infected hepatocytes support clearance of infection by responding to TNF, which is released from virus-specific CD8 T cells, with the selective induction of apoptosis. This increased sensitivity for TNF-induced death is caused by reduced mitochondrial resilience in virus-infected hepatocytes and may assist antiviral immunity in preferential targeting of virus-infected hepatocytes. Thus, hepatocytes and LSECs actively contribute to the outcome of antiviral CD8 T cell immunity in the liver. The knowledge of the mechanisms determining CD8 T cell control of hepatotropic viral infection will help to improve strategies to increase antiviral immune surveillance.

Legal Study of the Role of Political Parties in Making Regional Regulations in the Regional People's Representative Council of Purbalingga Regency

Countries that have democratic systems really need political parties as a forum for everyone to express their opinions, either as representatives of the people and also as a medium for peaceful political leadership. The role of political parties is a crucial element in determining the direction of a country's policies. In reality, there are often challenges such as the attraction of political interests, the fragmentation of party coalitions, and the influence of local political forces that play a role in influencing the final policy outcome. Therefore, it becomes interesting to understand how the role of political parties is related to the making of local regulations through their representatives in the DPRD. By using juridical normative research methods, it can be concluded that political parties play an important role in the concept of negotiations that occur during the process of making local regulations so that these regulations remain in accordance with the aspirations of the people and do not conflict with Pancasila.

Analysis of Supplement Consumption of Pregnant Women with Orofacial Cleft in Children at RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta

Congenital abnormalities remain a leading cause of death in toddlers, with a global death rate of 8.7 per 1000 live births in 2016. Cleft lip, a congenital birth defect, has an incidence rate in Indonesia that increases by an average of 7,500 cases per year. One of the exogenous factors influencing the occurrence of orofacial clefts (OFC) is maternal supplement intake. This study aimed to assess the relationship between maternal supplement consumption and the incidence of OFC in children and identify the dominant factors in maternal supplement intake. The study employed an observational analytic method with a case-control approach, involving 70 maternal samples calculated using the Lemshow formula. Data for the case group were obtained from mothers who underwent treatment at RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta. The sampling method used was non-probability convenience sampling, and the data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. The results showed a tendency for supplement consumption and maternal zinc requirements to increase the risk of OFC in children. However, a significant relationship was found between the timing of supplement consumption and the adequacy of folic acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 supplements. In the multivariate analysis, the dominant risk factors were the need for folic acid and zinc in mothers. Based on the study results, it is recommended that local government regulations consider these factors to optimize the management and prevention of non-syndromic OFC in children, especially in Jakarta.

Legal Politics In Indonesia

Legal politics in Indonesia has an important role in determining the direction of the formation and implementation of regulations. Article 18 paragraph 4 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia confirms that regional heads are elected democratically, reflecting the principles of popular sovereignty in the regional government system. This research aims to analyze the dynamics of legal politics related to regional head elections, identify the challenges faced, and provide recommendations for the necessary legal political reforms. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study, which includes an analysis of various legal sources, previous research, and political theories related to local democracy. The results show that although democratic local elections have been implemented, there are various challenges that hinder the effectiveness and integrity of the process. Issues such as the high cost of politics, the practice of money politics, and horizontal conflicts in the community are significant obstacles. In addition, the relationship between politics and law is often intertwined, creating uncertainty in electoral policy. In conclusion, to strengthen a transparent and accountable local government system, comprehensive reforms in local election regulations, increased monitoring of political funding, and public political education are needed. With these steps, it is expected that regional autonomy can run more effectively and in accordance with constitutional values.

Enhancing Acidic Water Electrolysis via Local Electronic Regulation of Ru/TiOx Catalyst with Oxygen Coordination Unsaturated Ti Sites

Enhancing Acidic Water Electrolysis via Local Electronic Regulation of Ru/TiO_<i>x</i> Catalyst with Oxygen Coordination Unsaturated Ti Sites

Identification of miRNAs Involved in Olfactory Regulation in Antennae of Beet Webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis, is a typical migratory pest. Although miRNAs participate in many physiological functions, little is known about the functions of miRNAs in olfactory regulation. In this study, 1120 (869 known and 251 novel) miRNAs were identified in the antennae of L. sticticalis by using high-throughput sequencing technology. Among the known miRNAs, 189 from 49 families were insect-specific, indicating that these miRNAs might play unique roles in insects. Furthermore, based on the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, we found that 3647 and 1393 miRNAs were associated with localization and the regulation of localization, respectively, and 80 miRNAs were enriched in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. These miRNAs might be involved in the olfactory system of L. sticticalis. Notably, qRT-PCR showed that most of the tested miRNAs presented similar expression patterns compared with the RNA-seq data and that miR-87-3, novel-miR-78, and novel-miR-142 were significantly differentially expressed in the antennae of males and females. In addition, 21 miRNAs were predicted to target 23 olfactory genes, including 10 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 3 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 1 ionotropic receptor (IR), and 5 gustatory receptors (GRs). The olfactory-related miRNAs exhibited low-abundance transcripts, except undef-miR-55 and undef-miR-523, and gender-biased expression was not observed for olfactory-related miRNAs. Our findings provide an overview of the potential miRNAs involved in olfactory regulation, which may provide important information on the function of miRNAs in the insect olfactory system.

Statistical analysis supports pervasive RNA subcellular localization and alternative 3' UTR regulation.

Targeted low-throughput studies have previously identified subcellular RNA localization as necessary for cellular functions including polarization, and translocation. Furthermore, these studies link localization to RNA isoform expression, especially 3' Untranslated Region (UTR) regulation. The recent introduction of genome-wide spatial transcriptomics techniques enables the potential to test if subcellular localization is regulated in situ pervasively. In order to do this, robust statistical measures of subcellular localization and alternative poly-adenylation (APA) at single-cell resolution are needed. Developing a new statistical framework called SPRAWL, we detect extensive cell-type specific subcellular RNA localization regulation in the mouse brain and to a lesser extent mouse liver. We integrated SPRAWL with a new approach to measure cell-type specific regulation of alternative 3' UTR processing and detected examples of significant correlations between 3' UTR length and subcellular localization. Included examples, Timp3, Slc32a1, Cxcl14, and Nxph1 have subcellular localization in the mouse brain highly correlated with regulated 3' UTR processing that includes the use of unannotated, but highly conserved, 3' ends. Together, SPRAWL provides a statistical framework to integrate multi-omic single-cell resolved measurements of gene-isoform pairs to prioritize an otherwise impossibly large list of candidate functional 3' UTRs for functional prediction and study. In these studies of data from mice, SPRAWL predicts that 3' UTR regulation of subcellular localization may be more pervasive than currently known.

Lipopolysaccharide differentially alters systemic and brain glucocorticoid levels in neonatal and adult mice.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are secreted by the adrenal glands and increase in response to stressors (e.g., infection). The brain regulates local GC levels via GC synthesis, regeneration and/or metabolism. Little is known about local GC regulation within discrete brain regions at baseline or in response to stress. We treated male and female C57BL/6J mice at postnatal day 5 (PND5) or PND90 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg/kg bw i.p.) or vehicle and collected blood and brain after 4 h. We microdissected the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala. We measured seven steroids, including corticosterone, via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and measured transcripts for key steroidogenic enzymes (Cyp11b1, Hsd11b1, Hsd11b2) via qPCR. At both ages, LPS increased GC levels in blood and all brain regions; however, the increases were much greater at PND90 than at PND5. Interestingly, PND5 corticosterone levels were lower in prefrontal cortex than in blood, but higher in amygdala than in blood. These changes in corticosterone levels align with local changes in steroidogenic enzyme expression, demonstrating robust regional heterogeneity and a possible mechanism for the region-specific effects of early-life stress. In contrast, PND90 corticosterone levels were lower in all brain regions than in blood and similar among regions, and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA levels were generally not affected by LPS. Together, these data indicate that local GC levels within discrete brain regions are more heterogeneous at baseline and in response to LPS at PND5 than at PND90, as a result of increased local GC production and metabolism in the neonatal brain.

Condensates act as translation hubs to coordinate multinucleate cell growth.

Coordination between growth and division is a fundamental feature of cells. In many syncytia, cell growth must couple with multiple nuclear divisions in one cytoplasm. In the fungus, Ashbya gossypii, cell-cycle progression and hyphal elongation require condensates formed by the protein Whi3 in complex with distinct mRNA species. We hypothesized the condensates may act through local translation regulation and find that Whi3 target mRNAs show distinct spatial biases in translation in vivo. Whi3-RNA condensates can both promote and repress RNA translation in an RNA- and condensate size-dependent manner in vitro. Interestingly, we observe a sub-condensate enrichment of translation that is tunable by RNA valency and protein phospho-state. Together, these data suggest that Whi3 condensates generate a continuum of translation states, resulting in asynchronous nuclear divisions coordinated with growth. This local regulation requires a minimal complement of molecular components at the nano scale to support global coordination at the cell scale.

Racing in Kart Dromes: Laboratory and Site Assessment of Noise Levels from Competition and Rental Karts

Kart racing is one of the hobbies that people get passionate about from a young age. Kart dromes are commonly built in suburban or rural areas, generally surrounded by industrial zones and sporadic residential buildings. The circuits are primarily active during summer, hosting races that often extend into the evening and night hours, where each race has a duration of 20 min. This study examines the noise generated by kart dromes through acoustic measurements conducted at a kart drome located in southern Italy, where a microphone was placed at the side of the circuit for short periods in addition to a survey conducted at the nearest sensitive receptor. Another survey was conducted within the kart drome for a long-term period to record all of the variations in noise levels of a typical summer day when the races are organized during the nighttime; for this type of data, the hourly average values were taken for one week in June, July, and August, highlighting the increasing trend in the noise levels due to the kart races. However, a detailed analysis of noise emissions during different phases of kart operation revealed two significant acoustic events, such as the acceleration of pass-by peaks centered on high frequencies and strong breaking noise at curves that are centered at low-medium frequencies, causing a whistling noise of the wheels while turning the kart. This paper highlights the increasing trend in noise levels during summer nighttime races, compares on-site measurements with laboratory data, and discusses the implications for local communities and noise regulations.

The Scale Dilemma: Investigating the Non‐Monotonic Relationship Between Bank Size and Market Value in Emerging Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Economies

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the non‐monotonic relationship between bank size and market value in the emerging economies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a focus on comparing Islamic and conventional banks. The analysis uses fixed‐effects panel techniques, supported by random‐effects, pooled OLS, and Hausman–Taylor methods for robustness, based on a sample of 161 publicly listed banks across 17 MENA countries from 2009 to 2022. The findings show that bank size positively influences market value initially, indicating economies of scale, but larger sizes lead to diminishing returns, reflecting a non‐monotonic relationship. This pattern is more evident for conventional banks, while the results for Islamic banks are less conclusive, suggesting the need for further investigation. Islamic banks seem to benefit less from economies of scale, possibly due to unique operational and governance challenges. This study fills a gap in the literature on the size‐market value relationship in emerging markets, offering insights into how local conditions and regulations shape bank performance. It also provides a novel comparison between Islamic and conventional banks, enhancing understanding of sector‐specific dynamics. By challenging the linear assumptions of prior research, the study highlights the complex non‐linear effects of bank size, emphasizing the role of agency conflicts and regulatory oversight in managing systemic risks. The research contributes to both empirical and theoretical discussions on banking scale management and agency theory in emerging market contexts.

ANALYSIS OF WATER ABSORPTION AND TOTAL CHROME LEACHING TEST USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER (AAS) ON PAVING BLOCK SAMPLES MADE FROM WASTE LEATHER SHAVING

Shaving waste from leather tanning can be utilized as a filler material in the production of concrete blocks. The manufactured concrete blocks are subsequently subjected to immersion for durations of 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days. Subsequently, the leached total chromium content from the soaked concrete blocks is tested using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6989-84:2019, which outlines the procedure for testing dissolved and total metal content through atomic absorption spectrometry. Additionally, water absorption testing is conducted according to SNI 03-0349:1989 for concrete blocks used in wall construction. The aim of this research is twofold: to determine the water absorption capacity of three sample variations and compare the results against the SNI, and to ascertain the leached chromium concentration from the soaked blocks over a time range of 1 to 14 days, using an atomic absorption spectrometer and referring to the established environmental quality standards. The results obtained from testing the total chromium content released from the soaked concrete blocks meet the requirements of the quality standards for chromium content in leather tanning wastewater, as specified in Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2014 (maximum of 0.6 mg/L) and Local Regulation of Yogyakarta Special Region No. 7 of 2016 (maximum of 0.5 mg/L). Meanwhile, the water absorption testing outcomes for the concrete block samples derived from shaving waste comply with the stipulations of SNI 03-0349:1989. Sample codes A and B meet the criteria for quality level 1, with a maximum absorption of 25%, while sample code C meets quality level II standards.

THE ROLE OF THE KARAWANG GOVERNMENT IN ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (AIR POLLUTION) CAUSED BY COMPANIES IN THE KARAWANG AREA

Environmental pollution, especially air pollution, has become a serious problem in many countries including Indonesia. Industrial cities such as Karawang City have a big challenge in overcoming air pollution problems, which are mostly caused by the industrial sector and motorized vehicles. This research aims to find out what the Karawang government should do to overcome the pollution produced by factories in Karawang City and how effective the Karawang Regency Regional Regulation Number 14 of 2012 concerning Environmental Protection and Management is. In 2023, Karawang experienced very high levels of air pollution until the air quality index value reached 178. The impact of this was that many people were affected by ARI, even the smoke produced by factories in Karawang had an impact on Jakarta and surrounding areas. To address this air pollution problem, the Karawang government has a major role in accordance with the local regulation (Perda) on Environmental Protection and Management, that the government is responsible for establishing effective regulatory policies, taking firm action against business owners whose factories do not comply with government regulations, and supervising factories that have the potential to pollute the air. Although there are local regulations that deal with air pollution problems, in reality these regulations are not fully effective, because there are still many factories that do not comply with the rules and the sanctions given are not burdensome and provide a deterrent effect, so the government needs to evaluate the regional regulation in dealing with air pollution problems in Karawang City.Keywords: air pollution; government; industrial area

Molecular Basis of Na, K-ATPase Regulation of Diseases: Hormone and FXYD2 Interactions.

The Na, K-ATPase generates an asymmetric ion gradient that supports multiple cellular functions, including the control of cellular volume, neuronal excitability, secondary ionic transport, and the movement of molecules like amino acids and glucose. The intracellular and extracellular levels of Na+ and K+ ions are the classical local regulators of the enzyme's activity. Additionally, the regulation of Na, K-ATPase is a complex process that occurs at multiple levels, encompassing its total cellular content, subcellular distribution, and intrinsic activity. In this context, the enzyme serves as a regulatory target for hormones, either through direct actions or via signaling cascades triggered by hormone receptors. Notably, FXYDs small transmembrane proteins regulators of Na, K-ATPase serve as intermediaries linking hormonal signaling to enzymatic regulation at various levels. Specifically, members of the FXYD family, particularly FXYD1 and FXYD2, are that undergo phosphorylation by kinases activated through hormone receptor signaling, which subsequently influences their modulation of Na, K-ATPase activity. This review describes the effects of FXYD2, cardiotonic steroid signaling, and hormones such as angiotensin II, dopamine, insulin, and catecholamines on the regulation of Na, K-ATPase. Furthermore, this review highlights the implications of Na, K-ATPase in diseases such as hypertension, renal hypomagnesemia, and cancer.

Regulation of NHE3 subcellular localization in epididymal principal cells: pH, cyclic adenosine 3,5 monophosphate (cAMP), and adenosine signaling.

The epididymis creates an optimal acidic luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage. In epididymal principal cells (PCs), proton secretion is activated by the accumulation of the sodium-proton exchanger type 3, NHE3 (SLC9A3), in apical stereocilia. PCs also secrete ATP, which is hydrolyzed into adenosine by ectonucleotidases. Adenosine has opposite effects depending on which purinergic receptors it activates. Activation of ADORA1 (A1) and ADORA3 (A3) receptors decreases intracellular cAMP (cAMP), while activation of ADORA2A (A2A) and ADORA2B (A2B) receptors increases cAMP. In other epithelia, cAMP triggers NHE3 internalization from the apical membrane. Here, we examined the roles of pH, cAMP, and adenosine (via A3, A2A, and A2B receptors) in the subcellular localization of NHE3 in PCs. 3D immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to visualize NHE3 in stereocilia or intracellular vesicles. Single confocal microscopy images superimposed with bright-field imaging was used to quantify NHE3 subcellular localization. The lumen of the cauda (Cd) epididymis of C57Bl/6Ncrl mice was perfused in vivo at pH 6.0 and 7.8. The effect of a permeant analog of cAMP (cpt-cAMP) was studied at pH 7.8, while the effect of adenosine was investigated at pH 6.0. Expression of A2A, A2B, and A3 was examined by immunofluorescence, and their respective role was evaluated by using specific agonists and antagonists at different luminal pH. Immunofluorescence for clathrin, an endosomal marker, was examined at pH 7.8 with and without an A2B agonist. At an acidic pH perfusion solution of 6.0, NHE3 was predominantly localized intracellularly, whereas an alkaline pH of 7.8 promoted its accumulation in apical stereocilia. Perfusion with cpt-cAMP at pH 7.8 reduced the amount of NHE3 in stereocilia. Immunolabeling showed the localization of A3, A2A, and A2B receptors in the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the Cd epididymis. Adenosine and an A3 agonist increased NHE3 stereocilia accumulation at pH 6.0, and the adenosine effect was abolished with an A3 antagonist. An A2A agonist had no effect on NHE3 localization, while an A2B agonist decreased the amount of NHE3 in stereocilia observed at pH 7.8. A concomitant increase in intracellular labeling for clathrin was induced by the A2B agonist at pH 7.8. Our study indicates that in the Cd epididymis, NHE3 localization in PCs is modulated by luminal pH, cAMP, and adenosine receptor signaling. Acidic pH promotes NHE3 internalization, while alkaline pH facilitates its accumulation in stereocilia. Activation of A3 by luminal adenosine maintains NHE3 on the cell surface. Conversely, A2B activation by adenosine induces NHE3 internalization. We propose that the distinct effects mediated by these receptors are the consequence of their opposite effect on cAMP signaling. This intricate interplay of pH and adenosine highlights some of the regulatory mechanisms influencing the establishment of an optimal acidic environment for sperm maturation and storage in the epididymis.

Time and memory

In this review, based on our own and literature data, the temporal course of long-term memory formation, the duration of consolidation and reconsolidation processes, the temporal parameters of the interaction of glial and neuronal elements of the neural network, and possible mechanisms of neuro-glial interactions are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an assumption was made that allows us to explain the duration of the period of consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term memory (4–6 hours) by the need for the contribution of glia to the local epigenetic regulation of plasticity gene expression in the neurons of the memory engram.

Olfactory inputs regulate Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis.

Drosophila female germline development and maintenance require both local stem cell niche signaling and systemic regulation. Here, we show the indispensable function of the Drosophila melanogaster olfactory circuit in normal oogenesis and fecundity. Lack of olfactory inputs during development causes a reduction in germline stem cells. Although germline stem cells proliferate normally, the germline cysts undergo caspase-mediated apoptosis, leading to decreased follicle production and egg-laying in flies with defective olfaction. Strikingly, activation of olfactory circuits is sufficient to boost egg production, demonstrating that chemosensory-activated brain-derived inputs promote gamete development. Given the energy demands of oogenesis and its direct consequence on fitness, we propose that olfactory-stimulated systemic regulation evolved tightly with downstream diet-responsive pathways to control germline physiology in response to nutritional status. Additionally, these findings raise the possibility that sensory-mediated stem cell maintenance is a generalizable mechanism spanning a myriad of neuronal circuits, systems and species.