Local Natural Materials Research Articles

Résistance Anti-Industrielle: Counterprojects

This article discusses the role of “counterprojects” in architecture and urbanism as critiques of the industrialization and speculative development of urban spaces, particularly in the Brussels of the sixties and seventies. It highlights the contributions of Maurice Culot and Léon Krier, opposing the destructive modernization that was wiping out historic urban fabrics and displacing local communities. Their counterprojects aimed to revive traditional urbanism, emphasizing local craftsmanship, natural materials, and mixed-use neighborhoods and countering the sterile, high-rise developments that had come to dominate European cities. Some of these counterprojects exemplified this other vision, advocating for cities that prioritize human scale, social justice, and environmental sustainability. The author calls for the integration of these values into contemporary urban planning.

ШЕРСТНАЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЯРОК РОМАНОВСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ ПРИ ВКЛЮЧЕНИИ В РАЦИОН МИНЕРАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ КОРМОВОЙ ДОБАВКИ

The study of the use of feed additives with the use of local natural raw materials is very relevant due to the introduction of sanctions and the high cost of specialized ready-made feed additives for sheep. To study the influence of feed additive based on local natural raw materials (sapropel, zeolite) in the conditions of Yakupov D.N. farm in Birsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan conducted scientific and economic experiments. According to the principle of pairs of analogues (breed, age, live weight) we picked up 4 groups of shearings of Romanov breed with 10 heads each. The control group received the main ration (MR) without the introduction of feed additive, the I experimental group – MR + feed additive recipe No. 1 at a dose of 35 g/head/day; the II group – MR + feed additive recipe No. 2 at a dose of 35 g/head/day; the III group – MR + feed additive recipe No. 3 at a dose of 35 g/head/day. Studies have shown that the use of feed additive D in the diets of yarok contributed to an increase in the shearing of wool in the I experimental group by 9.36 %, II – by 19.15 % and in III – by 25.53 %, respectively, the length of wool – by 0.28 cm; 0.68 and 4.83 cm more, the true length is greater – by 0.70 cm, 1.5 and 2.10 cm., the tonin of wool is higher, respectively – by 1.30 microns, 1.42 and 1.82 microns. There were no significant differences between the groups in the yield of pure wool. Thus, the use of feed additive according to recipes No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 in the feeding rations of the Romanov breed shearings at 35.0 g/head/day leads to an increase in the quantity and quality of wool, but it is economically more profitable to use feed additive according to recipe No. 3.

Insights on the Mortars of Ancient Roman Aqueducts: Aqua Virgo and Aqueduct Y, Rome (Italy)

Despite the archaeological importance of Aqua Virgo, a Roman aqueduct built in 19 BC and still functioning nowadays, there is a lack of information about the mortars coming from the inner duct. This work aims to investigate the mortars from Aqua Virgo and Aqueduct Y, an unidentified aqueduct running under the first one in the La Rinascente area (between Via del Nazareno and Via dei Due Macelli, Rome, IT) through Optical Microscopy (OM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The aim is to understand which materials guarantee such longevity and differentiate between different intervention phases. Local natural materials with pozzolanic behaviour—in particular, Pozzolane Rosse—and ceramic fragments are widely employed, mixed or not, for the realisation of the hydraulic mortars under investigation, independently of the intervention phase. Of particular interest is the discovery of an amorphous binder composed of Si, Al, Ca, K and Mg in some samples characterised by the absence of calcite.

Synthesis and Study of Properties of Geopolymer Materials Developed Using Local Natural Raw Materials and Industrial Waste

This paper describes the synthesis of geopolymer materials using thermally modified clay rocks of Georgia and metallurgical granulated blast-furnace slag; as well as the study of their physical and mechanical properties, durability, and corrosion resistance in aggressive solutions.The methods of chemical, X-ray phase, differential thermal analysis and SEM were used.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ УРБАНИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ПУТЕМ ДИЗАЙН-КОДА ЦВЕТА

The article is devoted to the methodology of modeling in the design of the urban environment based on the identification of the uniqueness and identity of the territory. Rules and changes in the design code of the city, unnoticeable at first glance, contribute to the creation of a comfortable, harmonious urban environment. This article contains information about artistic and professional skills that form the idea of color harmony, the influence of color on the psychophysiological state of a person as one of the key tools for creating a balanced environment, as well as harmony, territoriality and environmental friendliness. For the administrative center of the Belgorod region – Belgorod, modeling the issue of the design code of urban space should be based on three basic principles: harmony, territoriality and environmental friendliness. The correct design of the design code includes several directions: color solutions of facades (the main color scheme of buildings is brown-beige. The color was not chosen by chance because it has a symbolic meaning in this context), the decoration of the first floors, the placement of signage, colors-lighting of buildings, festive decoration of buildings, as well as the formation of a unique architectural and landscape environment. The opportunity to use landscaping and features of the natural landscape, as well as local natural materials for construction will emphasize the naturalness of the coloristic solution returns material colors to the palette of the designer and architect. The formation of the design code of the urban environment through the semiotization of color provides for the formulation of research tasks, which consist in the analysis of modern urban planning theory and practice in order to improve the urban environment at the regional level

Application of the use of local natural materials as cement treated base materials

The use of local natural materials as alternative materials in road construction could save construction costs, especially for Maluku Province. One of the local natural materials in Maluku Province is Limestone in Kelan Village and Kaliobar Village. Therefore, this study aims to see how far the use of limestone to be applied as a cement treated base material. Before being applied, the limestone is tested first in the laboratory. After the limestone was applied as a cement treated base (CTB) material, compaction and compressive strength tests were carried out. The number of CTB compressive strength test specimens was 26 samples from STA 4+100 to STA 8+900. The limestone on Larat Island is unique in that it contains the composition CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate), which is the result of shallow sea sedimentation. The potential of limestone in the work location area has not been utilized optimally to improve the economic level of the community. The test results show that the compressive strength values obtained are still within the interval range, namely between 25 - 40 gr/cm2. Therefore, it can be concluded that the CTB mixture material at this location meets the requirements to be used as a foundation layer for road pavement using local natural materials.

The influence of coniferous-mineral additive on the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers under conditions of Yakutia

The purpose of this work was to carry out the infl uence of a coniferous-mineral feed additive on the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia. The results of a research to study the influence of the coniferous-mineral feed additive on the milk productivity of Simmental first-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia have been presented in the article. The selection and testing of animals for the experiment was carried out according to generally accepted livestock technical methods. The inclusion of experimental feed additives in the rations of animals of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups made it possible statistically signifi cant to increase the average daily milk yield of milk by 5,46 %, 5,96 and 5,83 % and the milk yield for the experiment (lactation) in these groups was more by 5,41 %, 5,96 and 5,80 %, respectively, compared to the 1st control group. The use of feed additives from local natural raw materials in the rations of experimental group of animals aff ected the digestibility and absorption of nutrients. Against the background of the use of experimental feed additives, the coeffi cients of nutrient digestibility in animals of the experimental groups increased compared to the 1st control group: for dry matter by 1,47 abs.%, 1,89 and 1,59 abs.%, for organic matter by 1,91 abs.%, 2,66 and 2,45 abs.%, crude protein by 1,49 abs.%, 1,89 and 1,63 abs.%, crude fat by 2,02 abs.% , 2,55 and 2,48 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2,46 abs.%, 3,78 and 3,40 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,70 abs.%, 2,42 and 2,31 abs.%, respectively, by groups. Thus, the use of coniferous-mineral additive helps to improve the digestibility of nutrients in the body of animals and increase the milk productivity of cattle under the conditions of Yakutia.

Impact of microencapsulated phase change material on a bio-based building composite, hygrothermal and mechanical behavior

Among the promising solutions to reduce the ecological impact of construction materials is the promotion and development of local natural materials, such as the valorization of agricultural by-products. These bio-based materials offer interesting thermal and acoustic characteristics while significantly reducing the consumption of fossil energy (grey energy) and greenhouse gas emissions associated with their manufacturing process. Moreover, due to their permeable nature, these materials ensure stable hygrothermal exchanges with the surrounding environment.This work aims to develop a new bio-based composite thermally reinforced by incorporating organic and non-paraffinic phase change materials (PCMs) into hemp concrete. Different PCM contents, namely 5%, 10% and 15% of the binder mass, are considered.In this study, an extensive hygrothermal and mechanical experimental analysis was carried out on hempcrete-PCM composites. The incorporation of PCMs in hemp concrete resulted in a degradation of the mechanical strength, an enhancement of the thermal storage capacity, and no significant impact on the hygroscopic performance.

Evaluation of Insecticidal Performances of Jayanti Plant (Sesbania sesban) for Integrated Control of Cabbage Caterpillar (Plutella xylostella)

The study on the use of local natural materials as a source of insecticides is intended, among other things, to reduce farmers' dependency on using synthetic chemicals. This research was conducted to obtain the most selective insecticidal active ingredient from Sesbania sesban plant for controlling cabbage caterpillars, choose a target mode of action that has a safe impact on the environment, and determine insecticidal stability during storage of the material prior to application and its stability in water after application. The dried powder of S. sesban leaves was extracted in stages using a series of solvents, namely hexane, DCM, ethanol and water, respectively. Each of the extract fractions produced was tested for its lethal toxicity against Plutella xylostella larvae and Diadegma semiclausum imago. Each of mortality data were processed by probit analysis to produce LC50(s) to determine their insecticidal selectivity. Subsequent bioassays were carried out using extract-water of S. sesban leaves and the data were processed by probit analysis to determine their anti-ovipositor, ovicidal powers and anti-feedant properties against P. xylostella. The insecticidal stability of S. sesban was also studied according to variations in the storage time of the simplicia before extraction, the storage time of the extract before dissolution, and its stability in water during application. The data was processed using ANOVA. The results show that the insecticidal activity of the ethanol extract fraction of S. sesban leaves for controlling cabbage caterpillars was very selective, namely very toxic to P. xylostella but very less toxic to D. semiclausum. Against P. xylostella, S. sesban leaf extract has also been proven to significantly prevent oviposition, inhibit egg hatching and feeding activity. The insecticidal power of S. sesban did not decrease significantly during storage of the simplicia for less than three months and during storage of the extract for less than seven days. However, the toxicity of the extract solution decreased drastically after 24 hours of application

Thermal and Acoustic Performance of Gypsum Plasters Mixed with Different Additives: Influence of Bio-Based, Synthetic, and Mineral Fillers

Due to the high impact of the building sector on the environment, a growing interest focuses on insulating materials able to ensure good thermo-acoustic performance for the building envelope from a sustainable and circular economy perspective. In this context, Moroccan natural gypsum was mixed with local natural waste materials. The thermal and acoustic properties of the samples were measured; they were compared to those of synthetic- and mineral-based gypsum plasters manufactured with the same technique. A Small Hot Box apparatus was used for thermal characterization, whereas acoustic performance was investigated by means of a Kundt’s Tube. Natural and synthetic additives result in a reduction in density and an improvement in thermal performance. Conductivity values in the 0.181–0.238 W/mK range were obtained, depending on the type of natural additive, with respect to 0.275–0.323 W/mK of mineral-based gypsum plasters. The acoustic measurements showed that all the composites have similar performance in terms of acoustic absorption, whereas high transmission loss values were obtained for the natural additives (TL = 35–59 dB). Petiol of Palm and Stipa Tenacissima were found to be materials able to improve both thermal and acoustic properties.

A Perspective into Development of Pavement Design Methods for Low Volume Roads: A Review

The definition of low volume roads (LVRs) is not time static and it varies from place to place around the world. The importance of such roads for providing access, in connecting communities and link farms to markets is well appreciated worldwide. LVRs are credited as the direct source of social economic development in rural communities, growth, reduction of poverty and sustaining livelihood. Nevertheless, the LVR network is growing at an unsatisfactory rate especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The slow rate in developing LVR network is attributed to the high cost of construction and maintenance. To the author’s perspective, research has a significant role in lowering both maintenance and construction costs and in turn realise a growth in the network size and adequacy. To demonstrate the importance of research in road development, a comparison has been made between the current and the previous pavement design methods for LVRs in Tanzania. The improvement so far has been in the determination of subgrade strength using the Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) method instead of the less accurate and more demanding California Bering Ratio (CBR) method; a simpler approach in estimating design traffic load that is also less conservative; encouraging the use of local natural materials which could be marginal for construction instead of the conventional but expensive crushed rock; and improvement in layer design which result to less pavement thickness. While all these improvements enhance saving in pavement cost, it is argued that further development is possible through research especially in local materials and procedures.

The brutalism in of sacred space formation

The architectural styles of the second half of the 20th century are analyzed, in particular, brutalism, which was the result of a negative assessment of the situation in the culture of the late 19th century. Opinions of leading theorists of culture are presented. Features characteristic of the culture of the end of the century are presented.
 The architecture of sacred structures built according to the principle of engineering science is considered. It is determined that created objects. It was found that many attitudes and formulas can be associated with the concept of brutalism in sacred architecture. In particular, that in its development brutalism became more and more susceptible to the influence of selected artistic traditions and drew inspiration from pre-war expressionism, Soviet constructivism, the late works of Le Corbusier, as well as the existentialist atmosphere of Nigel Henderson's photography and Edward's sculpture.
 The view is presented that brutalism was the result of industrial development and the popularity of ideologies that appealed to the lower social classes. Despite this, the author did not avoid obvious eccentricity, the desire to make the building unique and even some cruelty in the expression and beauty of the opera performance. The latter aspiration is connected with the departure of brutalism from leftist sympathies to the ideologies of the middle class and consumer society.
 The forms of individual sacred structures and ways of organizing their interiors in brutalist forms are analyzed.
 The use of the metaphorical language of architecture based on visual human products and their iconographic distinguishing features is considered.
 The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages through which they are transmitted in the shaping of the sacred space has been revealed.
 The trends in the shaping of sacred space in the 20th century, the role of local traditions and natural materials are revealed.

ABOUT NON-TRADITIONAL FEED ADDITIVES INFLUENCE ON SAFETY OF THE YAKUT BREED HORSES LIVE WEIGHT

Horse breeding is one of the rapidly developing branches of animal husbandry in Yakutia. Horses of the Yakut breed are only type of farm animals that are kept year-round in harsh conditions of the sharply continental climate of Yakutia. In winter, animals experience a significant lack of nutrients and minerals. This is due to fact that basic diet consists of natural feed winter pasture and hay. Therefore, the goal was to study the effect of complex feed additives from local natural raw materials on the change in live weight and biochemical composition of the blood of animals. This study used standard animal research methods. The use of non-traditional feed additives in feeding of horses contributed to an increase in the supply of nutrients and minerals to the rations. Improving feeding conditions affected the live weight of horses (live weight loss was 5.75 % и 5.45 %). The change caused by inclusion of non-traditional feed additives in the diets of horses had a positive effect on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood animals. In horses from the experimental groups, an increase was found in the blood in total protein by 0.50 % and 0.30 %, albumin by 0.36 and 0.20 %, globulin by 0.13 and 0.10 %, hemoglobin by 2.91 and 1.33 %, calcium by 3.56 and 1.29%, phosphorus by 5.71 and 1.90 %. Thus, use of experimental non-traditional feed additives in feeding horses in winter contributes to the best preservation of live weight. This is due to the improvement of mineral and vitamin nutrition in a difficult period of deficiency of macro- and microelements, vitamins in the diets of horses. This improves metabolism, which is reflected in the morphological and biochemical composition of blood of horses.

THE CLASSICISM IN OF SACRED SPACE FORMATION

The classicism of the first decade of the 20th century was analyzed as a result of a negative assessment of the situation in the culture of the late 19th century. The opinions of such cultural theorists as Max Nordau or Richard Hamann, who represent extreme individualism and isolation of art from moral and social tasks, are manifestations of degeneration and decline, leading society to madness and collapse. The features characteristic of the culture of the end of the century (fin de siècle) are presented.
 The architecture of sacred structures built on the principle of classical architecture is considered. It is determined that the objects created by Jozsef Plečnik, Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, which carried super-individual, inhuman forms of industrial classicism, could seem terrible, but in this case they were associated with the features of a single reliable support of the human community.
 A look at the mysterious nature of the connection of people in society is presented - close to the types of connections connecting religious communities, as well as the concept of architecture as a bridge between heaven and earth, which changed the approach to the building as an exclusively material object.
 The forms of individual sacred structures and the ways of organizing their interiors are analyzed, which made it possible to conclude that the ideas of classicism of the unity of the surrounding landscape, the tendency to use local materials, but also a more general, philosophical attitude, allowing us to consider architecture as an element that connects the forces of space with human life.
 The use of the metaphorical language of architecture based on visual human products and their iconographic distinctive features is considered. The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages through which they are transmitted in the formation of sacred space is revealed.
 The tendencies of shaping the sacred space in the 20th century, the role of local traditions and natural materials, organic architecture are revealed.

Extraction of petroleum products from wastewater by natural sorbents of the Arctic

Oil and gas production in the Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs has an adverse impact on the ecological state of the Arctic. In order to prevent pollution of northern water bodies with oil products, local natural materials (peat, moss and reindeer moss) are considered as sorbents. Sorption isotherms were constructed for different initial concentrations of the pollutant (250.50 and 0.5 mg/dm3); regularities of changes in the intensity of sorption of oil products are determined. The sorbents were modified by microwave radiation, which had a noticeable positive effect on reindeer moss samples. Based on the data of a laboratory experiment, the design parameters of filter cassettes were calculated. Efficiency and low cost suggest the economic feasibility of using these materials in wastewater treatment technologies.

Influence of Local Additives on Water Based Drilling Mud: A Review

This review paper focuses on the use of local additives in water-based drilling mud to reduce environmental impact and improve drilling operations. Drilling mud plays a crucial role in drilling operations by acting as a coolant, carrying drilled particles, stabilizing the wellbore, and preventing wellbore issues. However, poorly formulated drilling mud can lead to drilling difficulties and environmental pollution. Therefore, the exploration of organic-based drilling mud additives, sourced locally in Nigeria, is discussed in this paper.it highlights the potential of transforming organic waste materials, such as rice husk, cassava, corn cobs, and more, into usable products for drilling mud. By utilizing these locally sourced organic materials, the environmental impact of drilling waste can be minimized. The importance of waste management in the oil and gas industry is emphasized, as it is crucial for sustainable drilling practices. The paper further discusses various studies and experiments conducted on the use of local polymers and natural materials as substitutes for imported additives in water-based drilling mud. These materials include cassava starches, agro-waste materials, eco-friendly drilling fluid additives, and various plant-based substances. The performance and effectiveness of these materials are evaluated in terms of viscosity control and fluid loss prevention. The results indicate that many of these local polymers and natural materials can be viable and have shown positive results in terms of improving the rheological and filtration characteristics of the mud, reducing fluid loss, and enhancing overall mud qualities. Earlier studies on the use of agro-waste products as additives in drilling fluids are reviewed in this paper. These studies examine the properties affected by local materials, the type of mud used, and the findings of each study. The economic analysis of using agro-waste materials as drilling additives is also discussed. The conclusion highlights the availability and affordability of agricultural waste materials as potential substitutes for traditional drilling additives, which can help reduce drilling costs. The paper also provides recommendations for future research in this area.

WAYS OF RATIONAL USE OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF POST-WAR RECLAMATION SYSTEMS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

After the explosion of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station, the problem of restoring damaged areas of reclamation systems and rational use of water resources in the de-occupied territories of southern Ukraine is extremely relevant today. An integral part of solving this problem is the theoretical justification and assessment of filtration losses in damaged areas of open drainage channels with interception of this flow by drainage structures. This study presents a methodology for calculating the filtration losses of water from a main canal that runs in an excavation with a channelside pipe drainage. The calculations take into account the pressure drop on the canal lining. The filtration water losses per linear metre of the main channel of the Ingulets irrigation system were determined, taking into account the filtration resistance of the screen, which is economically feasible to restore from local water-resistant natural materials. In this case, the channel drainage performs two functions. Firstly, it prevents flooding of the territory; secondly, it is possible to use innovative technologies to return part of the filtration effluent for use in various water supply sectors of the region. The research results will allow us to further develop recommendations for effective engineering protection of water resources from pollution and depletion in this region.

Crushed stone waste use in building materials production

The issue of recycling and reuse of human waste is a matter of survival. Without a clear policy in this area, it is impossible to imagine a civilized society. A significant amount of various construction waste has accumulated on the territory of many regions, which leads to a violation of the ecological balance. As a solution, their use as raw materials in the production of building materials is proposed. During the analysis of the local natural and man-made raw materials base of the Vladimir region, the main sources that could be used to obtain new construction materials were identified. The main source of dolomites and limestones in the Vladimir region is the Melekhovskoye deposit. At the moment, large volumes of secondary raw materials have been accumulated in the quarries for processing carbonate rocks. These wastes are formed during the extraction, crushing and sorting of rock during the production of crushed stone. The paper discusses the issues of obtaining high-strength concrete based on magnesia binders using local waste from the extractive industry.

Design Study of Adjuvant Treatment and Prevention of Chilblain in Children with Ginger

In rural areas of central and Western China, chilblain is a common seasonal skin disease among local children. Its symptoms are mainly skin redness, itching, peeling and even ulceration, which has a negative impact on children's body and psychology. Due to the lack of attention and scientific cognition on the treatment and prevention of chilblain, children with chilblain are prone to serious symptoms and have a high probability of recurrence. This study conducted field investigation and user visits, earnestly considered the multiple needs and scientific basis of users. This study combined with the different characteristics of treatment and prevention and redesigned the primary methods of chilblain disease treatment and the acceptability of various schemes for children in the initial stage of chilblain prevention and treatment. Using the local traditional methods and natural materials, this design tests and improves the treatment methods of local ginger soup and ginger juice smearing. Through the test of children's preferences, the application methods of ointment and the redesign of medicine bottles that can be accepted and used by children are added in the traditional treatment stage, as to design and produce new forms and carriers for chilblain treatment for children, more loved and accepted by children.

DIGESTIBILITY AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY YOUNG CATTLE AT INCLUSION OF COMPLEX FEED ADDITIVES INTO THE DIETS IN THE CONDITIONS OF YAKUTIA

It is known that cattle with a high genetic potential of productivity cannot fully realize it in the conditions of Yakutia. This is facilitated by many factors, especially it is necessary to highlight the basic feeds, which are poorly provided with nutrients and minerals. Therefore, the development of technologies and methods to increase productivity of cattle through inclusion of complex feed additives from natural resources in their diets is of scientific and practical importance for the conditions of risky agriculture. In this regard, the goal was to study effect of complex feed additives from local natural raw materials on the digestibility and metabolism of young cattle. The studies used methods generally accepted in zootechnical practice, setting up for the experiment was carried out according to the method (M.F. Tomme, 1969). Experiments were conducted on 3 groups of young cattle. Each group has 10 heads selected by the method of analogues. When analyzing the data on the digestibility and absorption of nutrients, it was found that the animals of the experimental groups digested nutrients better compared to the animals of the control group: dry matter by 1.44% and 0.1%, organic matter by 2.0% and 1.65%, crude protein by 1.68% and 1.16%, crude fat by 2.28% and 1.33%, crude fiber by 2.48% and 2.04%, and nitrogen-free extractives by 1.88% and 1.61%. At the same time, the animals of the experimental groups used nitrogen better compared to the control group by 2,28% and 1,05%. The study of the biochemical composition of animal blood showed that complex feed additives are harmless. Thus, the inclusion of complex feed additives in the diets of young cattle can improve the indicators of digestibility and the degree of use of nutrients in the conditions of Yakutia.