Local Red Rice Research Articles

Nutritional profiling and in silico analysis of pharmacological activities from local rice Pulu Mandoti fermented with Pleurotus spp.

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti.

Multilocation Test Of Mutants (M4) Local Red Rice Sigah In Maninjau And Padang

The 3rd generation mutant brown rice from the experimental cultivation of the 3rd generation mutant has problems in plant characteristics and various genetic traits. In the results of the research of the 3rd generation of mutants, several mutants with production levels were obtained in accordance with the initial objectives of the study, namely early-mature mutants and significant plant height. However, some mutants have unstable plant characters and traits, so a multi-location test of cultivation of the 3rd generation mutant was carried out at two locations with different elevations in order to obtain a 4th generation mutant which is more stable and has uniform characters and properties. This research was conducted in Jorong Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya District, Agam Regency with a medium elevation level of 637,032 m above sea level and in Surau Gadang Village, Nanggalo District, Padang City with a minimum elevation level of 10.363 m above sea level. This research was carried out from December 2019 to April 2020. The materials used were M3 harvested red rice seeds of the Sigah genotype, namely mutant numbers MG13, MG9, MG2-209, MG5-58,MG6 and control seeds of red rice genotype Sigah. The purpose of the study was to obtain diversity and determine the stability of agronomic characters in the production of local red rice yields of West Sumatran Sigah M4 variety at two different elevations of the cultivation environment. From the results of the research, it was found that the diversity and agronomic characters of plants were quite stable in mutants numbered MG13, MG2-209 and MG5-58 with early plant age, and stable growth in the generative and vegetative phases.

Genetic variation of doubled haploids derived from anther culture of M1 red rice plants

Abstract. Nurmansyah, Setyadi AH, Fatumi NC, Fatmawati Y, Wulandari RA, Purwantoro A. 2021. Genetic variation of doubled haploids derived from anther culture of M1 red rice plants. Biodiversitas 22: 4923-4929. The doubled haploid (DH) technology when integrated with induced mutation could accelerate development of local rice cultivars with several desirable traits. Anthers from the first generation of mutant (M1) plants were utilized for DH production. However, the effectiveness of inducing and fixing mutation requires detailed evaluation with the help of molecular techniques for its accuracy and reliability than that of morphological or biochemical assessments. The objective of this research was to develop and detect genetic variation of DH plants derived from anther culture of M1 plants. Seeds of local red rice cultivar, Cempo Abang, were treated with four gamma-ray doses (0, 100, 200, 300 Gy) and planted to produce the M1 plants. Panicles at the booting stage of the M1 plants were collected and used as donor anthers. The present study suggested that gamma irradiation treatments indirectly could increase callus formation. However, it also reduced the number of callus producing plantlets due to higher frequency of brown calli. Eleven spontaneous DH plants obtained in the study along with parental plants were assessed to determine the occurrence of genetic variation using six RAPD primers. The RAPD primers generated 51 bands, of which 34 alleles or 66.7% were polymorphic with an average of 5.6 polymorphic alleles per primer. The genetic similarity among parent and 11 DH lines based on Jaccard’s similarity index ranged from 0.622 to 0.902. The DNA polymorphism among the DH plants demonstrated the effect of gamma irradiation to create genetic variation. Therefore, this method could be used as an alternative for rice breeding programs especially to develop preferred traits in the local rice cultivars.

Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Effect on Mutagenesis in Balinese Red Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Barak Cenana)

“Barak Cenana” is one of the local red rice (Oryza sativa) with high economic value due to its nutrient content. Some of the agronomic characters such as tall shoot, low number of tiller, and late harvesting are drawbacks to improving production. Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate (EMS) is a chemical mutagen widely used to improve rice characters by mutation breeding. The present research aims to investigate the EMS concentration suitable to induce mutation in Barak Cenana and observe the mutagenesis effect of EMS on some agronomic characters of Barak Cenana. For those purposes, mature seeds of Barak Cenana were treated with various concentrations of EMS (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.1 %) for 24 hours. Seed germination, plant growth, some agronomic character related to productivity were compared to untreated rice. EMS reduced and delayed seed germination and inhibit shoot and root growth in early vegetative stage. The ability of EMS to reduce and delay seed germination and inhibit shoot and root growth were doses dependent. EMS concentration of more than 1.0% was lethal for Barak cenana and EMS concentration at 0.75% was able to reduce rice productivity by increasing seed sterility. EMS concentrations between 0.25 and 0.5% with 24 h of soaking are suitable for inducing mutagenesis in Barak Cenana. Additionally, some mutants with distinct morphology such as sterile plant, semi-dwarf, high tillering capacity, and high chlorophyll contents were produced in this research.

Variations of grain physical properties, amylose and anthocyanin of upland red rice cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Markus JER, Ndiwa ASS, Oematan SS, Mau YS. 2021. Variations of grain physical properties, amylose and anthocyanin of upland red rice cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1345-1354. Red rice is becoming more popular nowadays due to the increasing awareness of rice consumers on its health benefits. The demands for red rice are increasing but the supply is limited, thus, local red rice cultivars can be used to fill this gap. Optimal use of local rice germplasm requires a comprehensive evaluation of their traits, and the genotypes having the most desirable traits can be selected for direct use. Several upland red rice cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara Province have been evaluated for various traits while their grain properties are still unrevealed. Information on grain properties is important, both for consumer preference and rice breeders. This study aimed to elucidate the grain physical properties, amylose, and anthocyanin of upland red rice germplasm from ENT Province, and to identify genotypes with the most desirable characters for further employment. Eighteen rice genotypes were used in this study. They were cultivated in the field, and the harvested grains were analyzed in the laboratory. Both ANOVA and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Substantial variations were observed on all variables, except the chalky grain percentage. The kernel length of tested genotypes was classified as long, medium, and short while the kernel shapes were slender, medium, and bold. Most tested genotypes had high head rice percentage and low to medium percentages of large and small broken kernels. Chalky grain was almost absent. Amylose content ranged from 1.0% to 28% while anthocyanin was about 1.0 - 20 mg/100 g. The evaluated genotypes were clustered into three main groups. Percentages of large and small broken kernels, and amylose content were mostly responsible for the observed variations among the rice genotypes. The red rice genotypes were diverse in the studied characters, thus, those with desirable grain characters are useful for further development and utilization.

Selection of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) resistant blast disease

Rice crop is one of the major food commodities in Indonesian. However, rice production can decrease due to the blast attack caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Efforts to reduce blast disease can be done by cultivating local red rice. Red rice has high nutritional and antioxidant content and has resistance to blast disease. The aim of research was to determine the level of endurance of 10 lines red rice against blast disease attack and to obtain which rice line resistant to blast disease. The research was conducted from January to March 2020 in the greenhouse of Muara experiment station of Indonesian Center for Rice Research, Bogor, West Java. The research used Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with two factors. The first factor was 10 lines of red rice, 4 elders and 2 control varieties. Second factor are 4 race blasts (033,073,133 dan 173). The selection method is adjusted to the standard of Interational Rice Blast Nursery (IRBN). The results showed 10 red rice lines were resistant to race blast 033, 9 red rice lines were resistant to race 073, and 7 red rice lines resistant to race (133 and 173). The red rice line; 19i-06-09-23-27, 19i-06-09-23-3, 19i-06-30-17-17 have the highest resistance. The resistance level of these three line was not differed significantly with Situ Patenggang variety (resistant control) and Inpago 8 variety which were the highest resistance to blast disease.

Selection of early maturing and high yielding mutants of Toraja Local Red Rice Grown from M2-M3 Population after Ion Beam Irradiation

This study aims to obtain the genotype of local Toraja red rice M2 mutants that have the potential to be developed into early maturing varieties and have high yields. Research carried out with a mass selection method consisting of two irradiation treatments, namely: (1) irradiation with a Carbon ion dose of 150 Gy (PL-C); (2) irradiation with Argon ion dose of 10 Gy (PL-A) and control as a comparison. Selected strains of M2 seed population were planted in experimental strains plus 2 strains as control, each row had 50 plants. Selection is done in two stages. The first stage, the selection is based on the criteria of plant growth components, to select rice plants that have early-middle age characters, dwarf-semi-dwarf, and many tillers. The second stage, selected strains from the scoring method were then grouped based on the degree of similarity with the cluster analysis method. Irradiation with ion beams produces mutants with shorter harvest times than their parents, with the harvest time 16-17 days or 10% shorter compared to their parents. This study produced 10 selected strains, 5 strains of carbon ion and 5 strains of argon ion irradiation treatment, and formed 5 groups with a 90% similarity coefficient.

Screening of eight mutants of Sinjai lokal red rice (Oryza sativa) to salinity stress

The research aimed to determine the growth and tolerance of M7 brown rice mutant lines against stress by application of several doses of NaCl. The research was conducted at the Bio-Science and Biotechnology Laboratory for Plant Production, Agricultural Cultivation, Faculty of Agriculture of Universitas Hasanuddin. It was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, which was compiled based on 2 factorial design patterns and a randomized block design as it’s environmental design. The first factor consisted of 9 genotypes, i.e. 8 red rice mutant lines namely g1, g2, g3, g4, g5, g6, g7, g8 and one comparison line g9 as red rice parent which was not mutated. The second factor consisted of 4 NaCl dosage levels namely 0 dS/m, 4 dS/m, 8 dS/m, 12 dS/m. The results of the NaCl treatment on several Sinjai local red rice mutant lines show that the g2 genotype had the highest average value on the parameters of the weight of the plants on a fresh and dry condition. It indicated the g2 genotype as a mutant genotype that has tolerance to salinity stress at the vegetative growth phase.

Selection of endophytic fungi from Sinjai local red rice as producer of IAA (Indole Acetad Acid) hormone

South Sulawesi, specifically Sinjai area, is an aromatic rice development area that has the potential to be developed. The applied cultivation was still traditional and based on local wisdom which was without the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemical drugs, so it was expected that there was a high diversity of microorganism biodiversity in plant tissues, especially endophytic fungi could produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) hormone. The purpose of this study was studying the potential of fungi isolates as producer of IAA hormone from Sinjai local red rice. Stages of research included macroscopic and microscopic observations of endophytic fungi and IAA hormone analysis. The fungus which had the potential to produce the highest IAA hormone was P31 BMB 16E isolate (15.17 ppm).

Genetic diversity of local red rice cultivars collections of Yogyakarta AIAT, Indonesia based on morphological character

Identification of local red rice was important to study for genetic diversity. The objective of the study was to identify the morphological characteristics to estime the genetic diversity and heritability in the broad sense of 11 local red rice cultivars. The quantitative data (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of productive tillers, panicle length, 1,000-grain weight and number of grain per panicle) were measured by their CVg values for determining their relationships and heritability. The results can be used for parent selection in a breeding program. Results showed that the number of productive tillers, leaf length and the number of grain content per panicle for 11 local red rice from Yogyakarta were efficient and effective characters in selection because the characters have wide of the coefficient of variation genetics and high heritability value.

Genetic diversity of red rice varieties originating from West Java and Banten based on SSR marker related to palatability

West Java and Banten Provinces have diverse local red rice varieties/accessions to support national food security, not only in terms of quantity but also the quality of rice. Good eating quality is closely related to palatability. Palatability is a property that is directly related to the quality of rice feeding, aroma, appearance, taste and texture. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and DNA fingerprint profiles of local red rice accessions from West Java dan Banten using molecular markers related to palatability. A total of 12 red rice accessions and four local red rice accessions from Banten and West Java Provinces were estimated their genetic diversity, respectively. The SSR primers used were Ams (linked with aspartate aminotransferase), GPA (glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase), GBSS1 (granule-bound starch synthase), CBG (nano cyanogenic β-glucosidase), SS1 (starch synthase), SBE1 (glucosidic linkage of a-polyglucan), RM510 (gel consistency), RM13 (protein content) and RM410 (aromatic). The dendrogram showed two main groups of red rice accessions. The first group consisted of Mayang, Tambleg, Sengkeuhan, Pare Jaketra, Jalawara Hawara, Gadok, Carogol, Beureum Batu, Waren, Segubal, Tampai Beureum and Leger Pondok (similarity reached 80.5%). The second group consists of Kapundung, Cere Beureum and Cireh Hideung with a similarity of 79.5%.

Genetic Identity Based on Whole-Genome SNP Array Data of Weedy Rice in Nagano, Japan

The rice production system in Japan is changing due to the aging of rice farmers, shortage of labor, mechanization, and increase of large-scale rice fields and increased application of direct sowing, all of which contribute to the lack of sophisticated weed management practices. Because the changing production system has not improved and likely worsened weed management practices, weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) has become a serious threat to rice production in Japan. We analyzed weedy rice accessions from Nagano, the central part of Japan, and other rice accessions to elucidate the origin of this weedy rice using a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. For developing sustainable weedy rice management practices, the elucidation of the origin of re-emerging weedy rice is crucial. Population genetic analysis indicated that weedy rice in Nagano was phylogenetically independent from the local red rice cultivar with low genetic diversity. Past and recently re-emerging weedy rice ecotypes in Nagano shared a similar genetic background which implies the evolution of weedy rice by severe natural selection. Window-based FST and selection sweep analysis revealed the divergence of some of the known key domestication-related genes, such as shattering gene sh4 and qsh1, of weedy rice from domesticated rice cultivars.

Study of Inheritance Patterns of Morphological-Agronomic Properties on F2 Results of Local Rice Red Sikin with Ciherang Varieties

Utilization effort sof local red rice germ plasm of East Kalimantan isconducted by cross-breeding research between local rice Sikin Merah as female elders with Ciherang varieties as male elders. This study aims to determine the pattern of inheritance of plant height, age, number of grains per panicle and panicle length, and the color of rice in the population of F2 generation plants. There search started from October 2016 until March 2017, in the tidal rice field of Sidomulyo Village, Anggana Subdistrict, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The F2 identification method used wasasing le planting selection method, based on the Characterization and Evaluation of Rice Crops System Guidance. Testing the conformity of expectation value, used Chi-Square test (χ2), and to see the pattern of character inheritance tested by Mendel genetic analysis. The results showed that the pattern of character inheritance of plant height character and plant age character followed the ratio 9:7 in heritance pattern with double recessive epistasis gene action, inheritance of rice color character followed the ratio 3:1 pattern of inheritance pattern with the action of the simple genic gene, character inheritance the number of grain per panicle followed the ratio of the inheritance pattern 15:1 with the action of the double dominant epistasis gene, and the inheritance of the length of panicle character followed the ratio 3:1 inheritance pattern with the action of the dominant gene.

The Improvement of Early Maturity Red Rice Mutant Trait for Drought Tolerance

Accession of red rice does not have the traits of early maturity, drought tolerance and high yield. Mutation is needed to obtain the desired genetic resources. Gamma-ray irradiation is the right method because it was proved capable of producing hundreds of new varieties, which are better than the previous. This study aimed to identify the improvement of early maturity and drought tolerance of red rice mutant to gamma ray irradiation results. The research materials are M4, M5 and M6 strain, which are derived from the Bangka’s accession local red rice (Celak Madu, Ruten Puren and radix). The three accession seed have been treated with gamma-ray irradiation doses of 150, 200 and 250 Gray. The results showed gamma ray irradiation dose of 150 Gray and 200 Gray to red rice accession can form a mutant with the character of harvesting time less than 115 days after planting and was more drought tolerant than the previous. M6-GR150- 1-9-13 strain was selected as a candidate for early maturity, drought tolerant and high yield mutant.

Superior Lines Candidates Evaluation of Two Local Red Rice Southeast Sulawesi cultivars (Indonesia) Derived from Gamma rays Irradiation Techniques

The aim of this research was to describe the potency of superior cultivar upland rice candidates (gogo rice) first generation (M1) which generated from Pae Pulu Pongasi and Pae Loilo, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The grains were irradiated by 60 Co gamma-rays at 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy doses. The developed cultivar was selected from numerous red and black rice with highest anthocyanins. Based on LD50 test to these cultivars, Pae Pulu Pongasi cultivar was founded at 416 Gy and Pae Loilo about 360 Gy. Ten superior lines candidates were selected, namely M1.27K2D1, M1.190K2D3 which are derived from M1 Pae Pulu Pongasi cultivar and M1.6K3D1, M1.24K3D1, M1.37K3D1, M1.102K3D1, M1.104K3D1, M1.162K3D1, M1.170K3D1 which derived from M1 Pae Loilo cultivars. M1.81K2D1 derived from M1 Pae Pulu Pongasi had the potential to produce higher yield, high lodging resistance, and short harvest age compared to parental.

Penanaman Padi Merah Tempatan, MRM 16 dalam Keadaan Tanah Semi-Aerob dan Aerob dapat Mengurangkan Pengambilan Arsenik

Red rice is classified as specialty rice due to its coloured grain. Red colour that surrounded the outer layer of pericarp showed the existence of anthocyanin in red rice grain. However, heavy metal like arsenic in red rice plant become major concern in human health especially so in babies. This is because red rice normally used as a key raw material in the manufacture of infant cereals. In order to overcome this problem, study on effects of water regime on arsenic concentration in local red rice, MRM 16 was conducted during main season 2007/2008 and off season 2008. The water regimes tested were fully flooded, semi-aerobic and aerobic soil conditions. Result showed that arsenic concentration in the soil and grain was markedly highest when MRM 16 was cultivated under fully flooded in both seasons. However, concentration of arsenic in the soil and grain samples was the lower when the red rice was cultivated under semi-aerobic and aerobic soil conditions. Arsenic concentration in the soil and grain samples showed positive relationship. However, analysis of grain yield showed that the yield performance of MRM 16 was better when the soil was fully flooded or maintained semi-aerobically.

PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG KACANG HIJAU DAN TEPUNG IKAN DALAM UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK MAKANAN FORMULA BALITA BERBASIS PANGAN LOKAL BERAS MERAH DAN PISANG

Food formula could is easily reserved as usual food for children under five years old. Giving additional food to preschool children can increase body weight and hemoglobin content to prevent the incidence of protein and energy malnutrition (PEM). The purpose of the research is to know the impact of food formula product using mug-bean and fish flour with local red rice and banana as basic food. Factorial experimental design with two-time replications and Randomized Block Design (RBD) as basic design were used in the research. Protein content was analyzed using Kjeldahl methods, and carbohydrate content was analyzed using Shaffer-Somogyi II methods, while fat content was analyzed using extract ether. The result of the research showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) and higher protein content on additional 50 grams of mug-bean and fish flour separately compared with an additional 0 and 25 grams of mug-bean and fish flour respectively. While carbohydrate content analysis for additional mug-bean on food formula showed that the additional 50 grams of mug-bean and fish flour separately has a significant difference (P<0.05) and lower carbohydrate content compared with additional 0 and 25 gram of mug-bean and fish flour respectively.