Local Moran Index Research Articles

Investigating the spatiotemporal variability and driving factors of China's building embodied carbon emissions.

Rapid and large scale construction activities consume significant resources and make impacts on the environment. To support policy for emission reduction and route of low-carbon society development, this paper estimated building stocks and building embodied carbon emissions (BECEs) in China's 31 provinces from 1997 to 2016 by material flow analysis (MFA). Furthermore, global and local Moran's indices were employed to investigate the geographical clustering patterns, and temporal and spatial decomposition models were proposed to identify the driving forces. The results reveal the total BECEs has boomed from 9.67 billion tons in 1997 to 28.99 billion tons in 2016. BECEs in 31 provinces have experienced consistent increase but obvious differences in growth rate, and are spatially inclined to decrease from eastern coastal regions to western inland regions. The change of spatial agglomeration pattern is complex and variable. It presents that a long and narrow "H-L agglomeration" is located in the two northernmost provinces and the other 29 provinces enforce a sequence arrangement with an order of "H-H", "L-H", "H-L", and "L-L" from east to west. Temporal decomposition results show that investment scale, economic level, and population density are the main driving forces for the increase of BECEs from both national and provincial levels, while the main reasons for the decrease are technical level and return on investment. Spatial decomposition results demonstrate that population density and provincial area are the main driving forces for the difference between provincial and national average, and others cause the difference among provinces.

Changes in the territorial distribution of population and job seekers with higher education in Hungary

The study uses different statistical methods to examine the change in the territorial distribution and concentration of the tertiary-educated population and the unemployed between 2001 and 2019. Among the known regional inequality indicators measuring regional disparities, the Dual index and the Hoover index were used. With the help of the location quotient (LQ), the representation of those with higher education in relation to the average was explored and represented at the settlement level. Territorial autocorrelation was performed to more complexly examine the distribution and concentration of tertiary graduates within the population and the unemployed. Spatial neighborhood impact was analyzed using the Global and Local Moran Index. The autocorrelation confirmed regular spatial arrangements in the spatial distribution of tertiary graduates. The study explores whether different weighting of raw data affects the result of autocorrelation, furthermore determines the differences between the location quotient and the GIS representation of Local Moran I.

Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to analyse the dynamics of spatial dispersion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil by correlating them to socioeconomic indicators. This is an ecological study of COVID-19 cases and deaths between 26 February and 31 July 2020. All Brazilian counties were used as units of analysis. The incidence, mortality, Bayesian incidence and mortality rates, global and local Moran indices were calculated. A geographic weighted regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between incidence and mortality due to COVID-19 and socioeconomic indicators (independent variables). There were confirmed 2 662 485 cases of COVID-19 reported in Brazil from February to July 2020 with higher rates of incidence in the north and northeast. The Moran global index of incidence rate (0.50, P = 0.01) and mortality (0.45 with P = 0.01) indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation with high standards in the north, northeast and in the largest urban centres between cities in the southeast region. In the same period, there were 92 475 deaths from COVID-19, with higher mortality rates in the northern states of Brazil, mainly Amazonas, Pará and Amapá. The results show that there is a geospatial correlation of COVID-19 in large urban centres and regions with the lowest human development index in the country. In the geographic weighted regression, it was possible to identify that the percentage of people living in residences with density higher than 2 per dormitory, the municipality human development index (MHDI) and the social vulnerability index were the indicators that most contributed to explaining incidence, social development index and the municipality human development index contributed the most to the mortality model. We hope that the findings will contribute to reorienting public health responses to combat COVID-19 in Brazil, the new epicentre of the disease in South America, as well as in other countries that have similar epidemiological and health characteristics to those in Brazil.

Coinfecção Tuberculose - HIV: Análise Espacial e Perfil Epidemiológico no Rio Grande do Norte

Given the epidemiological relevance of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB-HIV) coinfection and the scarcity of recent data analysis provided by the Notifiable Diseases Information System, it is essential to analyze the spatial distribution of TB-HIV coinfection in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and epidemiological profile of TB-HIV co-infection cases between 2001 and 2018 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. This is an ecological study whose population was of confirmed cases of TB-HIV co-infection between the years 2001 to 2018 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Data were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System, from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, which were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics. For the spatial analysis, the TerraView software was used to calculate the Global Moran Index and then the Local Moran Index. Between 2001 and 2018 there were 1,576 confirmed cases of TB-HIV coinfection in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Of these 1,197 (76%) were males aged between 20 and 39 years (56.47%). The predominant clinical form was pulmonary TB in 1,102 (69.82%) cases. The results obtained showed a positive autocorrelation between the most urbanized cities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which are located in health regions I, II, III, and VII. Adult males aged 20-39 years, having an incomplete primary education, and living in urban areas were the most frequent characteristics according to the epidemiological profile of the population. Thus, it is advised that health professionals who serve this population affected by these infections should be trained and have empathy.

Моделирование взаимодействия регионов России и Республики Беларусь в целях прогнозирования дополнительных транспортных потоков

The article proposes a methodological approach using the spatial econometrics tool for development of transport and economic forecasting systems and reflection of major structural political decisions in its results on the example of the influence of economic integration of Russia and Belarus on transport flows in the intersectoral interterritorial systems of the Union State. To calculate the studied indicators, data from the official statistical websites of Russia and Belarus were used. The analysis of the spatial distribution of output in the processing sector of the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is carried out to assess the possibility of interaction between these regions in this sector of the economy. When modeling, the Republic of Belarus is considered as a separate region within the framework of the Union State. Calculations of the global and local Moran indices were made and possible spatial autocorrelations were determined both between the subjects of the Russian Federation and between the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. In the current study, a standard inverse distance weight matrix was used to assess the degree of interaction between regions. The problem is considered, first of all, from the transport side on the basis of the analysis of relations in heavy industry as the main cargo-forming sphere. The influence of economic and infrastructural factors on the indicator characterizing the degree of possible interaction between the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the field of industry and transport is studied. The results of the work make a step towards the systematic application of spatial econometrics in methodology and technology of transport and economic forecasting and can be used in preparation of strategies, programs and schemes for placement and development of industries, taking into account the potential of a new level of integration of the economies of Russia and Belarus.

Modeling the Interaction of the Regions of Russia and the Republic of Belarus in the Sphere of the Processing Industry

In connection with the processes of the formation of the Union State of Russia and Belarus, the relevance of conducting a study of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors affecting the change in the level of economic interaction between the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is increasing. The aim of the work is to carry out spatial modeling of the possible interaction of the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the manufacturing industry and to assess the factors affecting this interaction. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the elements of the matrix of interregional interactions are proxy variables that characterize the degree of this interaction. At the first stage, the spatial distribution of the volume of output in the manufacturing sector of the regions of the two countries is investigated in order to assess possibilities of interaction between the regions in this sector. In modeling, the Republic of Belarus is considered as a separate region within the Union State. Calculations of the global and local Moran's indices have been carried out and possible spatial autocorrelations have been determined, both between the regions of the Russian Federation and between the regions of these two countries. In this study, economic indicators calculated on the basis of inverse values of the difference in interregional gross regional products were selected as elements of the weight matrix. At the second stage, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on the indicator characterizing the degree of possible interaction of the regions of the two countries in the manufacturing industry was studied. Using quantile regression, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on this investigated indicator was studied. The use of this approach makes it possible to substantiate the priority directions of economic development of the territories within the framework of the Union State and, in particular, to search for centers of attraction of resources and spheres of their influence on the territory. The results of the work can be used in preparation of strategies, programs and schemes for the placement and development of industries, taking into account the potential of a new level of integration of the economies of Russia and Belarus.

Connectivity of regional systems of consumer goods reproduction

Relevance. The question of how to achieve a more stable economic reproduction and how to expand it is of prime importance as reproduction determines the development of the whole economic system. Due to the constant economic transformations and the so-called 'networkization' of many processes, more research is needed into the spatial organization of reproduction, in particular the intraregional and interregional relationships between its elements. Research objective. This study aims at showing the spatial connections between phases of reproduction on the regional and municipal levels. Data and methods. The study relies on tools and methods of spatial econometric modelling, which includes calculations of univariate and bivariate global and local Moran's indices and diagrams of their dispersion. We constructed an adjacency matrix for Russian regions and municipalities. Overall, our study uses the data on 2,337 municipalities in 84 Russian regions. Results. It was found that the phase of consumption followed by the phases of distribution and exchange have the highest degree of connectivity. Spatial connectivity between the phases was the most pronounced in the case of retail trade and consumption and was much weaker in the case of wholesale trade and production. The analysis of the municipal-level data has revealed some previously undetected relationships between peripheral areas located near regional borders. Conclusions. In this study, we consider reproduction as a spatially organized economic system with interconnected, territorially dependent phases. Such approach provides us with new insights into the ongoing processes in the national economic space.

Влияние демографических процессов на уровень инфляции в регионах России

The influence of demographic processes on the inflation rate in Russian regions is reviewing. The hypothesis of heterogeneous influence of the population of different age groups on the inflation rate are testing. Such influence can be explained by the different behavior of age groups concerning consumption, inflation expectations, as well as other factors that determine the behavior of different age groups, the specifics of the country’s regions, and interregional interaction. The database includes the statistical indicators of 81 regions of Russia for the period from 2010 to 2018. As the dependent variable the author has taken the inflation rate. As the independent variables in this paper are using the growth rate of the working age population share, the population younger than working age share, and the population older than working age share. Control variables are the openness of the economy, the growth rate of the physical volume index of investment, and the regional fiscal balances. The global and local Moran, Geary, Getis and Ord indices were used to identify the spatial dependence of the inflation rate. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that we can observe a positive global autocorrelation of the inflation rate in Russian regions and there is a need to use spatial models. Estimation of the Durbin spatial model allowed us to confirm the hypothesis. The growth rate of the working-age population share is inflationary, the growth rate of the population older than working age is inflationary too, but less, and the growth rate of the population younger than working age – deflationary. The obtained conclusions can be used to forecast inflation in the regions of Russia

TB-HIV co-infection: spatial and temporal distribution in the largest Brazilian metropolis.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo describe the spatial and temporal distribution of TB-HIV co-infection, as well as the profile of the characteristics of the co-infected population in the municipality of São Paulo.METHODSThis is an ecological and time series study with data from the Tuberculosis Patient Control System (TBWeb), including all new cases of tuberculosis co-infected individuals with HIV living in the municipality from 2007 to 2015. Time trends of the disease were analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. The cases were geocoded by the address of residence for the elaboration of maps with the incidence rates smoothed by the local empirical Bayesian method. The global and local Moran indexes evaluated spatial autocorrelation. Individuals’ profiles were described and the characteristics of the cases with and without fixed residence were compared by Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.RESULTSWe analyzed 6,092 new cases of TB-HIV co-infection (5,609 with fixed residence and 483 without fixed residence). The proportion of TB-HIV co-infection ranged from 10.5% to 13.7%, with a drop of 3.0% per year (95%CI -3.4 – -2.6) and was higher in individuals without fixed residence. Incidence rates decreased by 3.6% per year (95%CI -4.4% – -2.7%), declining from 7.0 to 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Co-infection showed positive and significant spatial autocorrelation, with heterogeneous spatial pattern and a high-risk cluster in the central region of the municipality. Cure was achieved in 55.5% of cases with fixed residence and in 32.7% of those without a fixed residence.CONCLUSIONSThe data indicate an important advance in the control of TB-HIV co-infection in the period analyzed. However, we identified areas and populations that were unequally affected by the disease and that should be prioritized in the improvement of actions to prevent and control co-infection.

Spatial variability of total fertility rate and crude birth rate in a low-fertility country: Patterns and trends in regional and local scale heterogeneity across Italy, 2002–2018

Fertility is a key process shaping long-term population dynamics. Distinctive fertility trends have characterized demographic transitions, exhibiting sequential periods of spatial convergence and divergence. This descriptive study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR) at different geographical scales in Italy between 2002 and 2018. Descriptive statistics of the TFR and CBR values across geographical scales were computed and the associated maps were prepared for the most detailed spatial levels available; specifically, down to the municipality level. Spatial analysis at the provincial and municipality level was based on both global and local Moran's indexes. Southern Italy, a mostly disadvantaged region, was characterized by relatively stable fertility patterns; fertility then decreased following an opposite trend with respect to economic conditions. The reverse relationship was observed in Northern Italy. As such, economic expansion and recession impacted fertility more intensively in Northern Italy.

Burden of schistosomiasis‐related mortality in Brazil: epidemiological patterns and spatial–temporal distribution, 2003–2018

To characterise the epidemiological patterns and the spatial-temporal distribution of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil from 2003 to 2018. A national population-based ecological study that used official data from the Mortality Information System. The data included all deaths recorded in Brazil from 2003 to 2018 in which schistosomiasis was mentioned in the death certificate as an underlying or associated cause of death (multiple causes). The municipalities of residence were used as units of geographic analysis, and standardised and smoothed mortality rates (per 100000 inhabitants) were calculated using the local empirical Bayes method. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated using global and local Moran indexes. To analyse the spatial dependence, the Getis-Ord G and Gi* statistics were used. During the study period, 18421113 deaths were recorded in Brazil. Schistosomiasis was mentioned in 11487 deaths (proportional mortality: 0.06%); for 8141 deaths (70.87%), it was listed as the underlying cause, and for 3346 deaths (29.13%), it was listed as an associated cause. The mean mortality rate was 0.38 deaths/100000 inhabitants. Individuals≥70years of age (RR: 115.34, 95% CI: 68.56-194.03) and residents in the Northeast region (RR: 10.81, 95% CI: 5.95-19.66) presented higher risks related to schistosomiasis. Municipalities with high mortality rates were identified in all regions, and high-risk clusters were found in municipalities located in the Northeast and Southeast regions of the country. Schistosomiasis remains an important cause of death in persistently endemic areas in Brazil, particularly in those with a high prevalence of the disease and a marked parasite load.

Use of GIS and Moran's I to support residential solid waste recycling in the city of Annaba, Algeria.

Urban planners require an understanding of the composition as well as the spatial distribution of household solid waste (HSW) components to design policies for various wards of a city. This paper aims to study the composition as well as the spatial dependency of the HSW components generated by the wards forming Annaba city in Algeria. The results of the HSW composition have revealed the high content of the organic matters which represents 50%, the textiles with 13.6%, and the plastics with 10% of the total quantity; the rest of the composition was 5.9% of paper and paperboard, 3% of metals, and 1% of glass. Furthermore, the result of the global and the local Moran indexes calculated and mapped through the ArcGIS 10.7 software shows that there is an evident spatial dependency for almost all the HSW components. Thus, 18% of the total quantity is produced by clustered wards, which propose the segregation of individual waste components at the source as an efficient way to support the reuse, recovery, and recycling. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have revealed that 60% of the emissions are the methane produced from the landfill, and 30% is due to the open burning in the air of waste.

Zoneamento de incêndios florestais na estação ecológica Águas Emendadas, Distrito Federal (Brasil)

O aumento no número de ocorrências de incêndios florestais no bioma Cerrado é considerado uma ameaça à sua conservação. Dessa forma, as áreas protegidas por meio das Unidades de Conservação (UC) são fundamentais para a proteção dos biomas brasileiros. No entanto, mesmo essas áreas são acometidas por incêndios que comprometem suas integridades. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar o zoneamento do risco de incêndio florestal da UC Estação Ecológica Águas Emendadas por meio do método multicritério aditivo, validá-lo com as cicatrizes dos incêndios ocorridos entre os anos de 2011 a 2015 e avaliar a espacialidade do risco a incêndios florestais. Foi observado que nenhuma área da UC estudada foi classificada como zona de risco Extremo, no entanto mais de 60% da UC foi classificada em zonas de Alto ou Muito Alto risco a incêndios. A validação mostrou que 80% dos incêndios ocorreram sobre áreas com risco mediano a incêndios florestais como formações savânicas ou campestres. Foi obtido um Índice Global de Moran para o risco de incêndios florestais no valor de 0.83 indicando uma elevada autorrelação espacial, além disso, o Índice Local de Moran identificou como regiões mais críticas as áreas de interface de vegetação nativa e áreas urbanas.

Social distancing and living conditions in the pandemic COVID-19 in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil.

In the current scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazilian states and municipalities have adopted social distancing measures as a strategy to reduce the number of cases and control the disease. These measures affect populations and territories differently. This study aims to analyze the trend of social distancing in this pandemic and its relationship with the context of living conditions in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. An ecological study with spatial distribution was conducted. The municipality's Social Distancing Index and the Living Conditions Index were calculated. Global and Local Moran Indices were employed to assess the degree of spatial dependence and autocorrelation. Fluctuations were observed in the social distancing levels during the analyzed period, with higher distancing percentages in neighborhoods with more favorable living conditions. The analysis and interpretation of COVID-19 containment measures, such as social distancing, should consider the profile of local vulnerability of each territory for the correct dimensioning of pandemic mitigation strategies from the perspective of developing social actions enabling greater adherence of the most impoverished populations.

Performance Audit of Carbon Emission Intensity in Chinese Inland and Coastal Areas

Su, H.W., 2020. Performance audit of carbon emission intensity in Chinese inland and coastal areas. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 451-455. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Energy conservation and emission reduction have gradually changed from a secondary contradiction in the process of China's economic growth to a major contradiction. This study measures the carbon emission intensity of China's provinces over the period of 2005 to 2017. This paper uses the global Moran index, local Moran index, local LISA index and nuclear density function model to analyze the spatial correlation and coordination index of carbon emission intensity in various regions of China. The results finds that: (1) Chinese carbon emission intensity continued to decline, and the intensity of carbon emission of each economic zone is in descending order of southwest, eastern coast, northern coast, middle Yangtze River, southern coast, middle Yellow River, Northeast Comprehensive, Northwest. (2) The regional gap in China's carbon emissions intensity has gradually narrowed. The regional gap contribution has continued to increase during the observation period, and the intra-region gap contribution has continued to decline. There is a phenomenon of “convergence or club convergence” within the regional gap. (3) Chinese carbon emission intensity has a strong spatial autocorrelation among different regions. The carbon emission intensity of the regionally underdeveloped regions has a positive spatial correlation. The carbon emission intensity of the developed regions has a negative spatial correlation, but the spatial effect intensity. Both are weak. (4) The carbon emission intensity of the high-value area and the median area increased first and then decreased, and the gap between regions first narrowed and then expanded.

Análise espaço-temporal da incidência de febre Chikungunya no estado de Pernambuco

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da incidência de febre Chikungunya no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Método: a base de dados foi composta pelos registros epidemiológicos sobre incidência de febre Chikungunya em 2018, disponibilizado através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública do Estado do Pernambuco. Utilizaram-se o Índice de Moran global e local para avaliar a autocorrelação espacial da Chikungunya. Resultados: a distribuição espacial dos quadros clínicos de febre Chikungunya demonstrou concentração elevada no litoral do estado, com maior frequência e taxa de incidência nos municípios do Cabo de Santo Agostinho e Escada. Houve formação de clusters com autocorrelação espacial positiva entre os municípios do Cabo de Santo Agostinho e Vitoria de Santo Antão, revelando incidências semelhantes. Conclusão: a análise espacial permitiu delinear o cenário epidemiológico para incidência de febre Chikungunya, em 2018, constituindo numa ferramenta capaz de nortear planejamentos estratégicos no controle epidêmico em Pernambuco.

Investigating the inter-annual precipitation changes of Iran

Abstract Precipitation is an important factor in the management of a variety of agricultural and industrial projects. This study investigated the temporal-spatial change of inter-annual precipitation of Iran from 1977 to 2007 by using the APHRODITE precipitation database. Statistical methods were applied, such as spatial auto-correlation, Global Moran's index, Local Moran's I index, and hotspots to acquire the variations in precipitation. The highest spatial anomalies belong to September (75.26) and October (45.02), based on the Dispersion index. Also, the size of the largest cluster of Iran's precipitation clusters is developed during winter, cited by the index's outputs, which indicates the relative regularity of Iran's precipitation. The results of the spatial statistics showed that inter-annual precipitation changes in Iran have an upward cluster model. The results of the Global Moran statistics showed that September, with the lowest number (0.712114), has the highest spatial precipitation anomalies throughout the year in Iran. Meanwhile, precipitation has a positive spatial autocorrelation on the Caspian Sea shores and western and south-western parts of the country (mainly Zagros highlands) and a negative spatial autocorrelation in parts of the central and south-eastern areas based on the Local Moran index and hotspots.

Spatiotemporal trends of Chagas disease-related mortality in the Northeast of Brazil, 2007-2017.

Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease and endemic in Brazil. In the Brazilian Northeast Region, it affects millions of people. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the spatiotemporal trends of CD mortality in the Northeast of Brazil. This ecological study was designed, in which the unit of analysis was the municipality of the Brazilian northeast. The data source was the Information System of Mortality. It was calculated relative risk from socioeconomic characteristics. Mortality rates were smoothed by the Local Empirical Bayes method. Spatial dependency was analysed by the Global and Local Moran Index. Scan spatial statistics were also used. A total of 11 287 deaths by CD were notified in the study. An expressive parcel of this number was observed among 70-year-olds or more (n = 4381; 38.8%), no schooling (n = 4381; 38.8%), mixed-race (n = 4381; 62.3%), male (n = 6875; 60.9%). It was observed positive spatial autocorrelation, mostly in municipalities of the state of Bahia, Piauí (with high-high clusters), and Maranhão (with low-low clusters). The spatial scan statistics has presented a risk of mortality in 24 purely spatial clusters (P < 0.05). The study has identified the spatial pattern of CD mortality mostly in Bahia and Piauí, highlighting priority areas in planning and control strategies of the health services.

Análisis espacial de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en España con especial referencia a Andalucía (2013-2017)

ObjectiveTo analyze the geographical pattern of lung cancer mortality according to sex in Spain (by provinces) and Andalusia (by municipalities) during the period 2013-2017. Subjects and methodThree risk estimators were used to analyze spatial patterns: standardized mortality ratio, relative risk smoothing (RRS), and posterior probability (PP) that RRS is greater than 1. We conducted a cluster analysis using global Moran's index and local Moran's index (LISA). The results were mapped. ResultsIn men, 17 provinces have an RRS greater than 1, 15 of which have a PP>0.95, including Huelva, Seville, Cadiz and some provinces in northern Spain (Asturias and Cantabria). In women, 10 provinces have an RRS>1 and PP>0.95, 6 located in northern Spain, Valladolid, Madrid, Valencia, and Alicante. In Andalusia, 332 municipalities in an area that includes 5 provincial capitals (Huelva, Seville, Cadiz, Malaga, and Almeria) show an RRS>1 among men. Thirty nine of these, mostly in the provinces of Huelva, Cadiz and Seville, have a PP>0.95. In women, only 22 municipalities have an RRS>1, although only 5 have a PP≥0.80 (one in Cadiz and 4 in Malaga) and none have PP>0.95. ConclusionsOur findings help identify high-risk areas to guide lung cancer mortality control efforts.

Spatial Distribution Pattern of Village Development Index in Karawang Regency Using Spatial Autocorrelation Approach

Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung Metropolitan areas experiencing the phenomenon of urban expansion which has caused both metropolitan areas to be more connected and become a mega-urban area by a corridor through a conurbation process. Karawang regency is part of the region in the Jakarta-Bandung corridor. The increasing number of population in the region will encourage the addition of number and types of public facilities. The objectives of this study were to analyze the regional development and spatial distribution pattern of the Village Development Index/ Indeks Perkembangan Desa (IPD) in Karawang regency. Regional development was analyzed using scalogram analysis, while spatial distribution pattern of the IPD was analyzed using Global and Local Moran Index. Regional development analysis shows the distribution of the IPD in 2014 has increased from 2003. Analysis of spatial distribution pattern of IPD values from 2003 and 2014 shows the clustered distribution patterns in some sub-districts.