Local Microclimate Research Articles

The Possibilities of the Actual Orientation of the Green Building in Iraq

This research covers the zone between Iraq and Iran. The first investigated region is the 'Mesopotamian Marshes' or Iraqi-Iran Marshes, it's a wetland zone located in southern Iraq and partly in southwestern Iran. The other region is a desert district which includes a prominent part of the southern and western parts of Iraq and part of Iran. The last is the center city of Basra. The building materials were the most important building element that affected the conformation of vernacular habitats In this study, we needed to focus on the effects of ecological and energy-efficiency processes in creating vernacular habitats and the selection of optimal building systems and materials in this part of the world which can be an essential point for sustainable environmental building processes in the future. Reeds, clay, straw, bricks, and wood were the most popular building materials used by builders from this region. The impact of building material on the environment embodies the essential method implicitly significant in this research to effectively determine traditional building materials in the environment in addition to comparative analysis which presents an essential factor of our analysis in addition to the impact of environments on building systems. The main target of this study is to benefit designers and building engineers in their pursuit to find optimal and competent solutions suitable for specific local microclimates using traditional methods in the design process that are sustainable and ecological.

Linkages between urban growth and land surface temperature variations in the Seoul metropolitan area: A spatial first-order difference approach

This study investigates the effects of urban development and expansion on Land Surface Temperature (LST) changes from 2000 to 2018, using the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) as a case study area. Along with descriptive analysis, this study uses a spatial first-order difference model to statistically analyze the longitudinal relationship between land use features and LST, including impervious surface (IS), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), anthropogenic factors, and urban spatial and topographical factors as well as urban development types as influential factors on LST variations. Our findings support prior research indicating the cooling effects of vegetation and warming effects of imperviousness. We also found a positive association between detached housing units, manufacturing activities and LST changes and a negative relationship between apartment units, urban parks, service activities and LST changes. More importantly, substantial LST reduction was found in the large-scale high-rise apartment complexes redeveloped from the low-rise, detached housing sites in inner-city infill areas, contrasting with significant LST rise in the suburban new town development. We suggest redevelopment of inner-city low-rise compact areas into high-rise but greener blocks as a LST mitigation strategy, equipped with cooling strategies such as green infrastructure and climate-sensitive design considering local microclimate and natural ventilation.

Urban microclimate differences in continental zone of China

In modern cities, the block geometry and land cover feature directly affect the heat transfer between ground surface and atmosphere, resulting in significant differences of local microclimate. Clarifying this difference will help to accurately predict regional building energy demand and optimize regional layout design. However, existing microclimate research mainly focuses on tropical, arid, and temperate climate regions, leaving continental areas virtually unexplored. To address this problem and clarify the interactions of the urban blocks and microclimate, the combination of the local climate zone (LCZ) scheme and fixed-point weather station monitoring is employed to investigate the variation characteristics of the thermal and humidity conditions of typical urban blocks in continental zone of China. Firstly, sixty-seven typical urban blocks with self-built, national and regional meteorological stations are selected as the object of study, and classified into twelve LCZ categories, according to their inherent features. Secondly, the spatial and temporal variation patterns of the thermal environment indexes of the twelve LCZ types are analyzed and compared. Additionally, correlation analyses and regression fittings are performed between the thermal environment indexes and the urban morphological parameters. The results indicate significant differences in thermal environment indexes among different LCZ types. The mean temperature of built types is 0.72 °C higher than land cover types. The temperature and humidity exhibit a parabolic relationship with height of roughness elements and building surface fraction respectively, while the humidity has strong negatively correlations with the impervious surface fraction and the height of roughness elements.

Effects of Climatic Variations and Changing Land Use/Land Cover on Flooding in Southern Nigeria

The prevalence of flooding in Nigeria in the past few years (with its devastating consequences) has become a source of concern for policymakers and researchers alike. Scholars have attributed the high frequency of flooding, particularly in the southern region of Nigeria, to several factors; climatic variation and land use/land cover changes are themes that fall under the domain of natural and anthropogenic causes of flooding, respectively. This study examined climatic variations and changing land use/land cover in southern Nigeria with the view of determining their synergistic effects on flooding. We adopted a mixed approach for data collection with the use of Geographic Information System (GIS), retrieval of primary data from meteorological stations in the region, and field surveys. Findings show a significant decrease in rural land uses like arable lands, wetlands, and undisturbed forests; while there was a corresponding increase in urban/peri-urban land uses like settlements and tree-crop plantations over the period from 1999 to 2019. The land use/land cover changes have manifested in the destabilization of the microclimate, distortion of the carbon circle, loss of biodiversity, reduction of ecosystem services of the natural areas, and flooding. The decadal rainfall trends over the past three decades show consistent extremities with mean rainfall duration decreasing while the mean intensity increases; aggravating soil erosion, urban runoff challenges, and flooding. Climatic variations (mainly extreme rainfall patterns) synergize with inefficient land use management to exacerbate flooding in southern Nigeria. While policymakers in this region may not have the standalone capacity to significantly control climate change and the consequential variations in the local microclimate, they can re engineer land use policies to eliminate or substantially degrade anthropogenic factors that exacerbate flooding.

Application of DIY Electrodermal Activity Wristband in Detecting Stress and Affective Responses of Students.

This paper describes the analysis of electrodermal activity (EDA) in the context of students' scholastic activity. Taking a multidisciplinary, citizen science and maker-centric approach, low-cost, bespoken wearables, such as a mini weather station and biometric wristband, were built. To investigate both physical health as well as stress, the instruments were first validated against research grade devices. Following this, a research experiment was created and conducted in the context of students' scholastic activity. Data from this experiment were used to train machine learning models, which were then applied to interpret the relationships between the environment, health, and stress. It is hoped that analyses of EDA data will further strengthen the emerging model describing the intersections between local microclimate and physiological and neurological stress. The results suggest that temperature and air quality play an important role in students' physiological well-being, thus demonstrating the feasibility of understanding the extent of the effects of various microclimatic factors. This highlights the importance of thermal comfort and air ventilation in real-life applications to improve students' well-being. We envision our work making a significant impact by showcasing the effectiveness and feasibility of inexpensive, self-designed wearable devices for tracking microclimate and electrodermal activity (EDA). The affordability of these wearables holds promising implications for scalability and encourages crowd-sourced citizen science in the relatively unexplored domain of microclimate's influence on well-being. Embracing citizen science can then democratize learning and expedite rapid research advancements.

Effects of solar radiation and tree planting on photochemical reaction kinetics in urban street canyon

The investigation of the impact of tree planting on photochemical reaction kinetics and dispersion characteristics of reactive pollutants in street canyons under actual solar radiation remains a pertinent subject for research. The numerical models were employed and validated through wind-tunnel experiments to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of tree planting (LAD = 4.77) on turbulent flow, heat transfer, and NOx-O3 photochemical reaction in urban street canyons. The effects of solar radiation at three local solar times (LST0900, LST1200 and LST1500) and three background O3 concentrations (20 ppb, 100 ppb and 200 ppb) were considered. The ozone depletion rate (dO3) was defined to measure the photochemical reaction equilibrium. The results show that the presence of trees can offset the impact of varying LST solar radiation and promote greater stability in flow structures within street canyons. Specifically, a stable clockwise main vortex is observed in the upper part, while multiple smaller vortices form more regularly in the lower part. Compared with no trees, planting trees can effectively reduce the temperature by about 5 K in the lower part of street canyon through the shading and transpiration cooling effects. In conjunction with its dynamic effects, the tree planting can also effectively reduce the average concentration of pollutants before the reaction. It results in a predominant accumulation of NOx near the pollution source at the bottom center, thereby mitigating their detrimental impacts on both windward and leeward sides. Additionally, under the same background O3 concentration, tree planting can also influence the equilibrium process of photochemical reactions and enhance their reverse reaction leading to ozone depletion. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of tree greening on the local microclimate within urban street canyons.

A Comprehensive Study on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Arid Urban Environments through Microclimatic Analysis of Urban Density

Rapid urbanization across hot arid environments transforms local microclimates, yet linkages between density, layout, and outdoor thermal comfort remain inadequately characterized. This study investigates these correlations in the desert city of Biskra, Algeria. We conducted extensive in-situ measurement campaigns during peak summer and winter periods across six neighborhoods spanning low to high-rise density fabrics. We captured air temperature, humidity, and wind velocity to enable thermal comfort assessment via the Effective Temperature (ET) and Equivalent Temperature (TEK) stress indices. Index sensitivity to density metrics from 23–86% was explored through One-Variable-At-A-Time (OVAT) analysis. Results show marked summer comfort deterioration with rising density due to constrained ventilation. However, higher densities demonstrate superior winter warmth through wind blocking despite reduced sunlight exposure. Sharp nonlinear differences emerge between seasons. Precision density thresholds prove difficult to define conclusively given typological diversities. However, indicative ranges tied to hazards are identified, providing guidelines for informed climatic adaptation. This research delivers vital evidence to advance bioclimatic strategies for enhancing habitability amidst urban expansion across delicate hot deserts.

Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water

Urban trees are an integral part of sustainable cities. They regulate the local microclimate and enhance the urban water cycle. Increasing periods of drought can impair urban trees by affecting their water uptake, transpiration and growth patterns. In this study, we used a multi-proxy approach to assess how non-irrigated urban trees react to changing water supply throughout the full vegetative period of 2022 including a major drought in Berlin, Germany. Our work focused on individual mature trees in an urban green space; examining daily mean in-situ isotopes in plant xylem water (δxyl) while also monitoring vegetation dynamics via sap flow, stem increments, LAI, as well as groundwater, and soil moisture at different depths. The monitoring period was characterised by a spring with average precipitation inputs, followed by an extremely dry period from July until mid-August, then a gradual rewetting from the end of August until October. At the beginning of the growing period, changes in the ecohydrological dynamics of the investigated maple and birch trees were high with increases in stem size and LAI, but also decreasing soil moisture. In spring, δxyl signatures were high in both trees, with the effect more marked in the maple hinting at a dependence of δxyl on species specific-storage effects and a distinct start of transpiration. During summer, drought stress was apparent in the ecohydrological fluxes of the monitored trees in the reduction of stem growth, LAI, midday water potential and soil moisture. Yet sap flow rates were relatively stable and tree transpiration maintained. We noted a midsummer enrichment of δxyl in both species. Most importantly, the measured δxyl signatures were isotopically in the range of deep soil waters and groundwater implying that deeper sources were sustaining the trees’ water supply during the drought. We also detected fractionation of δxyl, which is possibly induced by heterogenous water uptake strategies and biochemical processes in the tree xylem, including CH4 transport. Our results suggest that urban trees rely on deep water supply and internal storage during drought. We conclude urban trees and shrubs with shallow root development would be more vulnerable to dry summers with a particular threat during future accelerated summer droughts combined with insufficient autumn rewetting causing deep soil layers to dry out.

Evaluation and correction of wind energy forecast in Yangjiang

Wind power generation is one of the most promising new energy sources. It is important to study effective short-term wind speed forecasting methods. In this paper, the CMA-GD model is applied to forecast the wind speed over South China in four typical months (January, April, August, and October) in 2022. Taking Longyue Wind Farm in Yangjiang as an example, the simulated wind speed and wind direction are evaluated based on the observation of this station at four heights (10 m, 30 m, 50 m, and 70 m). The results show that the CMA-GD model has a good effect on forecasting the next day’s 24 h wind speed of Longyue Wind Farm. Overall, the correlation coefficients (R) between forecast and observation are 0.77-0.81, and the root-mean-square errors (RMSE) are 1.80-2.08 m·s-1. With the increase in altitude, the simulation effect is a little better. For different months, the R is as follows: October>August>April>January, and the RMSE and mean absolute error (MAE) are as follows: October>January>August>April. For diurnal variation, the wind speed simulation effect in the night is better than that in the day. Due to the influence of the subtropical monsoon climate and local mountain microclimate in April and August, there are some deviations in the wind speed simulation during 4-8 p.m. The difference in wind direction between forecast and observation are as follows: August<January<October<April, the average wind direction differences are between 2-17°, with little difference in the vertical direction. After the forecast wind speed is corrected by the random forest (RF) algorithm, the R of wind speed at each height is 0.92, and RMSEs are 1.07-1.27 m·s-1. The revised wind speed forecast has the same diurnal variation characteristics as the observation, indicating that the random forest algorithm can effectively reduce the model forecast error.

The Analysis of Lawn Rebate Programs and Drought Tolerant Lawn Recommendations in California

California faces persistent cyclical droughts that are expected to worsen due to climate change. The state currently operates in an overall annual water deficit, and projections suggest a 10% reduction in water availability by 2040. To combat these water shortages, Governor Newsom's administration has unveiled a water supply strategy with substantial investments in water conservation policies, including rebate initiatives to encourage residents to replace lawns with drought-tolerant (DT) plants and non-living hardscapes. However, questions have arisen about the overall effectiveness and environmental impact of these costly programs. This study delves into the potential consequences of replacing living lawns with non-living hardscapes, specifically whether it might elevate local microclimate temperatures, akin to urban heat islands (UHI) caused by the substitution of natural land cover with man-made, impermeable surfaces. The research examines existing rebate programs across the state, assessing their reimbursement structures and variations. Surface temperatures of commonly recommended lawn alternatives are measured and compared, including comparisons between different alternatives and drought-tolerant ground cover plants. Additionally, the study includes an experiment involving a drought-tolerant ground cover seed mix to replace a traditional lawn. The findings indicate that hardscape lawn alternatives generate significantly higher temperatures than any of the drought-tolerant ground cover plants analyzed. Furthermore, there is notable temperature variability among the hardscapes studied. Consequently, this paper proposes modifications to the existing rebate programs and emphasizes the importance of ensuring that environmental solutions introduced to address one issue do not inadvertently exacerbate related problems.

Regime shift of the leading mode of winter surface wind speed in northwest China in 2003/04 and its possible link with Barents–Kara sea ice

AbstractUsing the ERA‐5 reanalysis datasets, NCEP/NCAR sea ice concentration (SIC) and observed winter surface wind speed (WSWS) in northwest China during 1979–2020, this study examined the regime shift of the leading mode of observed WSWS in northwest China and investigated its possible link with the winter Barents–Kara Sea (BKS) SIC. The leading mode of observed WSWS in northwest China showed negative anomalies in southern and northeastern Xinjiang, Gansu, western and northern Shaanxi Provinces, and positive anomalies in northwestern and middle Xinjiang, Qinghai and Ningxia Provinces. The signs of WSWS in the leading mode is generally opposite to their trends during 1979–2020. Leading principal component (PC1) of observed WSWS in northwest China underwent an obvious decreasing regime shift in 2003/04, as well as the winter BKS SIC. There are significant correlations between PC1 and BKS SIC on both interdecadal and interannual timescales. Decadal decrease of BKS SIC is accompanied with a positive phase of Scandinavia pattern (SP) with positive anomalies of 500‐hPa geopotential height over subtropical North Atlantic, Arctic‐Ural region and southern Asia, and negative anomalies over northern North Atlantic‐West Europe and Siberia regions. BKS SIC and SP significantly influenced the Northern China Wind Index (NCWI) at 200 hPa on interdecadal timescale, which was related to the PC1 on both interdecadal and interannual timescales after removing the signal of Arctic Oscillation. Meridional configuration of Siberian cyclonic anomaly and southern Asian anticyclonic anomaly associated with the winter BKS SIC could enhance the intensity of NCWI, which favoured the increase of observed WSWS in northwest China and thereby may contribute to the regime shift in 2003/04 of the leading mode. However, there were still some stations showing decreasing regime shift, which mainly located at the region of steeping terrain. These decreasing changes of WSWS may be related to circumfluence effect of terrain, urbanization and local microclimate, and these reasons still need further detailed study.

Contrasting Responses of Land Surface Temperature and Soil Temperature to Forest Expansion During the Dormant Season on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

AbstractAs one of the important ecological responses of ecosystem to global climate change, forest expansion can alter land surface energy budget and local microclimate. Land surface temperature (LST) and soil temperature (ST) indicate the above‐ and below‐ground thermal state, respectively. However, the lack of studies on the relationships between LST and ST changes after forest expansion hinders our understanding of the vegetation‐microclimate interactions, especially during the dormant season. We quantified the change of LST (∆LST) and ST (∆ST) after forest expansion in the dormant season on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), and then explored their differences and linkages. The results showed that forest expansion significantly decreased LST by 0.75 ± 0.20°C, while significantly increased ST in three layers (0–7, 7–28, and 28–100 cm) by 0.31 ± 0.06, 0.29 ± 0.05, and 0.20 ± 0.04°C, respectively. The decreased LST was conducive to the preservation of snow, leading to larger snow depth, larger fractional snow cover and more snow cover days in forests than grasslands, which further promoted the increased ST through enhanced thermal insulation. Furthermore, it is suggested that the cooling impact of forest expansion on LST and warming impact on ST would both be stronger at humid sites than at dry sites. These findings will contribute to understand the vegetation‐microclimate‐snow interactions and the decoupling phenomenon between LST and ST in the dormant season influenced by vegetation change.

Development of Microclimate Data Recorder on Coffee-Pine Agroforestry Using LoRaWAN and IoT Technology

Microclimate monitoring in agroforestry is very important to understand the complex interactions between vegetation, soil, and the environment. Microclimate parameters include air and soil temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity. This research aims to develop a new microclimate data recording system for coffee-pine agroforestry, utilizing LoRaWAN and IoT technology to capture real-time microclimate parameters. Unlike traditional data loggers that require manual download on-site, this innovative system enables instant data download from IoT servers, thereby increasing data efficiency and accessibility. The system proved effective, significantly improving the precision of air temperature and humidity, as well as soil temperature measurements, with an average accuracy of 100%. However, soil moisture and light intensity recorded lower accuracies of 81.23% and 82.56%, respectively, indicating potential areas for future research and system refinement. The system maintains a 15-minute sampling period, aligning with conventional datalogger intervals. This represents an advancement in precision agriculture for microclimate monitoring, enabling the data to be utilized in decision-making for agroforestry management, which involves complex interactions between the local microclimate and the broader ecological system. It underscores the significance of sustainable land use as a response to global climate change.

Micro‐ and macroclimate interactively shape diversity, niches and traits of Orthoptera communities along elevational gradients

AbstractAimTemperature is one of the main drivers shaping species diversity and assembly processes. Yet, site‐specific effects of the local microclimate on species and trait compositions of insect communities have rarely been assessed along macroclimatic temperature clines.LocationBavarian Alps, Germany.MethodsBayesian joint species distribution models were applied to investigate how ecological and morphological traits drive variation in the climatic niches of 32 Orthoptera species on 93 grassland sites with contrasting microclimatic conditions along a steep elevational macroclimatic gradient in an Alpine region in Central Europe.ResultsSpecies richness and abundance decreased along the elevational macroclimatic gradient, and both benefitted from warm microclimate. Interactive effects of elevation and microclimate on the abundance were, however, species‐specific, and partly mediated by traits: Warm microclimatic conditions facilitated the occurrence of demanding xerophilic and late‐hatching species, resulting in marked community dissimilarities at mid‐elevations where colder sites harboured only a subset of the species. The latter mainly occurred at low elevations together with long‐winged species. Abundance peaks of non‐xerophilic species were further upslope when microclimate was warm. Intraspecifically, the body sizes and wing lengths of the larger females, but not the males, decreased with elevation akin the community mean, and brown colour morphs were more frequent at sites with warm microclimate.Main ConclusionsOur nuanced results reveal that trait‐dependent responses of species to microclimate play a key role in the assembly and structuring of insect communities along macroclimatic gradients. Since microclimate preferences changed with elevation, we conclude that species temperature niches are narrower than the elevational range suggests and both macro‐ and microclimatic conditions must be considered when predicting species responses to climate change. Microclimatic contrasts among sites at similar elevations enhanced species turnover mediated by moisture preferences and phenology, highlighting the importance of mountains for conservation as climatic refugia where species with diverging niches can persist in proximity.

The thermal comfort of pedestrians in a humid subtropical climate according to different thermal perception ratings.

This study aims to evaluate agreement among subjective thermal comfort, thermal sensation, thermal perception, and thermal tolerance indices, according to pedestrians in downtown Santa Maria, southern Brazil, which has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Between August 2015 and July 2016 (three periods), 1728 questionnaires were applied. Evaluation of the dependence of statistical variables was based on gender and age, at three periods of time: August 2015 (864 respondents), January 2016 (432 respondents), and July 2016 (432 respondents). Statistical evaluation was based on Pearson's chi-square test using RStudio software, and a significance level (α) of 5% for thermal comfort, thermal sensation, thermal preference, and thermal tolerance was used. Results indicated that age and gender affect the relationship between the variables. Thermal comfort and thermal tolerance presented the best correlation and coherence, regardless of age or gender. This study contributes to knowledge on the local microclimate and can contribute to urban planning to implement strategies that improve pedestrians' thermal comfort.

Heterogeneity in habitat and microclimate delay butterfly community tracking of climate change over an elevation gradient

Gradients in community diversity and composition rarely track rates of warming, prompting efforts to understand the factors causing non-equilibrium responses to climatic change and their implications for conservation. Here, we test the roles of fine-resolution habitat heterogeneity and microclimate in delaying butterfly community responses to warming over a mountain elevation gradient. We assess species diversity and Community Temperature Index (CTI) in 2004–2005 and 2017 across 120 transect sites in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain), modelling temperatures based on topography, and vegetation structure based on LiDAR. A humped elevation gradient in species diversity was maintained over time. However, diversity in the later period was more positively related to vegetation heterogeneity, and sites with reduced rates of warming and greater forest cover maintained or increased their diversity. Site CTI declines with increasing elevation, showing little evidence of systematic change over the gradient between periods, although CTI increased most in locations with the greatest rates of spring microclimatic warming. Our results show that delays in community tracking of climatic conditions could result partly from positive effects of habitat and topographic heterogeneity providing microclimatic buffering against warming to existing communities; although barriers to colonization could also delay diversity increases and community thermophilization at high elevations. We suggest that protecting and managing complex habitats with high community diversity, and identifying localized microclimates that buffer populations against negative effects of warming, are more immediate conservation priorities over elevation gradients than efforts to ensure that communities track prevailing rates of warming.

Influence of urbanization on winter surface temperatures in a topographically asymmetric Tropical City, Bhubaneswar, India

Urban areas experience significant alterations in their local surface energy balance due to changes in the thermal properties of impervious surfaces, albedo, land use, and land cover. In addition, the embedded influence of urbanization and heat-trapping in the urban canopy cause city temperature warmer compared to its surroundings peri-urban regions. However, the influence of urbanization on winter surface temperatures remains unclear. In this study, the urbanization influence on winter surface temperature in Bhubaneswar, a tropical two-tier city in India, is assessed using a high-resolution (4 km × 4 km) urban canopy model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Numerical experiments are conducted with no urban coupling (CTL) and with coupling of a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) for the winters of 2004 and 2015. The study suggests that both model simulations exhibit a similar warm bias in mean surface temperature (~ 2.2 °C), but UCM’s surface temperature better agrees with the observations compared to CTL. The warm bias in both experiments is primarily contributed by a higher nighttime warm bias (~ 3.2 °C). The study reveals that urbanization contributes to ~ 0.4 °C increase in surface temperature in 2015, especially in the eastern lowland regions of the city, while the impact is minimal in 2004. In the western region, the influence is nullified, possibly due to lower surface specific humidity affecting longwave radiation in a higher terrain setting. This study underscores the significance of terrain and local microclimate conditions in shaping winter urban surface temperatures, shedding light on the complex interplay between urbanization and climate.

Semi-embedded flexible multifunctional sensor for on-site continuous monitoring of plant microclimate

The excellent stretchability and biocompatibility of flexible sensors have inspired an emerging field of plant wearables that enable intimate contact with plants to monitor growth status and local microclimate in real-time continuously. Flexible plant wearables provide a promising platform for the development of plant phenotypes. In this work, we have fabricated several plant wearables that can harmlessly and continuously monitor leaf temperature/humidity, which are critical parameters for analyzing the physiological status and microclimate of plants. Credited to the unique semi-embedded design and the selected biocompatible materials, we achieve ultrathin sensors with a conductive layer thickness of 7 μm, exhibiting excellent electrical conductivity with 9.43 × 106 S/m, bendability and fatigue resistance with 0.99 % change rate after 10,000 cyclic bending tests, enabling on-site and non-destructive testing. These plant wearables can be used as a non-invasive, high-throughput, low-cost toolbox with excellent potential for phenotypic analysis.

PENGARUH PERAMBAHAN HUTAN TERHADAP DEBIT MATA AIR TUBAKI DALAM KAWASAN HUTAN SUAKA MARGASATWA KATERI 254 DESA WEHALI KECAMATAN MALAKA TENGAH KABUPATEN MALAKA

Kateri Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the conservation areas in East Nusa Tenggara that has beenexperiencing forest destruction and habitat degradation, caused by forest encroachment byirresponsible parties. The impact of forest destruction has implications for variousenvironmental components, ecosystems, and habitats. The loss of forest vegetation will disruptthe local microclimate and cause an increase in temperature, resulting in high evaporation, adecrease in groundwater levels, and a reduction in surface water. Areas with hilly topographyand steep slopes have minimal ground cover by vegetation. In the rainy season, water isabundant, but in the dry season, there is a shortage of water. This study aims to determine howmuch influence encroachment has on Tubaki spring discharge using quantitative methodsconducted from September to December 2022. The data collected with xxx methods The resultsof the study of Tubaki spring discharge tended to decrease due to forest encroachment thatoccurred in the area above Tubaki spring. Land cover of forest types experienced changes incover from 1999 to 2022 tends to decrease. In 1999, forest land cover amounted to 37.52% andwill reach 11.20% in 2022. The correlation coefficient between forest encroachment and springdischarge is in the strong category, and the current amount of spring discharge is 78.47%influenced by forest encroachment, while the other 21.53% is influenced by other factors thatcannot be explained in this research method.

MONITORIZAREA DINAMICII UNOR AGENŢI DE DĂUNARE DIN POMICULTURĂ ÎN CONTEXTUL SCHIMBARILOR CLIMATICE DIN ULTIMUL DECENIU

Nowadays, the average values of the main parameters of the local climate and microclimate have changed significantly compared to the pre-industrial period. The immediate consequences are quite obvious, namely: the earlier initiation of vegetation of the most fruit tree species (with about 2 weeks), the increase in the frequency of damages caused by late spring frosts, the prolongation of periods of water stress into the soil and in the atmosphere, accompanied by the blocking photosynthetic activity and increased cell respiration, increased frequency and severity of burns on fruits through the combined effect of insolation and extremely high temperatures, earlier ripening and decreased fruit firmness and acidity. Changes have become obvious in the biological cycle of pests, harmful for fruit growing, especially by the appearance of additional generations with high aggressiveness, the increase of the risk, frequency, intensity and duration of the attack of pathogens. In fruit growing, the depletion of the level and quality of the harvest is caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens (over 155; 41%), pests (over 132; 35%), viruses, viroids and mycoplasmas (over 67; 17%) and dominant mono- and dicots (over 26; 7%). In the last 20 years, technical means have appeared, which allow the monitoring the physico-chemical and humidity parameters of the soil, the local microclimate, as well as the physiological and health status of the plants. The paper presents the results obtained in the period 2018-2022 at RIFG Pitesti-Mărăcineni, in the monitoring of some harmful agents, using independent analog or digital devices, automatic or semi-automatic weather stations with software for real-time data collection and processing, forecasting and warning modules of the risk of attack. These assets allowed the highlighting of the dynamics of some of the damaging agents in fruit growing, the professional scheduling and carrying out of phytosanitary actions in bearing orchards, the reduction of the allocated resources consumption and the protection of the environment.