Local Electric System Research Articles

Construction of the structure of rural electric networks taking into account the availability of renewable sources of electricity

It is noted that although the share of renewable electricity sources continues to grow and develop rapidly, the industry still faces many challenges, including how to continue to reduce electricity losses and annualized costs, improve operation and maintenance efficiency, maintain grid stability, ensure safety and reliability of the power supply system containing renewable sources of electrical energy. It is shown that an effective solution to these problems is possible only on the basis of the analysis of the prospects for the development of local electric power systems that contain renewable sources of electric energy, the development of technical and organizational support mechanisms that will contribute to the construction of modern system (schematic) solutions. It is proposed to apply the potential surface method for building the optimal structure of the rural electrical network during its design and modernization in the presence of renewable sources of electrical energy, which allows optimizing the structure of the network from the point of view of electrical energy losses and reducing annualized costs. The algorithm for forming the structure of power supply systems is described, which implements the simultaneous solution of the tasks of determining the number of load nodes, distributing electrical receivers between them, determining the design of power sources, taking into account the discreteness of the design of system elements. The results of numerical modeling based on the proposed algorithm are presented on the example of solving the problem of reconstruction of a section of the rural electricity network.

Use of reactive power compensation devices in implementation of distributed generation

In Ukraine, a gradual reduction of electricity production at thermal power plants is planned due to the development of renewable sources of electricity. Small hydraulic power plants are being restored, solar power plants and wind power plants are being built. This will allow solving the existing problems of the domestic energy industry regarding the shortage of fuel resources, energy security and reducing the level of harmful effects on the environment caused by the operation of traditional sources of electricity. There is a trend of transition from a purely centralized electricity supply to a combined one, when the number of local decentralized sources of electricity directly in distribution networks is increasing. In this way, distribution electric networks are gradually transformed into a network with features characteristic of a local electric system, which receives power both from its own distribution electric networks and from a centralized source - the electric power system. Renewable energy has a number of advantages compared to traditional energy, but there are also disadvantages. Among them, the complications of the functioning of electrical networks should be highlighted in the event of an increase in the capacities of renewable sources of electricity installed in them and the instability of generation due to their natural dependence on meteorological conditions, if we talk more specifically about technical shortcomings, then this concerns - sinusoidal of voltages and currents and voltage deviations, quality assurance of electricity, which directly depends on ensuring the balance of active and reactive power in the electrical system. Hence the need for coordinated power supply from renewable sources of electricity and substations of the power system. At the same time, there is a gradual transition from the wholesale electricity market of a single buyer to the balancing market of electricity and electricity supply under bilateral agreements, as well as the introduction of market management methods. This article discusses measures to reduce electrical energy losses, limit voltage deviation, improve the quality of electrical energy, and compensate for the reactive power of local loads due to the introduction of reactive power compensation devices together with renewable sources of electricity and facilitating their integration into the power grid.

Algorithm for formation of optimum schematic solutions of local electrical power systems containing renewable sources of electric energy

Algorithm for formation of optimum schematic solutions of local electrical power systems containing renewable sources of electric energy

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛОКАЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В СКЛАДІ ОБ’ЄДНАНОЇ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ

At present, renewable sources of energy (RSE) are geographically diffused in energy supply systems, which complicates the formation of local electric energy systems (LEES), which operating in normal modes in parallel with the energy system as balancing groups, in extreme cases can operate in isolation in autonomous mode. However, the diffuse distribution of RSE does not allow for the effective formation of LEES in such a way that they ensure the required level of reliability of electricity supply to electricity consumers. The article proposes to integrate RSE into distribution power grids in the form of separate microgrid (MG), which is a key part of the transition to a power grid operating on the principles of SMART Grid. Local MGs, in addition to generation sources and consumers, also have the means to accumulate a certain amount of energy. To ensure the technical and economic efficiency, MGs are combined into an intelligent control system, which allows for more rational use of MG resources, efficient interaction with the distribution grid, and the use of active electricity consumers in the process of balancing the LEES mode. The paper proposes a hierarchical structure of the intellectual system of LEES. Thus structured, LEES with intelligent power grids can not lose RSE during the limitation of centralized power supply, but fully use their advantages together with energy storage systems for reliable power supply to consumers. Thanks to the intelligent system proposed in this paper, the LEES implements the principles of SMART Grid and functions as an informative energy system. The LEES formed in this way can operate as a balancing group within the ESS, performing the tasks of the distribution system operator depending on the voltage and power of its MG components. Since LEES are a part of the ESS, they operate under the conditions and according to the rules, without disrupting the functioning of the ESS, which currently provides a stable power supply. This applies to all modes of operation of LEES.

GUARANTEED ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY IN THE LOCAL POWER SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

The article is focused on the development of a method for determining the part of electricity generated by renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity flows in the branches of the electric grid. The method is based on a mathematical model of the electric grid, in which the coefficients of current distribution in the branches of the circuit from RES nodes and nodal voltages are used to determine the electricity flows in the branches of the electric grid. As a result, a matrix of power distribution coefficients of RES generation units to load nodes of the power grid is formed. This way, the component of the load power that depends on the power in the RES nodes is determined. The voltages used to form the RES power distribution matrix are determined based on the results of calculating the steady-state modes of the power grid or on the measurement data of the ACEMS. Since the forming of local electric power systems (LES) based on RES is actual, the article considers LES as a balancing group within the electric power system (EPS), which can operate as an autonomous system according to certain conditions. It is shown that for this purpose, a RES reservation system should be created in the power system due to their dependence on natural conditions and, accordingly, the instability of their electricity generation. When a transmission system operates as part of an EPS, a general system reserve is usually used (mainly maneuverable capacities of thermal and hydroelectric power plants). In order for the LES can operate as an autonomous one, it is proposed to use other means of power reserve available today: electrochemical energy storage, hydrogen and biogas technologies. An effective way is to coordinate the schedules of RES generation in the LES with the load schedules of active consumers. The example shows that in the case of a power deficit in the LES, RES located in the power grid can be used. The values of the necessary power at the LES connection node, power flows in the branches connecting the LES and RES grid, and power losses in them are determined by the offered method.

Assessing and enhancing the regional sustainability of electricity generation technologies in an energy-importing megaregion in China

Decision-makers are increasingly concerned about the sustainability of power generation technologies to achieve a secure and sustainable electricity supply in the future. This study aims to assess the sustainability of the eight key electricity generation technologies in the energy-importing Yangtze River Delta region of China and further enhance the regional sustainability of the electricity generation mix. We employed the multi-criteria decision-making process to rank the sustainability of the eight electricity generation technologiesfrom the perspective of various decision-makers. First, the results revealed that no technology is absolutely most sustainable. Second, the subjective findings show that hydropower is the most sustainable technology among the assessed ones, followed by nuclear and onshore wind power. Third, policymakers regard fossil fuel energy as more sustainable than investors and experts. Furthermore, local renewable diffusion and substantial electricity imports from renewable-rich areas can enhance the sustainability of the localelectricity system. In addition,an interregional electricity transmission grid with the neighbor Anhui province as the primary backup power supplier can sufficiently enhance the sustainability of the electricity system in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Побудова архітектури мультиагентного середовища імітаційної моделі процесу ціноутворення на ринку електроенергії

The question of building the architecture of the multi-agent environment of the simulation model of the pricing process, as a space of heterogeneous interconnected organizational, infor-mational, technological and economic interactions of the simulated agents of the pricing pro-cess, is considered.Using the example of a complex organizational and technical system (COTS) of the electricity micro-market in local electric power systems, the set of agents sur-rounding them and ensuring the vital activity of the COTS of pricing is formalized, consisting of classified internal agents and environmental agents with a definition of their functional pur-pose. It was established that a set of partially observable influence factors of subjects of the electricity micro-market external environment are additionally formalized in the multi-agent pricing system as communication agents with stochastic, dynamic. but with discrete fixation of distinct states of observation processes in this environment. As a result, the simulation model of the pricing process is presented as a heterogeneous distributed multi-agent system.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ НАКОПИЧУВАЧІВ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ ТА ГЕНЕРУЮЧИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ В АВТОНОМНИХ ЛОКАЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОСИСТЕМАХ

The problem of determining the optimal parameters of electric energy storage and generating sources in autonomous local power systems is presented. A detailed justification of the role of electricity storage in the presence of renewable energy sources in autonomous local power systems with a stochastic mode of operation is given. The main provisions of the used model of autonomous local electrical systems are given. The dependence of the electricity storage parameters depending on the composition of the generation was investigated. The possibility of solving the problem of determining the parameters of electricity storage devices by simulating the operation of a real system is considered. The results of the multi-criteria selection of the power and energy capacity of the electricity storage unit using economic criteria are determined. A mathematical model for determining the optimal parameters of electric energy storage for autonomous local electrical systems using mixed integer programming with optimization based on economic indicators has been developed. The dependence of the parameters of electric energy storage devices on the composition of the generation of autonomous local electrical systems has been studied. Bibl. 7, fig. 2. Keywords: local power grids, renewable energy, electricity storage, generation, autonomous sources.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES IN LOCAL ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE CRITERION OF MINIMUM LOSS OF ELECTRICITY

The issue of optimizing the use of distributed energy resources in local electric power systems (LES) based on the criterion of minimum power loss is considered. It was determined that an important step in optimizing the use of distributed energy resources in the LES is the development of an energy router that allows devices that generate, store, and consume electricity to be combined into a single system at low voltage (without integration into medium voltage electrical networks). The energy router itself can be positioned as a basic device that ensures the operation of LES, the interaction of neighboring LES at the level of energy and information exchange, and the integration of specific LES to medium voltage distribution networks.
 It is shown that the basic component of the evaluation of the effective functioning of energy routers and the platform approach in the LES, in accordance with the requirements of the Energy Internet, is the analysis of the components of electricity losses, the influence on their level of various factors, as well as the formation of appropriate energy efficiency criteria and the assessment of the partial impact of LES elements. It is proposed to carry out a description of energy processes during the decomposition of Frize reactive power with the allocation of reactive and active current in the controlled intersections of the system. The decomposition of the QF power into components under the action of various causes (factors) of additional electricity losses in the LES, in particular, due to different modes of operation of generators and LES loads (voltage and current spectra), both during the period of system operation and for an arbitrary period of time, was considered. which is determined by technological factors of system operation.
 The use of Frize power made it possible to take into account the energy supply processes of LES loads on alternating and direct current from a single point of view, in particular, to assess the impact of a combination of various factors of the appearance of additional electricity losses; comparison of electricity losses for different time intervals through a selected controlled intersection, when the direction of the flow of electricity is constant or the direction of the flow of electricity changes during separate time intervals; analysis of electricity losses in direct and alternating current systems of LES or hybrid systems, where modified capacities are introduced, as integral estimates of the discrepancy, which determines the influence of distorting factors; assessment of the impact of changes in voltage and current in the intersection of LES of limited power on the components of additional losses; analysis of changes in load consumption of active power according to the first harmonic and higher harmonics as integral indicators.

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EXCHANGE PROCESSES WHEN BALANCING REGIMES ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

It is shown that maintaining a balance between the production and consumption of electric energy is an important condition for the stable operation of modern energy supply systems. The active increase in the share of renewable energy sources forces the use of new algorithms for balancing demand and supply, in particular, at the expense of flexibility. This implies the need to implement new technological solutions and approaches to balancing the modes of generation and consumption (the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand and supply), which, in turn, requires a detailed analysis of energy exchange processes in electric power systems.
 It is recognized that there is a need for an in-depth analysis of the balance of energy components, and an assessment of electromagnetic compatibility in electric power systems, especially in the conditions of the growing influence of renewable energy sources on local electricity markets. Analysis of various factors influencing technological solutions and cooperation of different market parties are key components for developing effective management strategies and ensuring the stability of the electric power system.
 The peculiarities of the analysis of energy exchange processes in local electric power systems with the determination of exchange capacities, which are integral characteristics of the influence of various factors of the non-acidity of electricity on exchange processes, are considered. It is proposed to balance the components of electric energy on the basis of exchange processes in controlled intersections of local electric power systems using the components of instantaneous power at each energetically constant state. The exchange processes in local electric power systems are analyzed with the selection of different modes of their operation, in particular, when assessing the level of electromagnetic compatibility of the elements of the local electric power systems.
 The introduction of exchange capacities made it possible to develop indicators for assessing the level of electromagnetic compatibility of the elements of the local system. To estimate the share of consumers' contribution to the deterioration of the quality of electricity at the common connection point, an algorithm for evaluating the mutual influence of elements is proposed, with the allocation of the element's contribution to the distortion of electricity in the controlled intersection and the analysis of the magnitude of the influence of distorting factors on electromagnetic processes in the system element.
 An optimization model for achieving the specified levels of balancing (flexibility) in local electric power systems with energy accumulators has been developed.

MACROMODELING OF LOCAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM BALANCE FORECASTING USING FRACTAL PROPERTIES OF LOAD AND GENERATION SCHEDULES

A method of forecasting the balance of electricity consumption of urban development objects, civil purposes using discrete macromodels is proposed. We consider the power supply system (PSS) of the district, which is characterised by power supply from general-purpose power grids, as well as having its own generation of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES). Such a local electric power system (LES) under certain conditions can be operated as an independent balanced electrical facility. For optimal operation of the LES under these conditions, it is necessary to predict its power consumption schedules. The proposed macromodelling method allows to develop deterministic models of power consumption with the required accuracy on the basis of retrospective information without the use of data preprocessing procedures. The solution to the problem of forecasting electricity consumption schedules is simplified by using only basic or deterministic characteristics in the construction of the model. These include fractal properties of PSS load schedules.

Electrical power and energy balance in the local electrical system by using reconciliation of the generation and consumption schedules

Electrical power and energy balance in the local electrical system by using reconciliation of the generation and consumption schedules

Стан та перспективи організації децентралізованої торгівлі електроенергією на регіональному рівні

The article is devoted to the analysis of problems and experience of conducting research on the implementation of Smart Grid and Demand Response concepts in power supply systems with sources of distributed, decentralized generation and active consumers in power systems. The issue of finding ways to solve the scientific and technical problems of implementing the concepts of Smart Grid and Demand Response when solving the tasks of designing and building local electric power systems, taking into account the peculiarities of their functioning in the unified energy system of Ukraine was considered. The range of under-researched problems of decentralized management development in the retail segment of the electricity market in the organization of micro-markets based on the application of modern approaches of multi-agent management and block chain technology for the business processes organization is outlined. The main tasks of the conceptual design of the new market architecture of micro-markets on local electricity systems and their integration into the existing systems of organizational, operational-technological and information management of the electricity market are presented. Micro-markets are actually developing and, with experience, can become a driver for the post-war development of the market infrastructure in terms of the simultaneous implementation and practical application the Smart Grid and Demand Response principles for the implementation of technical solutions at the retail market level.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN LOCAL ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS

It is shown that renewable energy sources (RES) are increasingly dominating the electricity market in many countries, while the amount of electricity generation by solar power plants (SPP) has been growing at a record pace in recent years. It is noted that although the share of RES continues to grow and the photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly, the industry still faces many challenges, in particular, how to continue to reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), improve the efficiency of operation and maintenance, and maintain the stability of the power grid, to ensure system security. The effective implementation of solar generation requires an analysis of the prospects for the development of local electric power systems that include SPP, the development of mechanisms and appropriate regulatory, methodological, technical and organizational support that will contribute to the effective development of solar generation, the construction of modern system (schematic) solutions.
 The analysis of the features of the development of green generation in Poland and Ukraine was carried out, the positive factors that influenced the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine were determined, which made it possible to form the technical, economic and organizational conditions for the successful development of solar generation, in particular, information was provided on new players in developed energy markets according to the Fourth Energy EU package. The analysis showed that when increasing the efficiency of SPP systems, planning and demand management in the electric network, effective functioning of Energy Smart Community (ESC) become important.
 The basic components of the effective functioning of electric power systems with SPP are highlighted, namely: concepts of configurations of photovoltaic systems, Smart-inverters, Energy Storage System (ESS), formation of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) based on SPP. It is shown that each of the four concepts involves the connection of a series of photovoltaic panels or strings and power electronics devices (DC converters and inverters), which are configured taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of various structural (schematic) solutions. The advantages of using Smart-inverters as a new technology that can help integrate solar energy and other distributed energy resources into the electrical network are evaluated. Smart inverters are used to help the electrical grid cope with intermittent generation, helping the electrical grid remain stable and maintain voltage and frequency requirements.
 It was determined that in any photovoltaic system, the ESS itself becomes a central component that significantly affects the cost, maintenance requirements, reliability and design of the SPP, and the important parameters of the ESS that affect the operation and performance of the photovoltaic system are the battery maintenance requirements, battery life, available power and efficiency. Trends in the market of advanced energy storage systems for SPPs for the next decade are presented. The functioning of virtual power plants based on SPP, as a network of aggregated distributed energy resources that are remotely connected and work together with flexible electricity consumers, is aimed at maximizing the benefits of participants. The possibilities and trends of SPP development in the near future, which are based on the research of Huawei, are presented.

SIMULATION OF THE WORK OF PHOTOELECTRIC PLANTS

The article draws attention to the fact that nowadays the demand for energy is not decreasing, but its cost is increasing. The need to research the parameters of photovoltaic modules and the capabilities of microprocessor technology for this is substantiated. It is noted that the scheme of electric distribution networks has become more difficult to operate, and the algorithms and methods of reliable and optimal management of modes are changing due to the modernization of the infrastructure of electricity supply and electricity consumption of the district. Nowadays, renewable energy sources are installed in the electrical distribution system at various levels of power supply and power transmission between the substation and consumers. Due to damage to the electrical equipment, there may be interruptions in the power supply, which unintentionally cause "islanding". During operation, situations sometimes arise when the power supply system of the "islands" is promptly de-energized starting from the points of connection of the "islands" to the unified electric power system. This happens based on the results of measuring the parameters of the mode of local electric power systems or based on the results of mathematical modeling of processes in local electric systems when, for example, the current levels of nodal voltages will not allow the use of an "island" electric network. For the purpose of researching processes in local electrical systems with photovoltaic plants, the article proposes their physical model in the form of a research bench, which can be used during the practical training of future employees who will manage the modes of distribution electrical networks with photovoltaic plants and maintain the equipment of such networks, systems and electrical stations Algorithms for optimal management of generated power, consumption and accumulation of electric energy tested using the proposed stand are designed to show the operating personnel ways of high-quality operation of distribution electric networks under the conditions of implementation of the Smart Grids concept.

The Impact of Extremely Low Electric Rates on Energy Conservation, Planning and Resilience: A Case Study of Plattsburgh, New York

Electric rates in Plattsburgh, New York are among the least expensive in the United States. Plattsburgh’s rates are set by a preference power program that was enacted in 1957 to promote rural economic development. A survey distributed to customers of Plattsburgh’s municipally-owned electric utility inquired about familiarity with local electric rates and energy systems, conservation behaviors, and attitudes towards policy interventions intended to encourage conservation. Results indicate that energy consumers in Plattsburgh hold a moderate degree of familiarity with the community’s energy system and implement strong conservation actions. Support for policy interventions are mixed. Survey results reveal income inequality, as differences in conservation attitudes and behaviors are apparent among respondents that report varying degrees of financial vulnerability. Today, Plattsburgh is in need of a resilient energy system, yet inexpensive rates discourage investment in infrastructure. This research reveals the complex social, economic and policy forces interacting to determine Plattsburgh’s energy future.

The feasibility of residential microgrids: a hypothetical neighborhood in Davis, California

ABSTRACT Microgrids create a local electric system partly or completely detached from the grid. Microgrid neighborhoods potentially offer more reliable power, lower costs, zero greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, ability to level power demands on the grid, and positive net electricity production. However, until now microgrids have primarily been used for military and institutional projects. To improve understanding of residential microgrid design and performance, we analyze current literature, discuss existing examples, and calculate energy use and cost for a hypothetical microgrid neighborhood in Davis, California. We find that such a neighborhood could easily achieve zero net operating energy status annually for both homes and cars, with a 16-year payback period or 7 years if owners also adopt electric vehicles. Similar results are likely in warm climates globally. If built at scale, microgrid neighborhoods could thus be a main tool to reduce residential GHG emissions and improve energy service resiliency.

Highly specific differentiation of MSCs into neurons directed by local electrical stimuli triggered wirelessly by electromagnetic induction nanogenerator

Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neurons provides a practical way for neurodegenerative diseases as alternatives to neural stem cells, but is confronted with challenges to get well-differentiated and mature neurons. In this work, a wirelessly triggered local electrical stimulation system was established to specifically induce neuronal differentiation from rat bone-marrow-derived MSCs (rBMSCs) by coupling a highly conductive and flexible multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) membrane with a rotating magnetic field. Without nerve-inducing factors, a nearly 100% yield of differentiated neurons was realised without the presence of astrocyte cells by the localized electrical stimuli mediated from electromagnetic induction nanogenerator. Neuronal functions were revealed by rapid spontaneous [Ca2+] i-transient peaks under neurotransmitter action. This novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease was further demonstrated in vivo, where the successful neural differentiation of exogenous rBMSCs driven by external magnetic-filed accelerated the brain recovery. This wireless electric stimulation system shows promising effects on neuron differentiation and offers a new perspective in nerve repair without glial scarring.

Short-term resilience-oriented enhancement in smart multiple residential energy system using local electrical storage system, demand side management and mobile generators

Recently, many investigations have been studied on the effects of the uncommon extreme events like hurricanes in electrical distribution grids. These events leads to damage to distribution grid equipments, and they are cause widespread blackouts. This paper presents short-term resilience enhancement of the residential sections against hurricane at day-ahead. The lines outage in the electrical distribution grid is implemented as stochastic modeling by hurricane. The resilience enhancement is done in the multiple energy systems such as integrated gas, heat and electrical. The three-stage multi-objective functions optimization is proposed for resilience-oriented enhancement. The proposed strategy for resilience-oriented enhancement including installation of the mobile generators (MGs), implementation of the demand side management (DSM) strategy and local generation (LG) in each stage. In first stage optimization, minimizing the installation costs of the MGs is modeled subject to lines outage. The DSM strategy is modeled in second stage optimization as minimization of the electrical demand deviation than optimal demand level at day-ahead. Then, minimization of the 1) operation cost and 2) loss of power supply probability (LPSP) index are considered in third stage optimization. In addition to, installation of the MGs and DSM in first and second stages; LG by electrical storage systems (ESSs) in third stage optimization is taken into accounted. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is confirmed on the IEEE 33-bus distribution grid as three case studies by numerical simulation. The obtained results for operation cost and LPSP index in first case are $1,098,833.4 and 0.11 kW, respectively. In second case, LPSP index is minimized by %52.2 than first case. Finally, operation cost and LPSP in third case and with participation of the ESS are reduced by %52.2 and %0.78 in comparison to second case, respectively.

An indigestible feast? A multi-scalar approach to the energy transition in Taiwan

Whilst current, global efforts in energy transition have driven up renewable energy generation around the world, this growth in renewable energy is often accompanied by the understated, increased dependency on natural gas. This paper therefore re-engages transition study and the geographical focus of scale to delineate how energy transition is negotiated, translated and exercised at three scalar networks, namely international supply chains, national development plans, and local electrical systems. By proposing a multi-scalar approach in the scrutiny of Taiwan’s energy transition, this paper stresses on three arguments. First, the energy transition is not a unified process. It is being sifted through the negation process between different actors, being translated and implemented at different scalar networks. Second, the variegated translations of the energy transition will co-create the trajectory of the energy transition, and often lead to unexpected outcomes. Finally, by delineating the scalar relations that energy transition is construed in, energy transition can thus be comprehended as the outcomes at different levels, informing the sequential policy making process.