Local Degrees Of Freedom Research Articles

New variables for classical and quantum gravity in all dimensions: V. Isolated horizon boundary degrees of freedom

In this paper, we generalize the treatment of isolated horizons in loop quantum gravity, resulting in a Chern–Simons theory on the boundary in the four-dimensional case, to non-distorted isolated horizons in 2(n + 1)-dimensional spacetimes. The key idea is to generalize the four-dimensional isolated horizon boundary condition by using the Euler topological density E(2n) of a spatial slice of the black hole horizon as a measure of distortion. The resulting symplectic structure on the horizon coincides with the one of higher-dimensional SO(2(n + 1))-Chern–Simons theory in terms of a Peldan-type hybrid connection Γ0 and resembles closely the usual treatment in (3 + 1) dimensions. We comment briefly on a possible quantization of the horizon theory. Here, some subtleties arise since higher-dimensional non-Abelian Chern–Simons theory has local degrees of freedom. However, when replacing the natural generalization to higher dimensions of the usual boundary condition by an equally natural stronger one, it is conceivable that the problems originating from the local degrees of freedom are avoided, thus possibly resulting in a finite entropy.

Measures of entanglement in non-Abelian anyonic systems

Bipartite entanglement entropies, calculated from the reduced density matrix of a subsystem, provide a description of the resources available within a system for performing quantum information processing. However, these quantities are not uniquely defined on a system of non-Abelian anyons. This paper describes how reduced density matrices and bipartite entanglement entropies (such as the von Neumann and Renyi entropies) may be constructed for non-Abelian anyonic systems, in ways which reduce to the conventional definitions for systems with only local degrees of freedom.

Periodic Motion Control of Flexible Manipulator via Controllable Local Degree of Freedom

An idea is proposed to use the controllable local degree of freedom to reduce vibration of the flexible manipulator performing the periodic task. The controllable local degree of freedom is incorporated into the flexible manipulator and used as an effective way to alleviate vibration through dynamic coupling. The feature of the periodic motion is utilized and a simple method is suggested to control vibration by constructing the appropriate modal control force via the controllable local degree of freedom, thereby counteracting the effects of the periodic exciting force. The numerical and experimental results preliminarily prove its effectiveness and feasibility in practical applications.

Competing effective interactions of Dirac electrons in the Spin–Fermion system

Recently discovered advanced materials, such as heavy fermions, frequently exhibit a rich phase diagram suggesting the presence of different competing interactions. A unified description of the origin of these multiple interactions, albeit very important for the comprehension of such materials is, in general not available. It would be therefore very useful to have a simple model where the common source of different interactions could be possibly traced back. In this work we consider a system consisting in a set of localized spins on a square lattice with antiferromagnetic nearest neighbors interactions and itinerant electrons, which are assumed to be Dirac-like and interact with the localized spins through a Kondo magnetic interaction. This system is conveniently described by the Spin–Fermion model, which we use in order to determine the effective interactions among the itinerant electrons. By integrating out the localized degrees of freedom we obtain a set of different interactions, which includes: a BCS-like superconducting term, a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio-like, excitonic term and a spin–spin magnetic term. The resulting phase diagram is investigated by evaluation of the mean-field free-energy as a function of the relevant order parameters. This shows the competition of the above interactions, depending on the temperature, chemical potential and coupling constants.

THEORETICAL MODELS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON PNICTIDES

We attempt to describe the magnetic properties of parent pnictide compounds by using both the J1–J2 Heisenberg model and its three-dimensional generalization, the J1–J2–Jc model. We also include spin anisotropy in the XY plane. In order to obtain the average magnetization and spin wave dispersion, we use the Green's functions method for spin operators in the random phase approximation. We obtain estimates for the model parameters by considering the low temperature experimental dispersion for the compounds CaFe 2 As 2 and BaFe 2 As 2 and conclude that theoretical dispersion can fit the experimental one if spatially anisotropic Hamiltonian is used. A good agreement between theory and experiment indicates that the Heisenberg model is applicable to parent pnictides at low temperatures. The applicability of the model for higher temperatures is checked by calculating the Néel temperature for both compounds. It turns out that the model overestimates the measured critical temperature. The Heisenberg model is not applicable to parent pnictides, for temperature comparable to Néel temperature. Our results thus confirm that all the magnetic properties of parent pnictides cannot be described with purely localized degrees of freedom, and that the itinerant magnetism should have an important role in these compounds. All results given in Sec. 3 are general and could be used in description of classes of compounds with spin stripe structure.

Nematicity driven by hybridization in iron-based superconductors

In this paper we study an effective model for the normal state of iron-based superconductors. It has separate, but interacting itinerant and localized degrees of freedom, originating from the d_xz and d_yz, and from d_xy iron orbitals respectively. At low temperatures, below a mean-field phase transition, these different states condense together in an excitonic order parameter. We show that at even lower temperature, after another phase transition, this ordered state can spontaneously break the C_4 lattice symmetry and become nematic. We propose this mechanism as an explanation of the tendency towards nematicity observed in several iron-based compounds.

Income tax evasion dynamics: Evidence from an agent-based econophysics model

We analyze income tax evasion dynamics in a standard model of statistical mechanics, the Ising model of ferromagnetism. However, in contrast to previous research, we use an inhomogeneous multi-dimensional Ising model where the local degrees of freedom (agents) are subject to a specific social temperature and coupled to external fields which govern their social behavior. This new modeling frame allows for analyzing large societies of four different and interacting agent types. As a second novelty, our model may reproduce results from agent-based models that incorporate standard Allingham and Sandmo tax evasion features as well as results from existing two-dimensional Ising based tax evasion models. In this way, such kind of models may become more relevant and useful in economics as well as social psychology. We finally use our model for analyzing income tax evasion dynamics under different enforcement scenarios and point to some policy implications that may also be of interest for psychological research on tax compliance.

A uniformly second order fast sweeping method for eikonal equations

A uniformly second order method with a local solver based on the piecewise linear discontinuous Galerkin formulation is introduced to solve the eikonal equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The method utilizes an interesting phenomenon, referred as the superconvergence phenomenon, that the numerical solution of monotone upwind schemes for the eikonal equation is first order accurate on both its value and gradient when the solution is smooth. This phenomenon greatly simplifies the local solver based on the discontinuous Galerkin formulation by reducing its local degrees of freedom from two (1-D) (or three (2-D), or four (3-D)) to one with the information of the gradient frozen. When considering the eikonal equation with point-source conditions, we further utilize a factorization approach to resolve the source singularities of the eikonal by decomposing it into two parts, either multiplicatively or additively. One part is known and captures the source singularities; the other part serves as a correction term that is differentiable at the sources and satisfies the factored eikonal equations. We extend the second order method to solve the factored eikonal equations to compute the correction term with second order accuracy, then recover the eikonal with second order accuracy. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the method.

Towards the chemical tuning of entanglement in molecular nanomagnets

Antiferromagnetic spin rings represent prototypical realizations of highly correlated, low-dimensional systems. Here we theoretically show how the introduction of magnetic defects by controlled chemical substitutions results in a strong spatial modulation of spin-pair entanglement within each ring. Entanglement between local degrees of freedom (individual spins) and collective ones (total ring spins) are shown to coexist in exchange-coupled ring dimers, as can be deduced from general symmetry arguments. We verify the persistence of these features at finite temperatures, and discuss them in terms of experimentally accessible observables.

Invariant measures on multimode quantum Gaussian states

We derive the invariant measure on the manifold of multimode quantum Gaussian states, induced by the Haar measure on the group of Gaussian unitary transformations. To this end, by introducing a bipartition of the system in two disjoint subsystems, we use a parameterization highlighting the role of nonlocal degrees of freedom—the symplectic eigenvalues—which characterize quantum entanglement across the given bipartition. A finite measure is then obtained by imposing a physically motivated energy constraint. By averaging over the local degrees of freedom we finally derive the invariant distribution of the symplectic eigenvalues in some cases of particular interest for applications in quantum optics and quantum information.

Magnetism and its microscopic origin in iron-based high-temperature superconductors

High-temperature superconductivity in the iron-based materials emerges from, or sometimes coexists with, their metallic or insulating parent compound states. This is surprising, as these undoped states exhibit dramatically different antiferromagnetic spin arrangements and Néel temperatures. Although there is a general consensus that magnetic interactions are important for superconductivity, much remains unknown concerning the microscopic origin of the magnetic states. In this review, we summarize the progress in this area, focusing on recent experimental and theoretical results, and their microscopic implications. We conclude that the parent compounds are in a state that is more complex than that implied by a simple Fermi surface nesting scenario, and a dual description including both itinerant and localized degrees of freedom is needed to properly describe these fascinating materials. The magnetic states found in iron-based superconductors are more complex than originally thought. This Review argues that the magnetism arises from both itinerant and localized electrons.

Hybrid quantization of an inflationary universe

We quantize to completion an inflationary universe with small inhomogeneities in the framework of loop quantum cosmology. The homogeneous setting consists of a massive scalar field propagating in a closed, homogeneous scenario. We provide a complete quantum description of the system employing loop quantization techniques. After introducing small inhomogeneities as scalar perturbations, we identify the true physical degrees of freedom by means of a partial gauge fixing, removing all the local degrees of freedom except the matter perturbations. We finally combine a Fock description for the inhomogeneities with the polymeric quantization of the homogeneous background, providing the quantum Hamiltonian constraint of the composed system. Its solutions are then completely characterized, owing to the suitable choice of quantum constraint, and the physical Hilbert space is constructed. Finally, we consider the analog description for an alternate gauge and, moreover, in terms of gauge-invariant quantities. In the deparametrized model, all these descriptions are unitarily equivalent at the quantum level.

Shape Dynamics and AdS/CFT

I present a semi-classical correspondence between three-dimensional euclidean conformal field theory and the large-volume dynamics of gravity with positive cosmological constant in 3+1 dimensions. The correspondence is based on a theory of gravity called Shape Dynamics, whose solutions are a subset of those of General Relativity, namely those that can be foliated with constant mean extrinsic curvature. Shape Dynamics makes it possible to solve exactly for all the local degrees of freedom, while in GR this is possible only approximately, within a derivative expansion, due to the non-linearity of the scalar constraint.

Local degrees of freedom of clutter for airborne space–time adaptive processing radar with subarrays

Space–time adaptive processing (STAP) is an advanced technique for airborne radar to mitigate clutter and detect moving targets effectively. Based on adaptive radar theory, the degrees-of-freedom of a STAP processor should be larger than that of a clutter. In this study, the local degrees-of-freedom (LDOF) of clutter for reduced-dimensional STAP (RD-STAP) methods with subarray configurations are studied. The LDOF formulas are proposed and verified by simulations. With these formulas, the LDOFs of clutter will collapse under certain radar configurations, which are favourable for clutter mitigation. Therefore these formulas could be used as guidance for STAP radar to choose appropriate system parameters and processing methods.

Fourth order transport model on Yin-Yang grid by multi-moment constrained finite volume scheme

A fourth order transport model is proposed for global computation with the application of multi-moment constrained finite volume (MCV) scheme and Yin-Yang overset grid. Using multi-moment concept, local degrees of freedom (DOFs) are point-wisely defined within each mesh element to build a cubic spatial reconstruction. The updating formulations for local DOFs are derived by adopting multi moments as constraint conditions, including volume-integrated average (VIA), point value (PV) and first order derivative value (DV). Using Yin-Yang grid eliminates the polar singularities and results in a quasi-uniform mesh over the whole globe. Each component of Yin-Yang grid is a part of the LAT-LON grid, an orthogonal structured grid, where the MCV formulations designed for Cartesian grid can be applied straightforwardly to develop the high order numerical schemes. Proposed MCV model is checked by widely used benchmark tests. The numerical results show that the present model has fourth order accuracy and is competitive to most existing ones.

Asymptotically warped anti-de Sitter spacetimes in topologically massive gravity

Asymptotically warped AdS spacetimes in topologically massive gravity with negative cosmological constant are considered in the case of spacelike stretched warping, where black holes have been shown to exist. We provide a set of asymptotic conditions that accommodate solutions in which the local degree of freedom (the "massive graviton") is switched on. An exact solution with this property is explicitly exhibited and possesses a slower fall-off than the warped AdS black hole. The boundary conditions are invariant under the semidirect product of the Virasoro algebra with a u(1) current algebra. We show that the canonical generators are integrable and finite. When the graviton is not excited, our analysis is compared and contrasted with earlier results obtained through the covariant approach to conserved charges. In particular, we find agreement with the conserved charges of the warped AdS black holes as well as with the central charges in the algebra.

Mureika and Stojkovic Reply:

The "Comment on: Detecting Vanishing Dimensions Via Primordial Gravitational Wave Astronomy" [arXiv:1104.1223] is misleading and premised on a misinterpretation of the main content of Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 101101 (2011) [arXiv:1102.3434]. The main claim in the comment - that in some exotic theories different from general relativity (GR) there might be local degrees of freedom even in lower dimensional spaces - is trivial. Nevertheless, the authors of the Comment fail to come-up with a single self-consistent example. This claim, however, has no implications for our paper, in which we make it clear we are working within the framework of "vanishing" or "evolving" dimensions as defined in arXiv:1003.5914.

Design and Realization of a Flexible Claw of Rough Wall Climbing Robot

Based on the research of foot characteristics of insecta, a climbing robot’s mechanical structure and kinematics are analyzed, and the main crawling institutions was designed by a kind of bionic four-bar linkage. Claws are made of sharp spines, claws are composed of a number of toes which are flexible structure with local degrees of freedom, they have a grate adaptivity to the rough wall. We have studied the characteristics of the rough wall climbing, and made analysis affection of reliability with the angle perched on. The experimental study indicates spine planning and structure design, material selection are reasonable.

Quantum scalar field in quantum gravity: the propagator and Lorentz invariance in the spherically symmetric case

We recently studied gravity coupled to a scalar field in spherical symmetry using loop quantum gravity techniques. Since there are local degrees of freedom one faces the "problem of dynamics". We attack it using the "uniform discretization technique". We find the quantum state that minimizes the value of the master constraint for the case of weak fields and curvatures. The state has the form of a direct product of Gaussians for the gravitational variables times a modified Fock state for the scalar field. In this paper we do three things. First, we verify that the previous state also yields a small value of the master constraint when one polymerizes the scalar field in addition to the gravitational variables. We then study the propagators for the polymerized scalar field in flat space-time using the previously considered ground state in the low energy limit. We discuss the issue of the Lorentz invariance of the whole approach. We note that if one uses real clocks to describe the system, Lorentz invariance violations are small. We discuss the implications of these results in the light of Horava's Gravity at the Lifshitz point and of the argument about potential large Lorentz violations in interacting field theories of Collins et. al.

Vibration Suppression of the Flexible Joint Manipulator Based on Controllable Local Degrees of Freedom

In order to suppress vibration of the flexible-joint manipulator, a new topological structure of the manipulator with the controllable local degrees of freedom is suggested. By kinematic and dynamic analysis, it is found that arbitrary motions introduced by the controllable local degrees of freedom are independent of the nominal end-effector motion, but can greatly affect dynamic performance of the manipulator. As a result, a vibration control strategy is put forward based on the controllable local degree of freedom. By planning the branch link motion, the vibration of the flexible-joint manipulator can be reduced. The results of numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the vibration control strategy proposed in this paper.