Local Ducks Research Articles

The Effect of various vegetable oils in basal diets on the carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck

This study aims to examine the effect of various vegetable oil in the basal ration on carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck. It was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a unidirectional pattern with 4 treatments and 6 replicates consisting of 6 ducks each. The treatments used include; P1: (96% basal ration + 4% palm oil); P2: (96% basal ration + 4% canola oil); P3: (96% basal ration + 4% coconut oil) and P4: (96% basal ration + 4% soybean oil). Furthermore, data were collected after the ducks were slaughtered at the age of 9 weeks, where 2 ducks were slaughtered at each test. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used when there are significant results. Moreover, the analysis results showed that the treatments had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the head percentage, as well as the shank, thigh, wing, breast, and back percentage. Based on the results, it was concluded that the addition of different types of vegetable oils in the basal ration failed to improve the carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck.

Carcass and fatness traits of Central Javanese local ducks based on Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) and Perilipin (PLIN) genes

This research is an exploratory study that determines the genotypes of carcass and fatness traits in Central Javanese local ducks based on the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and perilipin (PLIN) genes. A 35 ducks were sampled from seven local ducks in Central Java. The duck’s DNA was isolated from its feathers. PLP and PLIN genes were amplified by PCR method using specific primers. In the RFLP analysis, PCR products were digested with the restriction enzymes MvaI (BstNI) (5’CC/WGG) and Bsp1286. (SduI) (GDGCH/C), for LPL and PLIN gene, respectively. The results of PCR-RFLP analysis on local ducks in this study showed a monomorphic in exon 2 of the PLIN gene and polymorphic in exon 5 of the LPL gene. Based on the LPL gene, as many as 29 ducks (82.85%) had GG genotypes, 3 ducks (8.57%) had AG types and 3 ducks (8.47%) had AA types. Both PLIN and LPL genotypes were clustered the Central Javanese local ducks into 3 haplotypes (A-C). The duck samples were dominated by haplotype A (82.85%) followed by haplotype B (8.57%) and haplotype C (8.57%). Results showed that 82.85% of Central Javanese local ducks genetically had a good of fatness traits but a low of carcass traits.

The level of market waste use of mustard greens (Brassica pekinensia) as duck feed

Research to Determine the Effect of the level of vegetable waste in feed on duck production performance has been carried out in the experimental cages of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province. This study used 80 heads day-old ducks for ten weeks of class. The research design was a randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were: treatment A: feed without chicory waste flour (control), B: feed + 10% chicory waste flour, C: feed + 15% chicory waste flour, D: feed + chicory waste flour 20%, E: feed + 25% chicory waste flour. The variables observed were energy intake, percentage of the carcass, and percentage of abdominal fat. Based on the research, the results showed that the addition of chicory waste flour had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on energy intake and the percentage of abdominal fat for local male ducks but had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the portion of local male duck carcass. It can be concluded that in this study, giving white mustard dregs flour in a ration of up to 25% can be used to reduce the percentage of local ducks.

Potential and availability of feed in paddy fields for sustainable livelihoods of moving duck farmers in Pinrang regency South Sulawesi province

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and availability of duck fodder in paddy fields that supports the sustainability of moving duck farmers’ livelihoods. The research method used was measuring the type of food eaten by ducks in paddy fields after being harvested by tiling and cropping ducks. There were three types of local duck feed in paddy fields after harvesting that could be measured in this study, namely rice that was wasted and left behind on harvested stems (loses), golden snails and earthworms. The availability of feed based on dry weight, namely, paddy at 702.40 kg/hectare, golden snails at 251.20 kg/hectare and earthworms at 4 kg/hectare. The availability of feed in the form of golden snails was quite high, especially the fresh weight of 1.064 kg/hectare. Golden snails reproduced quickly when the fields were already inundated with water. The availability of feed in the form of earthworms is 40 kg/hectare. The results of the research from the harvesting of ducks released in the fields were the consumption of dry weight of feed of 53.24 g/duck. Thus, the estimated feed availability based on dry weight was 97.60 kg/hectare. So that one hectare of paddy fields could accommodate as many as 300 ducks for two months (60 days). For the sustainability of the availability of feed for ducks in the paddy fields after two months of grazing, it can be obtained from the fruit of paddy regrowth from paddy stalks/straw that live in paddy fields. Sources of food for ducks could also be obtained from grasses and small snails that have just hatched and several types of insects in the paddy fields. It concluded that the potential and availability of feed in the paddy fields after harvesting for ducks were still supportive. Therefore, it reduced the cost of feed for farmers.

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Thermal Imaging Cameras to Conduct Duck Brood Surveys

ABSTRACTBrood surveys are used to estimate productivity in ducks, but road‐side transects, aerial surveys, and double‐observer ground surveys have likely underestimated productivity. Duck broods are elusive and prefer wetlands with emergent vegetation where they hide at signs of disturbance, making it difficult to get accurate brood counts. Estimates of brood detection probabilities are typically below 50% and variable, which makes biological inferences about abundance tenuous. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a thermal imaging camera to survey duck broods in 2 study areas. In Manitoba we located 669 broods with the UAV, compared to 344 detected by double‐observer ground surveys. In Minnesota we detected 225 ducks broods with the UAV, whereas only 105 duck broods were detected by ground observers. Using a Huggins closed‐capture model in program MARK we estimated an average detection probability across both sites of 0.55 (SE = 0.02) with the UAV compared to 0.24 (SE = 0.02) for the ground crews. Although the UAV detected twice as many broods as the ground surveys, detection probability with the UAV was impacted by temperature, humidity, vegetation density, and the criteria we used to determine whether a brood could be classified as resighted. Nevertheless, using a UAV equipped with a thermal imaging camera effectively doubled the number of broods detected compared to traditional methods, and surveys were completed 3 times faster. With advancing drone and camera technology we believe UAV brood counts will become increasingly accurate and provide reliable measures of local duck productivity. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

Performan Itik Lokal Jantan dengan Penggunaan Tepung Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L) dalam Ransum

The research objective was to determine the use of beluntas leaf flour in rations on the performance of male local ducks. The research was conducted in the Tondo, subdistrict Mantikulore, for 6 weeks, using 80 DOD local male. The study was design using CRD with 4 treatmens and 5 replication. The treatment given was percentage of beluntas leaf flour in the ration, namely P0: ration without the addition of beluntas leaf flour, P1: 2% beluntas leaf flour, P2: 2,5% beluntas leaf flour, P3: 3% beluntas leaf flour. The analysis was used analysis of variance. The results showedthat treatments had a significant effect on ration consumption, had avery significant effect on body weight gain, ration konvertion and income over feed costof male local ducks. The use of beluntas leaf flour up to level of 3%in the ration give the best results on growth performance, ration convertion and Income Over Feed Costof male local ducks.

Penggunaan Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) dalam Menurunkan Kolesterol Guna Meningkatkan Permintaan Daging Itik Lokal Sumatera Barat

Cattle that have high body weight and low cholesterol production will improve the quality of local male duck meat products in West Sumatra. The purpose of this study was to see the response of local ducks, especially male ducks that were given African Leaf Flour in their rations, to body weight and blood cholesterol content. Because the cholesterol content of foodstuffs greatly determines consumer demand. This research was conducted from 12 September 2020 to 24 December 2020. The treatment that will be given is the use of African Leaf Flour of 5 levels (0%; 0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5% and 2.0%). To see the effect of the treatment, an experimental design was used, namely CRD (completely randomized design), each of which was repeated four times. The sample used was 80 male ducks kept for six weeks (4-10 weeks). The study results illustrate that the increase of African Leaf Flour given will increase the body weight gain (PBB) of ducks, with an increase in PBB of 23.59% in the use of African Leaf Flour 2.0%. Likewise, the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was significantly better (P0.05). Meanwhile, blood HDL content tended to increase along with the increase in the provision of African Leaf Flour. The use of African Leaf Flour up to a level of 2.0% can improve the quality of local duck meat because it results in higher meat production and improves cholesterol content to create a healthy source of animal food, thereby reducing consumer hesitation to consume.

Effects of Giving Asam Gelugur Leaf Meal in Non-Conventional Rations on Carcass Percentage and Carcass Composition of Male and Female Ducks in Grower Phase

Ducks are still less liked by consumers because the quality of production is still low compared to broilers. To improve this quality, additional feed can be in the form of herbs which are thought to have content for this. Asam gelugur leaves contain hydroxycitric acid and active substances that act as antioxidants. So that it is expected to improve the quality of the carcass. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of giving asam gelugur leaf meal on the percentage and composition of male and female ducks in the grower phase. The study was conducted for 2 months in the Poultry Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University. The 40 grower ducks consist of male and female. Fourty male and female grower ducks were allocated into a 2 x 4 completely randomized factorial design. Factor A consisted of sexes (male and female) and factor B consisted of levels of asam gelugur leaf meal inclusion in rations (0, 2, 4, and 6%). five replicates were used for each treatment. The variables observed were slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, commercial cut percentage of carcass and duck carcass composition. The results showed that there was no interaction and there was no significant difference (P&gt; 0.05) from giving asam gelugur leaf meal to carcass percentage, carcass commercial cut percentage and duck carcass composition. The conclusion of this study is that giving asam gelugur leaf meal to males and females can maintain the quality of the carcass and the composition of the local duck carcass.

The Evidence of Microplastic Contamination in Central Javanese Local Ducks from Intensive Animal Husbandry

Plastic debris sized from 0.33 to 5 mm or so-called microplastic is an abundant environmental pollutant found worldwide in various ecosystems. The contamination has been threatening animals such as fish, wild birds, domesticated poultry, and waterfowls. This preliminary research aimed to reveal the evidence of microplastic contamination in domesticated duck to prove that plastic contamination has spread massively and depicts how far the local duck ingests microplastic. Total 25 duck samples were collected from local duck intensive husbandry in five cities, i.e., Semarang and Pati (coastal area), Salatiga (lowland area), and Temanggung and Magelang (highland area). Duck intestinal tract samples were collected and were further digested using 10 N KOH at 60–80 °C for 24 h. The mixture was then collected into vial tubes and was centrifuged to get the pellet. The microplastic identification was conducted using a stereo microscope based on its size and shape. Based on the observation result, microplastic debris in the form of the filament was 49, 39, and 27 per individual in the duck sample from Salatiga, Semarang, and Magelang, respectively. The ingestion of plastic may come from duck feed, such as rough fish (mainly were obtained from the Java Sea) and water. This finding is essential to disseminate since microplastic contamination can be transferred from animals to humans and threaten health. Also, this result can contribute to policymakers deciding on plastic reduction.

Analysis of whole-genome re-sequencing data of ducks reveals a diverse demographic history and extensive gene flow between Southeast/South Asian and Chinese populations

BackgroundThe most prolific duck genetic resource in the world is located in Southeast/South Asia but little is known about the domestication and complex histories of these duck populations.ResultsBased on whole-genome resequencing data of 78 ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and 31 published whole-genome duck sequences, we detected three geographic distinct genetic groups, including local Chinese, wild, and local Southeast/South Asian populations. We inferred the demographic history of these duck populations with different geographical distributions and found that the Chinese and Southeast/South Asian ducks shared similar demographic features. The Chinese domestic ducks experienced the strongest population bottleneck caused by domestication and the last glacial maximum (LGM) period, whereas the Chinese wild ducks experienced a relatively weak bottleneck caused by domestication only. Furthermore, the bottleneck was more severe in the local Southeast/South Asian populations than in the local Chinese populations, which resulted in a smaller effective population size for the former (7100–11,900). We show that extensive gene flow has occurred between the Southeast/South Asian and Chinese populations, and between the Southeast Asian and South Asian populations. Prolonged gene flow was detected between the Guangxi population from China and its neighboring Southeast/South Asian populations. In addition, based on multiple statistical approaches, we identified a genomic region that included three genes (PNPLA8, THAP5, and DNAJB9) on duck chromosome 1 with a high probability of gene flow between the Guangxi and Southeast/South Asian populations. Finally, we detected strong signatures of selection in genes that are involved in signaling pathways of the nervous system development (e.g., ADCYAP1R1 and PDC) and in genes that are associated with morphological traits such as cell growth (e.g., IGF1R).ConclusionsOur findings provide valuable information for a better understanding of the domestication and demographic history of the duck, and of the gene flow between local duck populations from Southeast/South Asia and China.

The phenotype characteristics and decline population of Sawang duck in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province

Sawang duck is one of Indonesia's local dual-purpose type ducks due to the offspring of Tsaiya ducks originating from Taiwan. Tsaiya ducks enter the Sawangarea, brought by residents from Singapore around 1955 and subsequently bred in the Sawang Village, adapting to the environment and the local farming. This research was conducted in August-December 2018. Primary data on the qualitative, morphometric, and potential feed were taken in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province. Currently, Sawang duck is only found in Sawang Village, maintained by two farmers. Secondary data of potential areas and poultry populations were obtained from the Department of Food and Agriculture of Karimun Regency, and proximate analysis was carried out at the Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. The research method was conducted by survey with census sampling techniques. The Sawang duck has a diversity of colors for feather, skin, beak, and shank. The morphometric decrease was indicated by bodyweight of 1,450 ± 119.52 grams, femur length of 7.41 ± 1.62 cm, tibia length of 9.94 ± 0.51 cm, length of shank 4.38 ± 0.25 cm, third finger length 6.36 ± 0.90 cm, maxilla length 5.21 ± 0.16 cm, backbone length 20.13 ± 1.13 cm, wing bone length 26.65 ± 1.70 cm, bone length chest 10.63 ± 0.80 cm, and shank circumference 1.24 ± 0.10 cm. Efforts to preserve ducks Sawangneed to be considered so that their existence is not destroyed by exploiting the existing area's potential.

Respons Hematologi Itik Pengging yang Diberi Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera. Lam) Sebagai Imbuhan Pakan

Pengging ducks are one breed of Indonesia’s local duck has superior potential. This study was designed to evaluate the hematological parameters of Pengging ducks fed Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive. The data were obtained from a total of 80 female Pengging ducks of 35 weeks old were assigned into a completely randomized design and each experimental unit consisted of 4 replications. The treatment group consisted of basal fed without added Moringa leaf meal (control), basal fed added with 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% Moringa leaf meal. Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf meal gave same effect (P&gt;0.05) on the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). However, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P&lt;0,05) to 15.91% at 5% moringa leaf meal. The number of leukocytes was lower (P&lt;0.05) by 42.01% at 7.5% moringa leaf meal. Leukocyte differentials, the ratio of H:L, and trombocytes did not significant difference (P&gt;0.05) between treatments. In conclusion, the Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive did not change the hematological parameters and could be increasing the health status of layer Pengging ducks.

Origin, genetic diversity and evolution of Andaman local duck, a native duck germplasm of an insular region of India.

Domestic ducks are of paramount importance as a cheap source of protein in rural India. Andaman local duck (ALD) is an indigenous avian genetic resource of Andaman and Nicobar islands (ANI) and is mainly distributed in Middle and Northern parts of these islands. Negligence has brought this breed on the edge of extinction necessitating immediate conservation efforts. Here, we report the genetic diversity, population structure and matrilineal genetic root of ALD. Partial mtDNA D-loop sequences were analyzed in 71 ALD samples and analysis revealed 19 polymorphic sites and 13 haplotypes. Estimated haplotype (Hd ± SD) and nucleotide diversity (π ± SD) were 0.881 ± 0.017 and 0.00897 ± 0.00078 respectively. The high genetic diversity of ALD indicates introgression of genetic material from other local duck breeds. In addition, it can be postulated that ALD bearing high genetic diversity has strong ability to adapt to environmental changes and can withstand impending climate change. Phylogenetic and network analysis indicate that ALD falls under Eurasian clade of mallard and ALD forms three clusters; one cluster is phylogenetically close to Southeast Asian countries, one close to Southern part of mainland India and the third one forms an independent cluster. Therefore, ALD might have migrated either from Southeast Asian countries which enjoy a close cultural bondage with ANI from time immemorial or from Southern part of India. The independent cluster may have evolved locally in these islands and natural selection pressure imposed by environmental conditions might be the driving force for evaluation of these duck haplotypes; which mimics Darwin's theory of natural selection. The results of the study will be beneficial for formulating future breeding programme and conservation strategy towards sustainable development of the duck breed.

Genetic Characterization of the Central Javanese Duck using Microsatellite Markers

Duck conservation strategy based on genetic characteristics has been undertaken to preserve indigenous breeds and produce high quality offspring. In addition, the genetic characteristic analysis provides further information for studying avian influenza viruses. The aim of this research was to study the genetic characterisation of indigenous Central Javanese duck in Indonesia using microsatellite markers. Microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSR) or short tandem repeats (STR) of various breeds of Central Javanese duck were analysed on 35 local ducks which consisted of seven variants of Javanese ducks in Central Java. Ten pairs of duck microsatellite primers were used to amplify the DNA from feathers. Nine out of 10 microsatellite loci (90%) demonstrated polymorphic patterns containing 50 alleles. The number of alelles varied from two to 10 alleles at various polymorphic microsatellite loci with an average of 5.56 alelles per locus. From the study, CAUD013 locus was determined as the highest heterozygosity with 0.882 score while CAUD030 locus was the lowest one with 0.034 score.Similarly, CAUD030 locus had the lowest PIC score (0.30) whereas the CAUD013 locus had the highest PIC value (0.869). Hence, it was showed that microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic in several loci for the Central Javanese duck and may be useful for genetic description of other native duck in terms of species conservation.

Process Of Egg Salt Smoke In Htm Jaya Brebes

Local ducks in Indonesia are generally kept as one of the egg producers. This study aims to determine the processing of salted smoked eggs in HTM Jaya. This research was conducted in HTM Jaya which is engaged in processing salted eggs for 30 days. The approach used is a qualitative approach, so that the researcher can describe all events during the research process. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Raw materials for duck eggs are obtained from two places, namely the pesantunan village and the jatibarang village. the incubation time is 12 days. The smoking is carried out for 4-6 hours with hot coals (coconut shell charcoal) which must always burn stably. Packaging is done after the eggs are smoked and aerated until warm. Packaging is done using a box, the reason for using a box is because it is more practical and affordable. In each box package there are 10 eggs&#x0D; &#x0D;

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Andaman local duck

Qualitative and quantitative traits are useful descriptors of any breeds under inhabited agro-ecological conditions. Hence, the present study was undertaken to characterize the local duck populations in Andaman based on morphology and morphometric observations under field conditions. Morphology for Drake and Ducks was noted by visual observation. Body measurements (cm) were recorded on length and width of bill and head, length of body, neck, and shank, wingspan, and body circumference. The overall mean values were (cm); 4.01±0.07 (bill length), 1.54±0.04 (bill width), 8.42±0.20 (head length), 3.70±0.36 (head width), 20.32±0.95 (neck length), 48.52±0.58 (body length), 82.27±0.50 (wingspan), 37.75±0.93 (body circumference) and 3.37±0.06 (shank length). Drakes of Andaman local ducks were having more values than ducks. The common bill colour was yellow with black tip, shank and web were yellow, and skin was mostly black. The plumage colour patterns were gray, black, and chocolate in different parts of the body. A white band on the neck was commonly found. The present study generates the baseline information which may be useful for formulation of systematic breeding policy to exploit potentiality of these local ducks and their conservation.

Physical quality of local duck meat with addition of different vegetable oils in the ration

The increasing need for meat can be done by optimizing the utilization of the potential of local livestock resources, one of which is local duck. This study aimed to determine the physical quality of duck meat with the addition of vegetable oil in the ration. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design in a unidirectional pattern with 4 treatments, each treatment consisting of 6 replications and each replication consisted of 6 ducks. The treatments in this study include; P1: (96% basal ration + 4% palm oil); P2: (96% basal ration + 4% canola oil); P3: (96% basal ration + 4% coconut oil) and P4: (96% basal ration + 4% soybean oil). The observed variables were physical quality of meat. The data obtained were analyzed by variance analysis and the real difference test between treatments. The results showed that the use of vegetable oil was a significant effect (P<0.05) on the tenderness of duck meat but not significantly different (P>0.05) on cooking losses, pH, and water holding capacity. It can be concluded that the addition of vegetable oil in the ration affects the tenderness of duck meat but did not affect the cooking losses, pH, and water holding capacity.

Metaphor Gel Electrophoresis: A Tool For High Resolution Genotyping with Microsatellite Marker In Pati;The Local Indigenous Duck Of Assam

Metaphor Gel Electrophoresis: A Tool For High Resolution Genotyping with Microsatellite Marker In Pati;The Local Indigenous Duck Of Assam

Effect of Dietary Lysine and Energy Levels on Apparent Nutrient, Nitrogen, and Amino Acids Digestibility of Local Muscovy Ducks

Effect of Dietary Lysine and Energy Levels on Apparent Nutrient, Nitrogen, and Amino Acids Digestibility of Local Muscovy Ducks

Microsatellites and Morphometric Diversity Among Indonesian Local Duck Populations in Lombok Island

Microsatellites and Morphometric Diversity Among Indonesian Local Duck Populations in Lombok Island