Local Natural Materials Research Articles

Wastewater Treatment with the Natural Sorbents from the Arctic

Oil and gas production has an adverse impact on the ecological state of the Russian Arctic. The local natural materials, such as peat, moss, and reindeer moss are considered as naturel sorbents in wastewater treatment technologies. The sorption properties of these local materials were studied. The sorption isotherms at different initial concentrations of the pollutant (250, 50, and 0.5 mg/L) were constructed. The patterns of changes in the sorption intensity of oil products were determined. The sorbents were modified by microwave radiation (600 W, one minute), which had a visible positive effect on the samples. Preliminary calculations of the filter cassette dimensions with the performance 200 m3/day were carried out. Efficiency and cheapness predict the economic feasibility of using these materials in wastewater filtering equipment.

Form follows Meaning: the design process and the value of solitude

Beginning with historical and cultural studies ofthe materials, form, and manufacturing processes of three iconic chess set designs (Staunton, Bauhaus, and Balanis), this paper discusses the development of seven conceptual chess sets by undergraduate design students in Brazil. To encourage creative practice guided by sustainable principles, this design exercise focussed on hand skills and the use of local natural materials or reused (discarded) materials. Walker’s "progressive design praxis" was employed as a practical approach to design research, which combines thinking-and-doing to address the principle of "form follows meaning". Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the exercise was developed online, with students working at home. Compared with the previous experience (2019) when students worked alongside each other in the studio, the elevated level of the design outcomes suggests that, despite the anxiety felt due to the pandemic, the tangible and intangible aspects of the artefacts were enhanced by students working in solitude.

Environmental sustainability of coastal areas and building-with-nature, 10 years of experience in a Dutch nature compensation project

The paper discusses 10 years of experience with a unique dune compensation project at the Dutch coast (total project duration 20 years). The compensation was needed because a large extension of Rotterdam harbor would damage two high-quality dune ecosystems nearby. EU legislation obliged to compensate these two ecosystems. The compensation area was constructed and developed according to the principles of Building-with-Nature. The use of local natural materials and processes and a minimum of human interference is a leading principle. Careful monitoring is done for evaluation. However, over time some important human interferences were necessary to stay ‘en route’ and to reach the two compensation targets. The management measures and their results are discussed. The insights gained and their importance for environmental sustainability of coastal areas in general, are given.

The use of plant raw materials in the production of meat pate

Meat and meat-containing products represent one of the most difficult foundations for creating functional food, although according to the rules of healthy nutrition, meat is one of the most important food products along with vegetables, fruit, dairy products and fish. Implementation of the suggested technology of meat pate production using plant raw materials (broccoli cabbage) at food industry enterprises will expand the range of domestic products made from local natural raw materials. Essential amino acids such as tryptophan, lysine and methionine are also present in this unique product. It is also beneficial for the health of the patients who have undergone various surgical operations, because liver contains glycogen which is an excellent building material for cells and tissue. Broccoli cabbage has the following health benefits: it contains a unique combination of vitamins and minerals, and it also can compete with beef and chicken eggs in protein composition, tryptophan and lysine content. Food fiber and fiber fetlock contained in cabbage regulate the work of the gastrointestinal tract. The suggested formula and production technology of a new type of meat products (pate with the use of broccoli cabbage) allows obtaining a functional product with a reduced calorie rate, which is essential for healthy nutrition.

Innovative Technology of Chocolate Covered Multi Layered Chips

Topicality. The assortment of chips in the world market and technologies of their production are analyzed in this article. The main tendency of chips market is the growing demand for products from local natural raw materials, which retain all the nutrients to the highest degree. Therefore, it is important to elaborate a technology for chips production, which is supposed to combine traditional methods of processing raw materials with some new technological solutions. As a result, an innovative product with various combinations of raw materials, as well as a high caloric content, can be obtained by this new technology. Aim and methods. The aim of the study is to substantiate and develop the technology of chocolate covered multi layered chips. Organoleptic research methods, the method of expert evaluations and the calculation method for determining quality and quantity indicators of chips are used to achieve the set purpose. Results. The organoleptic properties of chocolate covered multi layered chips are studied. It is obtained that chips have different shapes and sizes. The color of the chips surface depends on the composition of glaze and raw materials. Chips have a faint smell of chocolate and a sweet or sweet-sour taste. The inner layers of chips do not have a crispy and brittle consistency. In this research, some means of chips value quality indicators are calculated, their nutritional and energetical value is determined. Conclusions and discussion. It is obvious that adding berry powder to chocolate glaze improves taste properties of chips, the color of their surface and look in total. Chocolate covering of chips makes it possible to high their caloric content. The compositions of chips containing apple and berry powder have the highest values of quality, and the compositions of chips containing carrot and zucchini have the lowest ones. The scientific novelty of obtained results lies in the production technology elaboration of chocolate covered multi layered chips. The practical significance of the study results can be used in the expansion of chips assortment.

Removal Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Production of Local Natural Materials from Waste Tea and Coffee as an Adsorbent Material (Comparative Study)

In this article, the production of low-cost adsorbents removal of lead from an aqueous solution from tea and coffee waste and a comparison study between them was investigated utilizing a continuous process to explore the kinetic behavior of the created adsorbent. After charring tea and coffee waste, there was a considerable improvement in surface area and other physical properties such as porosity, density, and bulk density. In the continuous system, several parameters such as (bed height, particle size, and flow rate) were tested, and the optimal circumstances (for each experiment) were held constant for the subsequent sets of tests. The optimal circumstances were achieved as follows (bed height=8cm, particle size=250µm, and flow rate 0.5L/hr)and a random set of experiments showed a removal degree efficiency of lead reaching (99 %). As a result, raising bed height and pH will raise the breakpoint value. While reducing the flow rate, initial concentration, and particle size). Increasing the bed height increases the breakpoint value. Particle size will increase the breakpoint as the flow rate decreases. Keywords: Adsorption, Heavy metals , Continuous system, , Lead ions

The essence of activity-materiality-character on the space and scope of Osing house architecture

The phenomenon of a single architectural form has become a global problem. This is also observed in Indonesia as indicated by the specific traditional architecture known as Osing in Banyuwangi. Therefore, this study focuses on the issue of the essence of space created from the surrounding elements in Osing traditional architecture using a qualitative method which involved prioritizing new reading tools including the Lincourt phenomenological approach and the architectural anatomy of Salura. The results showed that the activity forms a linear circular pattern while the lower scoping elements form a geometric arrangement and have a linear movement direction. Moreover, the roof structure shows the dynamic quality of the elements which move from front to back. It was also discovered that the scope of the Osing space is a barrier with the activities within the house isolated and inwardly oriented. The use of local natural materials also provides a warm, rustic and simple character as well as a chance for sustainability. Furthermore, the structures and constructions show that the architecture prioritizes honesty and simplicity. This, therefore, means the essence of space in Osing architecture is in Jrumah based on the space which was found to be closed, natural, simple character, and prioritizing honesty. These findings are expected to be an additional source of knowledge on Osing architecture, serve as input for architects in designing modern houses in Banyuwangi, and input for policymakers in formulating a strategy to preserve this traditional architecture.

The effect of adding natural materials waste on the mechanical properties and water absorption of epoxy composite using grey relations analysis

Recently, there has been a tendency for scientific studies to deal with natural materials as fillers and reinforcement for polymer composites, which are used in many different applications due to their environmentally friendly properties when compared to synthetic materials. The current study aims to preserve the environment by dealing with natural materials and their influence on the mechanical properties and water absorption property of the polymer composites. In this study, epoxy composites were produced from local natural sourced non-hazardous raw natural materials using grey relational analysis (GRG). The materials used for fabrication include micro-filler of pollen palm 50 μm, seashell 75 μm and epoxy resin. Nine different composites were prepared using pollen palm and seashell as reinforcement material by varying the wt % of the micro-filler. Rule of the mixture was used for formulation and wt % of (0.5, 1 and 1.5) % reinforcement and 99.5, 99 and 98.5 % epoxy (binder) were used for composites. Grey relational analysis was conducted in order to scale the multi-response performance to a single response. The results indicate that optimum performance can be achieved with the addition of 1.5 wt % micro-filler of seashell, which achieved the first rank, while the second rank achieved by 0.5 wt % micro-filler of palm pollen and seashell when compared to other composites. The addition of micro-fillers has improved greatly the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. The loading of micro-fillers has influenced the water absorption property of composites based epoxy in ascending order

STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITION OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS BASED ON WASTE FROM MINING COMPLEXES

New heat-insulating materials were prepared via the combined use of local technogenic and natural raw materials. The mixtures of natural clay, overburden of polymetallic surface mine, charcoal chips, wood crumbs, dolomite chips, and minor amounts of triethanolamine as a hardener and stearic acid emulsion as a waterproofing agent were used as starting mixtures. For the ceramic-like materials prepared by firing at 1000оC, we report their physicomechanical parameters-shrinkage ɛ, density d, abradability a, water adsorption q, thermal conductivity k (at 50oC), and compressive strength σс. The synthesized ceramic masses may find their application in the fabrication of wall panels and lightweight concrete aggregates

Mechanical, Thermal and Hydric Behavior of the Bio-sourced Compressed Earth Block (B-CEB) Added to Peanut Shells Powder

Bio-sourced compressed earth blocks (B-CEB) were manufactured with raw soil material and peanut shells powder to produce building material with feeble environmental impact and better mechanical and hydric performances. The objective of this work is to add value to two local natural raw materials namely earth and peanut shell in the production of B-CEB with low thermal conductivity, better water resistance, and better mechanical strength. Mineralogical studies (by XRD, DTA-TG), chemical and geotechnical studies (Atterberg limits, particle size distribution) carried out on this clay have shown that it is composed of kaolinite (40 wt.%), muscovite (8 wt.%), quartz (34 wt.%), and goethite (10 wt.%). It is a sandy-silty clay of medium plasticity containing no swelling minerals. Its particles are mainly clay (50 wt%), silt (32 wt%), fine and coarse sand (18 wt%). The clay raw material used in this study is referenced BAM. The peanut shells powder, used in range of 10 to 40 wt.% to improve the raw soil, mainly contains the cellulose type I. The apparent density of B-CEB decreases when the peanut shells content increases. By contrast, the porosity increases and was greatly affect by the addition of peanut shells powder. With 20 wt.% of peanut shells powder the porosity of B-CEB increase about 67% compared to the porosity of the reference (untreated B-CEB). Mechanical properties were enhanced with peanut shell content between 15 to 25 wt.% and reached the maximum with 20 wt.%. The B-CEB becomes more ductile when the peanut shells content increases. All the elaborated B-CEB, except the B40, are in the category of the construction of load-bearing wall which is characterized by the strength higher than 4 MPa. With 15 to 30 wt.% of peanut shells powder, the resistance of B-CEB to rain erosion was enhanced. With 30 wt.% of peanut shells powder, thermal conductivity was reduced by about 43% compared with untreated B-CEB. Given the improvement of different properties, the peanut shells powder can be used in the range of 15 to 25 wt.% to stabilize the B-CEB for the construction of habitats with better durability and thermal comfort.

Fattening of culled cattle with the use of complex feed additives in the diets in the conditions of Yakutia

The paper presents the results of a study to determine the effectiveness of complex feed additives in the fattening of culled cattle in the conditions of Yakutia. To conduct the experiment, 3 groups of culled cattle were formed. The use of complex feed additives from local natural raw materials in the feeding of culled cattle on fattening allowed increasing the live weight by 1.58% and 0.26%. To determine the safety of experimental feed additives, the clinical parameters of the body of experimental animals were studied. It was found that there was no significant difference between the groups and all the indicators were within the normal range, which in turn proves the harmlessness of complex feed additives. At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter of experimental animals was carried out. When analyzing the data of animal slaughter, it was found that the experimental groups were superior to the control group in terms of parameters: the mass of the steam carcass by 5.53% and 3.61%, the mass of visceral fat by 9.39% and 1.77%, the slaughter mass by 6.07% and 3.87%, the slaughter yield by 2.76% and 2.06%. Next, the organoleptic evaluation of meat products was performed. According to the results of the evaluation of boiled meat, it was found that the experimental groups exceed the control group by 12.92% and 8.33%, and exceed the roasted meat by 11.87% and 8.19%. Thus, complex feed additives showed effectiveness in fattening culled cattle in the conditions of Yakutia.

Influence of complex feed additives on the meat productivity of young cattle in the conditions of Yakutia

The paper presents the results of fattening young cattle in the conditions of Yakutia with the use of complex feed additives from local natural raw materials in their diets. One of the ways to increase the meat productivity of livestock is to optimize feeding by inserting complex feed additives into their diets. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of complex feed additives in the fattening of young cattle in the conditions of Yakutia. At the beginning of the experiment, the live weight of the animals in the groups did not differ much, but starting from the age of 12 months, the superiority of the animals from the experimental groups is noted. In the period of 12-15 months of age, the animals from the experimental groups exceeded the growth rate of the control group by 6.70% and 4.76%. In the period of 15-18 months old, the animals of the control group were inferior to the experimental groups by 28.31% and 16.54%. On average, the animals of the experimental groups grew more intensively in comparison with the control group by 12.73% and 8.66 %. Analysis of animal slaughter data showed that the experimental groups were superior to the control group in a number of indicators, such as the mass of the steam carcass by 8.04% and 4.43 %, the mass of visceral fat by 18.59% and 7.39%. The organoleptic evaluation of meat products also confirmed the superiority of the experimental groups over the control group. Thus, the use of complex feed additives in the feeding of young cattle on fattening showed its effectiveness.

THE VERNACULARISM IN OF SACRED SPACE FORMATION

Significant temples of the twentieth century are analyzed. on the island of Malta by architect Richard England. The anthroposophical theory of architecture is presented, which suggested that the world and man are permeated by different types of spiritual forces, which due to the forms of objects of the visible world can be strengthened or weakened. The understanding of the harmony of forms in the formation of sacred space is represented.
 The architecture of sacred buildings erected on the principle of organic architecture is considered. It has been determined that the forms created by Richard England do not belong to any of the "languages" of architectural expression that have been created so far.
 It presents a view of the mysterious nature of the connection of people in society - close to the types of ties that connect religious communities, as well as the concept of architecture as a bridge between heaven and earth, which also changed the approach to the building as a purely material object.
 Analyzed the forms of individual sacred buildings and ways of organizing their interiors, which led to the conclusion that the idea of reviving the unity of the surrounding landscape, the tendency to use local materials (especially wood), but also a more general, philosophical attitude that allows to consider architecture as an element connects the forces of space with human life.
 The use of the metaphorical language of Richard England's architecture based on the world of visual human products and their iconographic distinctive features is considered. The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages that are transmitted through them in the formation of sacred space.
 An attempt to adapt the principles of modernism to the needs of the formation of sacred space is also presented.
 The tendencies of formation of sacred space in the XX century are revealed, namely: critical regionalism, the role of local traditions and natural materials, organic architecture.

Heat-insulating non-autoclaved lightweight concrete with hydraulic ash removal

The paper presents research results of natural hardening of lightweight concrete with aluminosilicate ash generated by the Thermal Power Plant in Seversk (Tomsk, Russia). Today, it is necessary to develop effective building materials with improved operational properties by using local natural and technogenic raw materials. The acceleration of the structure formation and required plasticity for a transportation and molding of lightweight concrete products are achieved by using finely dispersed aluminosilicate minerals and plasticizers for natural hardening of lightweight concrete. The concrete mixture and lightweight concrete are studied in the TSUAB laboratory accredited in accordance with national standard requirements. The optimum content of hydraulic ash in lightweight concrete mixture is 10–15 wt.%. the compressive strength lightweight concrete with D400 density increases by 26−66 % after 28-day curing, when adding the Relamix T-2 plasticizer and ash from the Thermal Power Plant. Its water absorption reduces by 30 wt.% with insignificant decrease in thermal conductivity. Technological solutions are developed for the production of lightweight concrete with ash ash and slag materials for wall structures in individual housing construction.

Peningkatan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kacang Merah (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) melalui Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Cair Berbasis Sumber Daya Lokal

Red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or jogo beans are in great demand by the public, because of their good nutritional value and can be made in various dishes. Low-cost agriculture can be carried out through an environmentally friendly agricultural system by utilizing local natural materials around the location such as kipait, rabbit manure, fish fertilizer, vegetable and fruit waste without reducing the quality and quantity of vegetables. This study aims to determine the increase in growth and yield of kidney beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) through the application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) based on local resources. This research was conducted in the IP2TP Berastagi garden, Karo Regency, with an altitude of ± 1340 meters above sea level, andisol soil types. This research was carried out from May to September 2020. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications and 10 treatments, namely: A=Without LOF (Control), B=Kotciplus LOF, 10 ml / l water, C=LOF Kotciplus, 20 ml / l water, D=LOF Kotciplus, 30 ml / l water, E=LOF Kipait, 10 ml / l water, F=LOF Kipait, 20 ml / l water, G=LOFKipait , 30 ml / l water, H=LOF Market Waste, 10 ml / l water, I=LOF Market Waste, 20 ml / l water, J=LOF Market Waste, 30 ml / l water. The results showed that the application of several types and concentrations of POC on kidney beans did not have a significant effect on growth or yield. However, there was a tendency that in general the plants treated with POC showed a higher yield compared to the yields of plants that were not given POC. Likewise, for each type of POC the higher the concentration the higher the yield.

Study of the influence of organomineral supplement feeds on the natural resource indicators of the live weight of horses in the Far North of Yakutia

The paper considers with the possibility of applying organic mineral supplement feeds from local natural raw materials in feeding Yang-type horses during the period of maximum loss of live weight in winter. In accordance with the research effort, horses from the control group that were feeding without supplement feeds, and animals from the experimental groups that were feeding organic mineral supplement feeds. During experiments, the live weight was evaluated. The biochemical structure of the blood of the experimental horses was studied. The study of the food ration of horses showed that they have a deficiency of trace elements and vitamins. Therefore, the application of organic mineral supplement feeds from local natural raw materials is justified from a practical point of view. Feeding animals from the experimental groups with supplement feeds made it possible to preserve their live weight in comparison to the control group by 0.81% and 0.5%. The improvement in horse feeding was accompanied by the normalization of the biochemical structure of blood. Thus, horses from experimental groups II and III had higher indicators of total protein by 0.43% and 0.13%, albumin by 0.17% and 0.1%, globulin by 0.26% and 0.03%, hemoglobin by 4.51% and 1.75%, as well as mineral composition (calcium was higher by 6.85% and 2.74%, phosphorus was higher by 7.62% and 2.86%). Thus, the efficiency of feeding horses with organic mineral supplement feeds in winter has been experimentally proved, which ensures maximum preservation of live weight in the Far North of Yakutia.

ECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF CONSTRUCTION IN MODERN FOLK ARCHITECTURE OF NORTHEA ST UKRAINE

The article considers aspects of the search for alternative architectural and construction solutions in the private construction of a peasant's yard.
 It is proposed to ensure the appropriate level of energy and economic efficiency of buildings through the use of traditional for the folk architecture of North-Eastern Ukraine local environmentally friendly materials and construction techniques. Such techniques allow to achieve stylish national aesthetics and architectural expressiveness at the same time. The article examines the dynamics of changes in temperature parameters of the Sumy region for the period 2010-2020. which affect the architectural and planning decisions of buildings and structures. The conclusion about the tendency of the general increase of settlement temperatures of external air in the winter period is made. The general calculations of energy losses of the house from available local materials of a natural origin on heating on engineering maintenance are carried out. Examples of the use of such materials in private housing construction of farms in Sumy region are analyzed. The comparative characteristic of cost of a country house from ecological materials with cost of a usual modern private house of a middle class is resulted. The conclusion about the economic expediency of construction of small and average individual peasant cottage from local natural materials is made. The first is the ability to use available local materials at low prices. Secondly - the ability to independently perform a significant amount of simple construction work. Third - high energy efficiency and environmental safety of such a building. Fourth - a fairly high fire safety, durability and mechanical stability of building structures when applying the necessary protective measures. The integration of such buildings into modern the planning structure will diversify the architectural environment and create the national color of Ukrainian villages and towns.

Traditional Architecture in Romanian Philately (V): Case Study Regarding Households in Nereju, Ostrov, Sălciua de Jos, Șanț and Sârbova

Traditional architecture is integrated into the landscape, is adapted to the environment, and uses local natural materials. These are the general features. In fact, in each area there are their own and recognizable elements that ensure the local specificity. In this context, the present study aims to emphasize the beauty of traditional Romanian architecture in terms of philately. It is desired to expose the architectural specifics from the other five areas. This time it is the turn of illustrated postcards and other philatelic effects from Nereju (Vrancea), Ostrov (Constanța), Sălciua de Jos (Alba), Șanț (Bistrița-Năsăud) and Sârbova (Timiș) to come to the fore. What do these households have in common? Each of them suggests the idea that the new architecture should not imitate the old one. But it must respect the local specificity, assuming at the same time the moment when it was created. There is no need for constructions that imitate the architecture of 100-150 years ago (shown in the philatelic effects exposed), but for constructions that respect the spirit of the place.

A combined treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate using Opuntia ficus-indica cactus as coagulant and titaniferous sand as filter material

In Morocco, the increasing production of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its by-products, in particular leachate, is a major concern. MSW leachate is a very complex effluent, loaded with organic and inorganic pollutants; it poses a serious threat to human health and the environment. In Agadir city, the leachate generated is stored in seven tanks in the Tamellast landfill. The daily flow of this effluent accelerates the saturation of the storage tanks. Overflowing leachate presents a potential environmental hazard, and proper treatment of the leachate has inevitably become a requirement. Therefore, this study aims to find a simple, inexpensive and efficient leachate treatment system. Two techniques using local natural materials have been combined to achieve significant results: coagulation and infiltration-percolation. Cactus powder and cactus mucilage have been selected to treat leachate by coagulation and titaniferous sand as a filter material for the infiltration-percolation process. Laboratory scale experiments show very interesting results. Due to its effectiveness at a dose of 20 mg / l at pH 11, the effluent treated with cactus mucilage was chosen to undergo secondary treatment (86.54% for turbidity and 14.60% for electrical conductivity). The elimination of turbidity and electrical conductivity achieved after infiltration-percolation is, respectively, 97% and 39%.

The concept of geotechnology with a backfill is the path of integrated development of the subsoil

The article describes a modern approach to the technology of backfilling of working space, taking into account the sustainable development of mining. The aspects of economic efficiency, safety and ecology are considered. A detailed analysis of various backfilling methods that are used in modern enterprises is given. The advantages and disadvantages are given. The article describes in detail the work carried out in this area at the Mining Institute of NUST “MISiS”. One of the directions is the study of the possibility of using local natural materials or waste products as backfills. In particular, studies were carried out on the formation of backfill arrays based on sulphide-containing and halite tailings. The issues of influence on the quality of the backfill as the granulometric composition and ratio of coarse and fine aggregates, as well as their quantity per unit of volume, amount of water (water binding ratio), method of preparation, transportation and styling, conditions (temperature) and age of hardening are also considered.