Local Initiatives Research Articles

Preventing perioperative infections: a call to action for anesthesiologists

Purpose of review Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most costly complications and hospital organizations are promoting multidisciplinary approaches to address this harm. Anesthesiologists are increasingly recognized as key players influencing surgical outcomes and patient safety, and play a key role in preventing SSIs. Recent findings Recent guidelines and strategies to prevent SSI are focused on the areas which anesthesiologists can impact including antimicrobial prophylaxis, proper hand hygiene, decontamination of environmental surfaces and operating room equipment coming in direct contact with patients. Summary Timely interventions, including appropriate antibiotics’ administration, practicing sterile and aseptic techniques when performing intraoperative procedures and handling medications are impactful steps in the process of improving rates of SSIs. Multidisciplinary participation in local and regional collaborative initiatives to improve adherence to best practices as well as integrated education of all the stakeholders are some of the principles of patient-centered care described in our review.

Systematic scoping review of ageing in place strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand: A comparative analysis.

Given the differing cultural contexts and service needs of older persons in the west and the east, programs or policies should be thoughtfully redesigned to accommodate these diverse societies. This paper presents a systematic scoping review of ageing in place (AIP) strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand, emphasising how they are tailored to address the unique challenges of ageing populations in Asia. A systematic literature search was conducted through seven databases. Empirical, peer-reviewed studies in English that discussed AIP-related programs or policies involving aged populations in the target countries were included. Themes were identified using the policy triangle framework, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of AIP across the countries. Three key components of AIP, place, support network and workforce, were identified from 44 included studies. Each country exhibits distinctive approaches to implementing these components. Japan has extensive AIP systems with comprehensive services and strong community and family support. Singapore offers innovative aged care with significant government involvement, though on a smaller scale. Thailand's localised initiatives focus on community health care and age-friendly city assessments, with a less developed AIP infrastructure. The study proposes a comprehensive framework for developing ageing policies in Asia, emphasising the need for a person-centred approach in developing AIP strategies that cater to the diverse needs of ageing populations, and underscores the importance of integrating health-care services, community support and home environment modifications. The three AIP elements advocate for a person-centred approach, providing valuable insights for policymakers to effectively manage challenges of rapidly ageing populations.

Healthy Village House Program Outcomes in Panggreh Village, Jabon District

Background: This research explores the implementation of the Healthy Village Program, emphasizing local health initiatives' role in public health. Specific Background: It examines communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structures within a particular village context. Knowledge Gap: There is limited analysis of these programs' effectiveness and community engagement in rural areas. Aims: The study aims to assess the program's impact on maternal and child health and its role in reducing stunting risks. Results: Findings reveal significant improvements in community health practices and increased resident participation. Novelty: This research provides new empirical evidence on the effectiveness of local health programs and their bureaucratic structures. Implications: It highlights the necessity for organized bureaucratic frameworks to sustain health initiatives and improve villagers' quality of life, supporting Edward III's theory on policy implementation and bureaucratic structures. Highlights : Local health initiatives enhance community participation in health maintenance. Effective bureaucratic structures are essential for sustaining health programs. The study provides empirical evidence on the impact of rural health interventions. Keywords: Healthy Village Program, maternal health, community engagement, stunting reduction, bureaucratic structure

Evolutionary game analysis of multi-agent cooperation strategy analysis in agricultural water conservancy PPP project under digitization background

This study constructed a system dynamics (SD) evolutionary game model, from which we analyzed the conditions that need to be met by multi-agents to achieve cooperation in agricultural water conservancy (AWC) Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Simultaneously, this study used numerical simulation to depict the impact of initial participation willingness, reward, punishment, income, and other parameters of local governments, project enterprises, and farmers on the evolution strategy. The results firstly showed that the basic conditions for tripartite cooperation are to strengthen the rewards and punishments for project enterprises and improve the participation benefits of farmers. Secondly, it showed that increasing the rewards for farmers and improving the project dividend benefits can effectively motivate farmers to participate. Thirdly, it showed that enhancing the incentive subsidies and reputation benefits for project enterprise’s participation, as well as strengthening the supervision of local government, boosts the motivation of project enterprises significantly. However, it is vital to ensure that the reward amounts are not too high to allow local government to play its guiding role efficiently. Lastly, the results indicated that digital technology can help reduce the participation cost of local government, project enterprises and farmers, and improve the external reputation benefits of each participant, thus forming a win-win situation for all three participants. Analyzing the cooperation strategies of the three parties in AWC PPP projects provides theoretical support and a decision-making basis for the efficient operation of AWC PPP projects under the digital background, and also provides practical policy recommendations for the high-quality development of AWC.

Variation of the Passive Film on Compositionally Concentrated Dual-Phase Al0.3Cr0.5Fe2Mn0.25Mo0.15Ni1.5Ti0.3 and Implications for Corrosion

The passive film on a dual-phase Al0.3Cr0.5Fe2Mn0.25Mo0.15Ni1.5Ti0.3 FCC + Heusler (L21) compositionally concentrated alloy formed during extended exposure to an applied potential in the passive range in dilute chloride solution was characterized. Each phase, with its own distinct composition of passivating elements, formed unique passive films separated by a heterophase interface. High-resolution, surface sensitive characterization enabled chemical analysis of the passive film formed over individual phases. The film formed over the L21 phase had a higher concentration of Al, Ni, and Ti, while the film formed over FCC phase was of similar thickness but contained comparatively higher Cr, Fe, and Mo concentrations, consistent with the differences in bulk microstructure composition. The passive film was continuous across phase boundaries and the distribution of passivating elements (Al, Cr, and Ti) indicated both phases were independently passivated. Spatially resolved analysis of the surface chemistry of the dual-phase CCA revealed that the cation with the highest composition in passive film formed on the FCC phase was Cr (52.4 at. pct) and for the L21 phase was Ti (53.1 at. pct) despite the bulk concentration of each element being below 20 at. pct in their respective phases. Al, Cr, and Ti were enriched in both phases within the passive film relative to their respective bulk compositions. In parallel studies, single-phase alloys with compositions representative of the FCC and L21 phases were synthesized to evaluate the corrosion behavior of each phase in isolation. The corrosion behavior of the dual-phase alloy showed passivity evidenced by a pitting potential of 0.615 VSCE in 0.01 M NaCl. The pitting potential and other electrochemical parameters suggested a combination of behaviors of both single-phase samples, suggesting that the global corrosion behavior may be represented by a composite theory applied to phases, their area fractions, and interphase length. However, the interphase in the dual-phase CCA was a local corrosion initiation site and may limit localized corrosion protectiveness. The alloy design implications for optimization of second phase structure and morphology are discussed.

Development and deployment of a mid-cost CO2 sensor monitoring network to support atmospheric inverse modeling for quantifying urban CO2 emissions in Paris

Abstract. To effectively monitor highly heterogeneous urban CO2 emissions using atmospheric observations, there is a need to deploy cost-effective CO2 sensors at multiple locations within the city with sufficient accuracy to capture the concentration gradients in urban environments. These dense measurements could be used as input of an atmospheric inversion system for the quantification of emissions at the sub-city scale or to separate specific sectors. Such quantification would offer valuable insights into the efficacy of local initiatives and could also identify unknown emission hotspots that require attention. Here we present the development and evaluation of a mid-cost CO2 instrument designed for continuous monitoring of atmospheric CO2 concentrations with a target accuracy of 1 ppm for hourly mean measurements. We assess the sensor sensitivity in relation to environmental factors such as humidity, pressure, temperature and CO2 signal, which leads to the development of an effective calibration algorithm. Since July 2020, eight mid-cost instruments have been installed within the city of Paris and its vicinity to provide continuous CO2 measurements, complementing the seven high-precision cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) stations that have been in operation since 2016. A data processing system, called CO2calqual, has been implemented to automatically handle data quality control, calibration and storage, which enables the management of extensive real-time CO2 measurements from the monitoring network. Colocation assessments with the high-precision instrument show that the accuracies of the eight mid-cost instruments are within the range of 1.0 to 2.4 ppm for hourly afternoon (12:00–17:00 UTC) measurements. The long-term stability issues require manual data checks and instrument maintenance. The analyses show that CO2 measurements can provide evidence for underestimations of CO2 emissions in the Paris region and a lack of several emission point sources in the emission inventory. Our study demonstrates promising prospects for integrating mid-cost measurements along with high-precision data into the subsequent atmospheric inverse modeling to improve the accuracy of quantifying the fine-scale CO2 emissions in the Paris metropolitan area.

A time-varying non-probabilistic reliability analysis method using surrogate model for the reinforcement effectiveness of damaged concrete gravity dam

Evaluation of the effectiveness of reinforcement measures for the diseased concrete gravity dam is a critical issue in the field of hydraulic structural health control. The traditional probabilistic reliability analysis method is constrained by factors such as the randomness of the uncertain parameters, the high nonlinearity of the performance function, etc., when it is applied to the evaluation of the effectiveness evolution of reinforcement measures for the diseased concrete gravity dam. Therefore, a time-varying non-probabilistic reliability (NR) analysis method is proposed in the research. To characterize the uncertainty of the parameters, we adopt the form of interval numbers to present parameters and construct the interval parameter-based reliability analysis framework. Specifically, combining interval mathematics and non-probabilistic reliability theory, the NR calculation model for the gravity dam is proposed. In addition, considering of the aging of the structure, the time-varying NR (TV-NR) calculation model utilized to evaluate the long-term reinforcement effectiveness is established. To tackle the issue of expensive computation existed in the TV-NR model, response surface method (RSM) is coupled in the TV-NR calculation model to replace the original high nonlinearity performance function. Ultimately, the proposed method is verified in engineering examples that it can detect the most possible initial locations and failure processes of the gravity dam varying with time and can efficiently and accurately evaluate the reinforcement effectiveness of the gravity dams. The results indicate that the use of reinforcement measures can provide an improvement for the safety service of gravity dams.

Crystal plasticity-driven evaluation of notch fatigue behavior in IN718

The aim of this study was to establish a method for evaluating notch fatigue behavior through crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulations based on the actual microstructure of the nickel-based alloy Inconel 718 (IN718). Initially, the equivalent plastic strain, εeps, which reflects the comprehensive slip at the grain scale, was employed to analyze the fatigue crack initiation mechanism of IN718, revealing that twinning and triple junctions of grain boundaries were high-risk locations for fatigue crack initiation. Next, fatigue simulations were performed on notched specimens using the CPFE model, with a material-level CPFE model particularly employed at the notch root. The increment of εeps, Δεeps, in a stable cycle was used as the fatigue damage control parameter and correlated with the fatigue life, Nf, revealing that the Δεeps-Nf relationship at material-level satisfied the form of the Mason-Coffin model. Finally, fatigue life prediction of IN718 notched specimens was carried out based on the Δεeps-Nf relationship, with the predicted results falling within the 2-fold scatter band, demonstrating good prediction accuracy.

‘Mind your head’, tackle characteristics associated with concussions in rugby league: A case-control study

ObjectivesIdentify tackle characteristics associated with concussions in male professional rugby league. DesignCase-control study. MethodsTackles resulting in 196 clinically diagnosed concussions and 6592 non-concussive tackles were analysed, from the men's rugby league Super League between 2018 and 2022. Eleven tackle characteristics were coded for each tackle, and Firth penalised logistic regression models were employed to identify influential variables through forward stepwise selection. Three multivariate models were produced; all (i.e., ball-carrier and tackler), tackler, and ball-carrier concussions. ResultsOf the 196 concussions, 70 % occurred to the tackler and 30 % to the ball-carrier. Initial impact location on the ball-carrier was identified as a predictor in all models, specifically the shorts, upper- and lower-leg (OR 9.1–12.3, compared to shoulder) for tacklers and head/neck (OR 66.1, compared to shoulder) for ball-carriers. Tackler head placement in front of the ball-carrier (OR 8.5, compared to away from the body) and a ball-carrier leading arm in any position (OR 4.8–22.1, compared to no leading arm) provided the greatest odds of a tackler concussion. For player's body position the greatest risk of concussion for all players was observed when both players were falling/diving (OR 8.8, compared to both players upright). One (OR 4.9, compared to two) and four (OR 3.7, compared to two) defender tackles provide the greatest odds for all concussions. ConclusionsConcussion prevention strategies should aim to reduce head impacts by deterring initial contact with the ball-carrier's head/neck. Tackle technique should prioritise making initial impact with the torso and avoid the head being in front of the ball-carrier and any leading arms.

High‐Resolution Modeling and Projecting Local Dynamics of Differential Vulnerability to Urban Heat Stress

AbstractClimate change‐induced heat stress has significant effects on human health, and is influenced by a wide variety of factors. Most assessments of future heat‐related risks however are based on coarse resolution projections of heat hazards and overlook the contribution of relevant factors other than climate change to the negative impacts on health. Research highlights sociodemographic disparities related to heat stress vulnerability, especially among older adults, women and individuals with low socioeconomic status, leading to higher morbidity and mortality rates. There is thus an urgent need for detailed, local information on demographic characteristics underlying vulnerability with refined spatial resolution. This study aims to address the research gaps by presenting a new population projection exercise at high‐resolution based on the Bayesian modeling framework for the case study of Madrid, using demographic data under the scenarios compatible with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. We examine the spatial and temporal distribution of population subgroups at the intra‐urban level within Madrid. Our findings reveal a concentration of vulnerable populations, as measured by their age, sex and educational attainment level in some of the city's most disadvantaged neighborhoods. These vulnerable clusters are projected to widen in the future unless a sustainable trajectory is realized, driving vulnerability dynamics toward a more uniform and resilient change. These results can guide local adaptation efforts and support climate justice initiatives to protect vulnerable communities in urban environments.

Insights Into Antimicrobial Resistance From Dental Students in the Asia–Pacific Region

BackgroundDentists, as prominent prescribers, are key stakeholders in addressing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Dental students’ perceptions about the topic have been underexplored in the Asia–Pacific region, a key location for the development and spread of AMR. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness and confidence to prescribe antimicrobials amongst dental students studying in the region. MethodsStudents from 15 dental schools in 4 countries were invited to participate in a cross-sectional online survey during 2022–2023. A previously validated and standardised 14-item instrument was utilised. ResultsIn all, 1413 responses were collected from Australia (n = 165), Sri Lanka (n = 112), Japan (n = 173), and Vietnam (n = 963). Of those, 201 were from final-year students (14.2%). On a scale from 1 to 10, awareness on AMR was placed at a mean (SEM) priority of 8.09 (0.05). With regards to target areas to address for mitigation of the AMR crisis, participants placed general public awareness at the top (mean [SEM] 8.53 [0.05]). Final-year students presented a mean (SEM) level of confidence to prescribe antibiotics of 6.01 (0.14) on a scale from 1 to 10, whilst 59.7% and 56.8% indicated feeling pressured to prescribe by patients or when lacking time, respectively. Final-year students participating in research activities assigned a higher priority to AMR compared to their peers not involved in research (mean [SEM] 8.6 [0.19] vs 7.81 [0.16]; P = .01). ConclusionsThis study highlights a need for increased awareness and confidence to prescribe amongst dental students in the Asia–Pacific region, an understudied population thus far. To mitigate this issue, the implementation (followed by assessment) of local educational and antibiotic stewardship initiatives is warranted.

The Intention of Community Garden Participation: A Case Study in Community Garden of Taman Tasik Ilmu, Kota Seriemas

Malaysia's population is projected to reach approximately 41.5 million by 2040, marking a significant increase from its current population. This projection is based on various factors, including birth rates, death rates, and migration trends. With this rapid population increase, the urbanization rate is expected to rise, leading to concerns about food security. Ensuring food security becomes a pressing issue, as the country must produce or import enough food to feed its population. This is where community garden programs and other local food production initiatives can play a significant role in supplementing food supply and promoting sustainable agriculture. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) introduced in 2015, specifically Goal No. 2 (Zero Hunger), emphasize the need to address food security issues. One of Malaysia's strategies to achieve Goal No. 2 is through the implementation of community garden programs. However, the success of such programs largely depends on the intention and volunteerism of community participants. This study aims to explore the intention behind community garden participation at Taman Tasik Ilmu. Data was collected using an online questionnaire with 40 participants. The questionnaire gathered information on demographics, gardening knowledge, reasons for participation, and opinions on facilities and garden management. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the primary motivation for participants to join the community garden program was to fill their free time. This finding suggests that aligning the objectives of community garden programs with the intentions of participants may enhance their success and sustainability.

Mechanical and failure behaviors of adhesively bonded dissimilar materials joints incorporating bio-inspired morphological irregularities

Adhesive dissimilar material joints between stainless steel grade 316L and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) plastic were examined, in which irregular interface morphologies inspired by natural sutures were incorporated. The joint interfaces exhibited various teeth-like, non-repetitive zigzag patterns based on a pseudo-randomization method and sutural interdigitation index. Effects of their irregularities on mechanical and failure characteristics of adhesive butt joints were studied by means of experiments and FE simulations. The cohesive zone model, Drucker-Prager plasticity model and ductile failure criterion were applied for the interface and PETG, respectively. Predicted load-displacement curves of joints with different teeth profiles were well validated. The degree of irregularity became higher to 20%, 40%, and 60%, the joint strengths decreased by 1.47%, 5.39%, and 11.95%, while the total energies to failure increased by 110.74%, 129.33%, and 161.23%, accordingly. More inhomogeneous morphologies led to earlier local damage initiation, but enhanced damage evolution range by impeding abrupt joint separation. Smaller teeth angles provided higher joint strength, whereas significant declines of bonding strength were observed by too acute teeth angle due to excessive stress localization and resulting teeth breakage. The teeth angle of 45º enabled the superior joint performance owing to a proper combination of interlocking and large adhesive force under shear stress state. Finally, a key insight for designing an optimal dissimilar joint with morphological irregularities was provided.

TCT-802 Every Heart Matters: A Local Initiative of Screening for Valvular Heart Disease in Western Pennsylvania

TCT-802 Every Heart Matters: A Local Initiative of Screening for Valvular Heart Disease in Western Pennsylvania

Rhythms of Kinabalu 2022 “Coming Back Stronger”: A Review

This article reviews the Rhythms of Kinabalu 2022 from the dual perspective of management and performance. Ever since its commencement in 2011, Rhythms of Kinabalu has been a yearly large-scale event organised by the National Department for Culture and Arts under the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia along with other collaborative bodies. The aim of this festival is to showcase the diversity and uniqueness of the dances, arts, and music in Sabah for the purpose of their continued popularity, relevance, and sustainability. As such, the review examines the current nature of festival, paying attention to the various categories of performances and performers in Rhythms of Kinabalu 2022 as well as the favoured and less favoured performances and/or artists as indicated by viewer turnouts of the live shows. At the same time, the article seeks to understand the local audiences’ reception and/or reaction towards the event and its many shows to signal the current festivalgoers’ taste and preference of the performing arts. A main observation reveals the striking presence of the art of busking and an imbalance in the representation of modern and traditional art forms. Essentially, the representation of traditional arts was limited and those artists struggled to keep up with their more modern counterpart. Technology, namely, social media, has been identified to have played a major role in influencing this outcome and contributing to this scenario. Management wise, the lack of cooperation from business entities (i.e., premise operators and owners) in support of the local artists, performers, small and medium enterprises, and the event itself is a cause for concern as this has caused several setbacks which were detrimental to the festival’s operations. Hence, the art-based and managerial issues identified in this review may benefit the relevant stakeholders in its decision-making of the festival’s future cycles.

Next Generation Welfare System and E-Government in Banjarbendo Village

Background: The effectiveness of social welfare information systems, especially the Next Generation Social Welfare Information System (SIKS-NG), is vital for local e-government initiatives. Specific Background: This study examines SIKS-NG's implementation in Banjarbendo Village, Sidoarjo, East Java, to evaluate its impact on service delivery. Knowledge Gap: Prior research highlights inconsistent effectiveness and issues related to resource adequacy and data accuracy in rural contexts. Aims: This research aims to assess SIKS-NG's effectiveness through qualitative analysis, focusing on indicators of goal achievement, integration, and adaptation. Results: The study finds that SIKS-NG operates effectively due to competent operators and sufficient infrastructure, though data inconsistencies pose challenges. Novelty: This research offers new insights into the successes and challenges of implementing SIKS-NG in a rural Indonesian setting. Implications: The findings emphasize the importance of ongoing training and infrastructure improvements to resolve data discrepancies, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of e-government in social welfare management. Highlights : Human Resource Competence: The effectiveness of SIKS-NG relies heavily on the training and skills of operators in information technology. Infrastructure Support: Adequate facilities, such as computers and internet access, are essential for smooth implementation. Data Accuracy Issues: Discrepancies between submitted and application data hinder overall program effectiveness. Keywords: SIKS-NG, e-government, social welfare, effectiveness, rural development

Mitigating the Problem of Local Extinction through Pilot Operation of the Gyeongbuk Theme City: Focusing on a comparative analysis between Kawaba Village and the Bu-Ul-Gyeong megacity†

As of 2023, over half of South Korea's 228 regions face population extinction, despite substantial local government efforts. This study examines why the "Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam (Bu-Ul-Gyeong) Megacity" initiative failed to address this issue. By analyzing the successful revitalization of Kawaba village in Japan, which attracted more than 2.5 million tourists, this study proposes an innovative solution tailored to South Korea—the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park." This project aims to revitalize the Gyeongbuk region's economy and reverse population decline, contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 11: "Sustainable Cities and Communities."This study uses a comparative case study methodology to analyze the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity initiative and Kawaba Village. Data collection involved a review of policy documents and academic literature for the former and fieldwork, including interviews and observations, for the latter. The key participants included local government officials and employees in Kawaba Village. Insights from Kawaba were applied to design the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park," which integrates successful elements from Kawaba's model while addressing the shortcomings of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong initiative.The Bu-Ul-Gyeong initiative failed because of a lack of economic revitalization planning, insufficient community engagement, and poor cooperation between governments. Kawaba village succeeded in establishing partnerships, fostering local enterprises, and maintaining effective government communication. These factors are critical in overcoming challenges in regional development.This study proposes the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park," a rotating, seasonal attraction across four cities, emphasizing local specialties and resident participation. This project aims to increase population inflow and establish sustainable agricultural enterprises, contributing to the economic revitalization of the Gyeongbuk region.

Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion in Miami

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami are growing environmental concerns due to the city's low elevation and proximity to the ocean. Studies have shown that rising sea levels, driven by climate change, are accelerating the erosion of Miami's coastline, threatening infrastructure, homes, and ecosystems. The increased frequency of tidal flooding and storm surges exacerbates the problem, making coastal areas more vulnerable. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resilience theory, social vulnerability theory, ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) Theory may be used to anchor future studies on sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami. Implement local ICZM strategies that involve stakeholders in decision-making processes, ensuring that community needs are met while enhancing coastal resilience. Advocate for policies that support adaptive management practices and funding for local ICZM initiatives.

Cyanobacterial blooms management: A simulation-based optimization method

Controlling cyanobacterial blooms is not only an engineering and technical issue but also an optimization problem in environment management. Under budget constraints, a novel simulation-based optimization model for cyanobacterial control is constructed in this study. The simulation model is used for simulating cyanobacteria growth and diffusion processes. The optimization model is utilized to determine the optimal search and treatment path. Through the interactive coupling of simulation modeling and resource allocation optimization, this research provides decision-makers with new operational guidelines for cyanobacterial control. Our test results demonstrate that the initial invasion frequency has a greater economic impact than invasion abundance. The nearby cells to the initial invasion are affected first, and then the influence radiates outward in a diffusion pattern. Using a slow search speed and a treatment frequency of every 10 days can achieve the lowest possible economic losses in most test scenarios. Moreover, we also find that the optimal search and treatment paths revolve around the initial invasion location. This study is a typical interdisciplinary research, which can assist water resource managers in making more accurate decisions regarding cyanobacteria removal paths, removal frequencies, and treatment speeds.

Illicit drug use in Limerick City: A stakeholder and policy analysis using multiple streams model.

The changing drug situation in Ireland has led to the development of various drug policies. This paper aims to use Limerick City as a case study to examine approaches to policy development. The study is qualitative and uses a hybrid technique that combines document, content, and stakeholder analysis. Kingdon's multiple streams model underpins this study. In addition, guidelines for the systematic search for grey literature were adopted as the search strategy. Problem Stream: Illicit drug use and its related problems have changed. The increasing availability of drugs, increasing usage and changes in the types of drugs being used have led to increased drug-related crimes, adverse health outcomes and elevated demand for treatment services. Local drug policies and initiatives emerge by recognising drug-related problems in the region. Policy Stream: The current national drug strategy 2017-2025 which informs action plans in Limerick is the first to focus on a unified health approach. Some national policies have evolved to ensure that guidelines meet current service needs. However, these changes have occurred in some cases with no clear actions. Political Stream: Statutory, voluntary and community stakeholders provide drug addiction and drug addiction-related services, which have evolved rapidly since their first introduction. The Mid-West Regional Drug Task Force was identified as essential in coordinating stakeholders locally. One area for improvement is limited evidence of the voices of persons who take drugs included in service/policy development. This regional analysis also suggests that local implementation of policies concerning dual diagnosis and supervised injection facilities can be further expanded. Despite the challenges experienced by stakeholders in Limerick, a hands-on approach has been adopted in the creation of strategies to tackle the drug problem. The approaches to drug policy development have delivered continuous development of services. However, services remain underdeveloped in areas removed from the capital city of Dublin. Navigating the complex drug landscape reveals that inclusivity, adaptation, and ongoing research are critical components of successful and long-lasting drug policies.