Local Microorganisms Research Articles

Identification of fermentative bacteria on local microorganisms of golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822)

Abstract. Retnowati Y, Katili AS. 2021. Identification of fermentative bacteria on local microorganisms of golden snail (Pomacea canaliculate Lamarck, 1822). Biodiversitas 22: 778-784. Local Microorganisms (LMo) is a fermented liquid containing various microorganisms that potentially act as decomposers and bio-fertilizer. P. canaliculata is one of the rice pests that is a basic ingredient of LMo because of its high protein content. The objective of this study was to determine the types of fermentative bacteria on Local Microorganisms of P. canaliculata. The fermentation of LMo was conducted for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. Microbial population was determined at 7-day intervals based on the TPC method. Characterization and identification based on polyphasic taxonomy including macroscopic and microscopic morphological characters., Molecular identification was based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that LMo of P. canaliculata had a low degree of acidity and tended to decrease during the incubation period, from pH 5.3 to 4.0. Bacterial population tends to increase at 0-14 fermentation days and decreases after 21 days. The isolation results showed that the 3 bacterial isolates namely BFPc-01, BFPc-02, and BFPc-03 were isolated based on morphological differences. The morphological characters of BFPc-01 was milky white color colony, Gram-negative, coccus; BFPc-02 isolate was pink, colony color, Gram-negative, coccus; and BFPc-03 isolate was yellow color colony, bacillus, Gram-positive. The results of molecular characterization based on the 16s rRNA gene sequence showed that BFPc-01 isolate similar to Klebsiella pneumoniae MT604895.1 (99.04%), BFPc-02 isolate closely related to Serratia sp. (100%), and BFPc-03 isolate similar to Microbacterium sp. (100%).

The Effect of Local Microorganism (Mol) as Liquid Organic Fertilizer to the Growth of Ipomea reptans Poir

This research aim to determine the effect of Mol of Chinese cabbage and cabbage to the growth of Ipomoea reptans Poir. The methods used was Randomized Complete Design consist of 4 treatments and 6 repetitions; P0: 0% Mol, P1: 5% Mol, P2: 10% Mol, and P3 15% Mol. The Data were analyzed used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test for differences among treatments‘means. The observations on Mol consist of pH, number of bacteria and number of fungi and the growth of Ipomoea reptans Poir. The result showed that the treatment P3 15% Mol gives effect on number of leaves, dry weight, shoot dry weight dan soil pH, but there’s no significant effect on height plant, wet weight, root dry weight, ratio of shoot and root, also to number of bacteria, number of fungi and pH of Mol. However, Mol of Chinese cabbage dan cabbage can be a fertilizer to growth of Ipomoea reptans Poir.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair dengan Konsentrasi Urin dan MOL Berbeda terhadap Produksi Rumput Gajah Mini (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott)

Liquid organic fertilizer with the right concentration is expected to be a source of nutrients for the growth of mini elephant grass. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer with different concentrations of urine and Local Microorganism (LMO) on the production of mini elephant grass. The research method used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and each treatment consisted of 3 groups as replications. The treatments used were liquid organic fertilizer, with concentrations of P0 (as a control), P1 (100 % urine, 0 % LMO), P2 (90 % urine, 10 % LMO) and P3 (85 % urine, 15 % LMO). The results showed that liquid organic fertilizer with different concentrations of urine and MOL had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and production of fresh weight (g/clump). The liquid organic fertilizer with different urine and MOL concentrations has no significant effect on the growth and production of mini elephant grass.

Improving inorganic nitrogen in soil and nutrient density of edamame bean in three consecutive summers by utilizing a locally sourced bio-inocula

Soil microbial communities are key players in the development of sustainable food production systems. These soil microbes are responsible for macronutrient and micronutrient mineralization and solubilization in soil. Local effective microorganisms (LEM) are a locally sourced bio-inoculate, made from a fermented mixture of actively decomposing forest litter and a nutrient rich growing media containing carbohydrate, milk, and water. It can be made on farm and have a suite of bacterial communities that includes phototrophic bacteria, phosphorous-solubilizers, ammonia-oxidizers, nitrogen fixers, and actinomycetes. The goal of our research was to (a) investigate microbial diversity in LEM and F-LEM bio-inocula; (b) identify bacterial and archaeal communities in soil after bio-inoculation with LEM, F-LEM, or Control; (c) assess inorganic nitrogen in the soil; and (d) evaluate Ca, Mg, K, and Zn nutrient density in edamame bean (Glycine max) grown with composted broiler litter inoculated with LEM, F-LEM, or Water (Control). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications on twelve, 18 m2 organically managed plots. Results of microbial characterization indicated greater biodiversity of functional groups in the LEM inoculum. Inorganic N was significantly greater in LEM plots compared to Control in second (2016) and third (2017) years of the study. Biofortification of calcium, magnesium, and zinc density of LEM grown edamame was significantly greater compared to both Control and False-LEM grown edamame (*P < 0.05).

Response of Soil and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on the Application of Several Local Microorganism and Manures

&#x0D; Introduction: This research was conducted to determine the effect of several types of local microorganism solutions and manures on the growth and yield of peanut and their impact on the physical properties of ultisols.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The researches was conducted in Simalingkar B, Medan using Factorial Randomized Block Design within three replications. The first factor was types of microbe sources of local microbial solutions, include un-treated waste (M0), pineapple (M1), orange (M2), and tamarillo (M3) wastes. The second factor was manure types, inluce un-treated manure (P0), chicken (P1), cow (P2), and goat (P3) manures. The parameters were: soil physical characteristics (bulk density, water content and total of pore space), plant height, stem diameter, number of pods, and dry seeds yield.&#x0D; Results: The types of local microorganism solutions only affect to plant height of peanut, but has insignificant effect on the physical properties of ultisols, and stem diameter, the number of filled pods.plant-1, and the dry seeds yield.ha-1 of peanut. The types of manure had significantly effected on plant height and number of filled pods.plant-1, but had insignificant effect on stem diameter, dry seeds yield.ha-1 and the physical properties of ultisols. The interaction of MOL sources and manure did not significantly affect the growth and yield of peanut as well as the physical properties of ultisols. Orange MOL and chicken manure could be increase the plant height of peanut by 18.61% and 6.75%, respectively, compared to un-treated. Goat manure showed the highest number of pods.plant-1 by 6.32% compared to un-treated.&#x0D;

The utilization of agricultural and livestock waste and the effect on new rice varieties yield on rainfed rice land of Ponjong - Gunungkidul

It is believed that environmentally friendly management of agricultural land through the use of liquid and fermented organic microorganisms can preserve soil fertility, increase the soil microbial population, preserve the environment, as well as increase soil productivity. This research aims to determine the application of various local microorganisms (LMO) to the growth and yield of new rice varieties on the rainfed land of Ponjong-Gunungkidul. Furthermore, it was conducted from February to May 2017, and used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications and 6 different treatments, namely: M1 = Local Microorganisms of vegetable waste, M2=Local Microorganisms of fruit waste, M3= Local Microorganisms from banana weevils, M4= Local Microorganisms from urine and cow manure, M5 = Local Microorganisms from Gliricidia sp leaves, M6=A mixture of the five local microorganisms ingredients. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizers produced from agricultural and livestock waste and liquid microorganisms was able to increase the total number of the microbial population about seven times on M6 treatment compare to M1 treatment, while the Nitrogen fixation bacteria population and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased about six and three times, respectively on the soil rhizosphere. The harvested dry grain yield of the variety Inpari 33 (7.78 tons ha-1) showed a higher yield than that of Inpari Sidenuk and Inpari 19, namely 6.93 tons. ha-1 or 7.13 tons ha. The observation of growth and yield components revealed that the number of tillers, the number of filled grains per panicle, the weight of 1000 grains, and plant biomass showed a significant result and higher differences of Inpari 33 variety than the other 2 varieties used in this research by applying a mixture of five agricultural and livestock wastes ingredients (M6)

AWWA Water Science Author Spotlight

<i>AWWA Water Science</i> Author Spotlight

Gyrotactic microorganism and bio-convection during flow of Prandtl-Eyring nanomaterial

Abstract Our main intension behind this work is to investigate Prandtl-Eyring nanomaterial in presence of gyrotactic microorganisms. Flow is generated via stretching sheet and is subject to melting heat effect. Radiation and dissipation are addressed. Entropy rate is also reported. Nanofluid effects are explored through Buongiorno model for nanofluid by considering Brownian motion and thermophoresis impacts. Problem related modelling is done by obtaining PDEs and these PDEs are then transmitted into ODEs by using appropriate similarity variables. Homotopic technique has been employed to obtain a convergent series solution of the considered problem. Graphical results have been presented to investigate the impact of different prominent variables over fluid velocity, temperature distribution, nanofluid concentration and on microorganism concentration. Entropy analysis has been discussed and the physical quantities such as surface drag force, Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and microorganism density number for the current problem is obtained. Velocity boost against higher melting and fluid parameters. Temperature of the fluid reduces with an increment in melting and radiation parameters while it intensifies through Prandtl and Eckert number, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Decay in concentration is noticed against higher values of melting and thermophoresis parameters while it increases for higher Schmidt number and Brownian motion parameter. Microorganism field boosts with higher values of Peclet number and microorganism concentration difference parameter. Moreover entropy generation rate intensifies against higher radiation parameter and Brickman number.

Effect of Various Doses of Local Microorganism Additives on Silage Physical Quality of Corn (Zea mays L.) Waste

Effect of Various Doses of Local Microorganism Additives on Silage Physical Quality of Corn (Zea mays L.) Waste

EFEKTIFITAS FORMULASI CAIR KONSORSIUM BAKTERI SEBAGAI PENGENDALI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT PADA PADI SAWAH ORGANIK

One of the obstacles in increasing organic rice production in Indonesia is decreased land productivity and the attack of armyworm pests (Spodoptera litura F.) which is one of the main pests in rice plants.   The attack of Spodoptera litura can cause 20-80% damage, if not controlled, it can cause crop failure.  Meanwhile, one of the most dangerous diseases in rice is blast disease caused by the fungus Pirycularia oryzae. Blast disease can attack the leaves, stems, panicles, and grain, but is common in the leaves and on the neck of the panicles with a level of attack until the crop fails. Therefore, in the development of organic rice, the use of local microorganisms (MOL) as biological agents is an alternative that needs to be developed. The research objective was to determine the effectiveness of the liquid formulation of a bacterial consortium from banana stem bud (LMO) as a biological agent of Spodoptera. litura and blast disease caused by Pirycularia oryzae.  The consortium bacteria were Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579,  Bacillus subtillis subsp.subtilis strain 168 and Bacillus siamensis strain KCTC13613, Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The research was conducted in certified organic farmer group rice fields, from February to August 2020. The study used a randomized block design with 8 treatments, namely A = coconut water + molases + CMC + Arginine, B = coconut water + molases + CMC + Arginine + VCO, C = Soybean soaking water + molases + CMC + Arginine, D = Soybean soaking water + Molases + CMC + Arginine + VCO, E = Soybean boiled water + Molases + CMC + Arginine, F = Soybean boiled water + Molases + CMC + Arginine + VCO, G = Liquid Nutrient Broth (NB), H. Without treatment. The results showed that 7 forms of liquid formulations were tested to be effective for controlling Spodoptera litura and leaf blast disease with the criteria of being effective and very effective.

PEMBUATAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH (ZPT) ORGANIK CAIR PADA KELOMPOK TANI TELADAN KECAMATAN SUMBERJAMBE, KABUPATEN JEMBER, JAWA TIMUR

Some organic ingredients are known to contain nutrients and natural plant growth regulators (PGR), such as coconut water, young corn, sprouts, banana weevil, bamboo shoots. These materials are also a substrate for multiplying local microorganisms that are good for the soil. Therefore, the purpose of community service activities in the Exemplary Farmers Group, Sumberjambe Jember is to introduce, improve skills and implement local microorganism fermentation technologies (bioactivators) using organic materials that contain natural plant growth regulators. This activity uses direct methods and practices for making natural PGR. The results achieved based on the indicators of the implementation of this training include the response of the attendance of the training participants attended by 30 people or 100% invited to attend the training event. In addition, during the extraction and fermentation activities of organic materials, it was seen that participants knew the sequence of procedures for making Natural PGR from the results of discussions and questions and answers. In addition, a quantitative assessment of the success of the briefing activity was carried out through pre-test and post-test. The results obtained in the initial test mean the understanding of natural PGR is 25, while the post-test mean score after implementation is 75. Based on the pre-test and post-test results, there is a significant increase in participants' knowledge about organic growth regulators . These results can also indicate that this activity is able to increase participants' knowledge. In practice about 80% of participants have been able to extract and mix ingredients for the fermentation process. The indicator of success is evident from the well-fermented natural PGR material which is characterized by a brown color and acidic odor resembling tapai.

Exploration of Local Microorganisms from Rumen and Their Potential to Make Silage from Agricultural Waste

Agricultural wastes are very diverse in type and have low nutrient values, especially in lignin and cellulose, which are difficult to digest. One way of overcoming this problem is by biological treatment using microorganisms, also known as silage. The availability of bio-activators that are both cost-efficient and easy to make further suggests that using local microorganisms may be an effective possible solution. This study focused on processing food crop waste (corn leaves) into silage using local microorganisms as the bio-activators. Research took place in the Agrotechnology Laboratory, University of Jember. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments: Treatment 1 (rumen), Treatment 2 (rumen + banana humps), Treatment 3 (rumen + petung bamboo shoots), and Treatment 4 (rumen + gamal leaves). The parameters tested were local microorganism quality (pH, total microbial, and organoleptic) and silage quality (nutrient composition, pH, and organoleptic). After three weeks, the organoleptic local microorganism test results in all treatments showed clear colors, an acidic aroma, small number of fungi, and normal pH (3–5). In terms of silage quality, the resulting local microorganisms could be used as a bio-activator in the silage fermentation process, with the maturity level indicated by a color change (green to brownish green), sweet and acidic aroma, softer tape and texture, and pH of 4–6. The proximate test results of this silage feed showed better nutrient content in the addition of formulations in the manufacture of local microorganisms. Petung bamboo shoots, gamal leaves, and banana humps can increase the nutrient content, mainly the protein. We therefore conclude that local microorganisms from the rumen and local materials can be used as activator materials in making silage from corn leaves with an increase in the value of waste nutrients.

Uji Lanjutan Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri pada Bioaktivator dari Limbah Bonggol Pisang (MOL) dalam Proses Pengomposan Sampah Organik Rumah Tangga

One of the factors of plant fertility is influenced by the addition of compost which contains bioactivators. One of the bioactivators that can be used in the composting process traditionally is using MOL (Local Microorganisms). MOL from banana stem is an alternative material that can be used as a starter in the composting process. This study aims to isolate and identify N-fixing bacteria and phosphate solvents that work in the composting process of household organic waste using banana steam waste as MOL for bioactivators. This research is experimental. The making sample of MOL and the process of bacterial isolation were carried out in the STTL Mataram Laboratory, then identification of the type of bacteria was carried out at The Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan dan Kalibrasi. The results showed that the bacteria identified in the MOL sample were Pseudomonas sp. and Citrobacter freundii.

Thermosolutal Marangoni Impact on Bioconvection in Suspension of Gyrotactic Microorganisms Over an Inclined Stretching Sheet

Abstract Microorganism cells movement in the fluid is universal and affects many ecological and biological processes, including infection, reproduction, and marine life ecosystem. There are many biological and medical applications that require an understanding of the transport process in nanofluids containing a suspension of microorganism. The present problem deals with the bioconvection of Casson nanofluid containing a suspension of motile gyrotactic microorganisms over an inclined stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and chemical reaction and magnetic field. At the surface, the influence of the thermosolutal Marangoni convection and suction/injection impact are considered. The governing equations are solved numerically by using fourth-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with shooting technique. The impact of the major pertinent parameters on the velocity, temperature, nanoparticles concentration, and density of the motile microorganism is illustrated graphically. Finally, the correlations of various crucial parameters on skin friction, local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and local motile microorganism density number are displayed through the graphs and tables.

Elucidation and Identification of an Antifungal Compound from Pseudomonas aeruginosa DA3.1 Isolated from Soil in Vietnam

Background: Fusarium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. fungi have been always threats to short-term crops. In Vietnam, corn and soybean suffer serious losses annually. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize an environmentally friendly antifungal compound that is highly effective against phytopathogenic fungi. Pseudomonas sp. is a popular soil bacterial strain and well known for its high antifungal activity. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate and assess the antifungal activity of a local bacterial strain namely DA3.1 that was later identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This would be strong scientific evidence to develop an environmentally friendly biocide from a local microorganism strain for commercial use. Methods: The antifungal compound was purified from ethyl acetate extraction of deproteinized cell culture broth by a silica gel column (CH2Cl2/MeOH (0% - 10% MeOH)). The purity of the isolated compound was determined by HPLC, and its molecular structure was elucidated using spectroscopic experiments including one-dimensional (1D) (1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT) and two-dimensional (2D) (HMBC and HSQC) spectra. The activity of the purified compound against Fusarium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. fungi was measured using the PDA-disk diffusion method, and its growth-promoting ability was evaluated using the seed germination test of corn and soybean. Results: The results showed that the antifungal compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DA3.1 had a retention factor (Rf) of 0.86 on thin layer chromatography (TLC). Based on the evidence of spectral data including proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), the chemical structure was elucidated as phenazine-1-carboxylic. The purified compound showed inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum and R. solani and exhibited the ability of the germination of corn and soybean seeds. The results revealed the benefit of native P. aeruginosa DA3.1 and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid for use as a biocontrol agent, as well as a plant growth promoter. Conclusions: The antifungal compound isolated from local Pseudomonas DA3.1 was identified as phenazine-1-carboxylic acid that posed high antifungal activity and was a plant germination booster.

Performance Of Local Sheep by the Application of Fermented Cassava Peel With Local Microorganism (MOL)

Cassava peel is a byproduct of the cassava processing factory. Cassava peel is very potential as an alternative feed source of energy for livestock. However, the use is not optimal because it contains anti-nutritional substances in the form of cyanide acid. Through fermentation technology, it is hoped that the anti-nutritional substances it contains can be eliminated so that the cassava peel can be utilized more optimally.This study aims to examine various doses of fermented cassava peels application with local microorganisms (MOL) on the performance of male local sheep. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), 4 treatments with 5 replications. The treatments given were P0 (ration without fermented cassava peels), P1 (25% fermented cassava peels in rations), P2 (50% fermented cassava peels in rations), and P3 (75% fermented cassava peels in rations). The parameters observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, and Income over Feed Cost (IOFC). The results showed that the application of fermented cassava peels by MOL in the ration had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on feed consumption, body weight gain, and had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on feed conversion. The IOFC average is: P0 = IDR 449,769.00, P1 = IDR 457,745.00, P2 = IDR 505,481.00, and P3 = IDR 430,404.00. The results showed that fermented cassava peel can be given to livestock up to a dose of 50% with a higher advantage compared to other treatments.

Improve Capsicum spp. Seed Quality in Seedling Using Microorganism Organic Fertilizers

This study aims to improve the seed quality in seedling using microorganism-based fertilizer. This study was conducted from July to September 2019 at Boyolali University’s greenhouse. This experiment was an arranged factorial randomized block design with three factors, which are three chili varieties (green, white, and curly chili) and three kinds of organic fertilizers (microalgae, effective microorganisms, and local microorganisms). Then the plants observed five times. Parameters observed are the living plant number, leaves’ number, and plant height. The results show that there was no significant difference in living plant numbers among all the treatments. The significant differences appear in the number of leaves and plant height. The significant difference indicated that the difference influenced by the plant type not because of the application of the fertilizer.

OPTIMASI PENGKOMPOSAN LIMBAH SAYURAN PASAR MINGGU SEBAGAI SUMBER PUPUK ORGANIK

Jakarta produces garbage around 6000-6500 tons consisting of organic and non organic waste. The percentage of organic waste arround 55% of the total waste. Composting using local microorganism as activator is expected to reduce waste volume. The purpose of this research is to analyze kind of local microorganism to acceleratethe decomposition of organic matter of vegetable waste; analyzing local microorganism concentration on accelerate of decomposition of organic matter of vegetable waste; analyzed the interaction between type of local microorganism and concentration of local microorganismon the acceleration of decomposition of organic matter. The experiments were arranged in a Factorial Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), which consisted of three typesof local microorganism (Tape, snail and banana) withthree level concentration (450 ML, 600 ML, 750 ML) treated divided into three blocks as replicates. The results showed that: The highest temperature (35.5oC) was in the 12th day, the composting process was not achieved thermophilic temperature. Local microorganism from banana culm at 450 ML dosage accelerated the weight loss of organic matter (17.69%), the most refined texture, highest phosphorus (0.49%) and potassium (1.47%) higher than the other treatments. Banana local microorganism spinach at a dose of 600 ML showed the highest levels of calcium (1.28%), carbon content (12.45%), magnesium (1.30%) and reduced C/N ratio to lowest 6.03 compared with the other treatments. Banana local microorganism at 750 ML doseshowed a darker compost color (dark brown).

The effect of slope level and hydroseeding formula on the growth of Cyperus brevifolius and Pueraria javanica seedlings

Abstract. Zairina A, Mondiana YQ. 2020. The effect of slope level and hydroseeding formula on the growth of Cyperus brevifolius and Pueraria javanica seedlings. Biodiversitas 21: 5008-5012. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the slope level on the growth of green kyllinga (Cyperus brevifolius) and puero (Pueraria javanica) seedling in a hydroseeding formula. The hydroseeding mixture consists of plant seeds, compost, soil conditioner, manure, and water. In addition, to all hydroseeding compositions, guar gum and a local microorganism mix were mixed until colloidal mulch was obtained. This study applied factorial design with slope level dan hydroseeding treatment as independent variables, while seed height, number of shoots, and number of leaves were the dependent variables. Data were replicated four times. The hydroseeding formula had a significant effect on all variables, except for the height of C. brevifolius seedlings. There was a significant interaction effect between the slope level and hydroseeding treatment on the germination rate of both species but the effect of this interaction was not significant on plant height and leaf number. The best germination rates were found in boxes with a slope of 100%. This situation was consistent for both species. This indicated that both species had the potential to be used as pioneer plants in post-landslide reclamation with a slope of 100%.

Application of various types of local microorganisms to the growth and production of two rice varieties

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of application of various types of local microorganisms (LM) to the growth and production of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. The experiment was conducted in the form of a 2-factor factorial design trial in the Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the variety, namely: Variety Mira-1 and Diah Suci. The second factor was 6 types of LM, namely: LM of gamal leaf, LM of vegetable waste, LM of fruit waste, LM of banana suckers, LM of cow urine and a mixture of those five LM ingredients; Therefore, there were 12 treatment combinations. The results showed that the Diah Suci variety gave higher yields than the Mira-1 variety on plant height, panicle length, number of grains, percentage of grain filled per panicle, 1000 grain weight, and grain production per hectare (11.42 tons/ha) The application of a mixture of the five types of LM resulted in a shorter flowering age of 66.33 HST, and a shorter harvest age of 102.33 HST. There are no results that indicate interactions between varieties and types of LM.