Crime Research Articles

Investigating crimes against the foundations of national security: analysis of the content of new articles of the Criminal Code

It is indicated that in the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, there is an urgent need to modernize the forensic methodology of investigating crimes against the foundations of national security. Full-scale aggression has led to the emergence of new forms of such crimes, including treason, sabotage and collaborationism, which pose a serious threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. The updated methodology should take into account the peculiarities of the state of war, the difficulty of gathering evidence in the occupied territories, and the need to counter cybercrimes and information sabotage. It should ensure effective detection, documentation and investigation of crimes in conditions of limited access to the places of their commission, taking into account the risk of loss of evidence due to hostilities. In addition, the methodology should facilitate rapid response to new threats to national security, including hybrid forms of aggression, and improve coordination between various law enforcement agencies and special services. An important aspect is also the consideration of international cooperation in the investigation of war crimes. The author notes that the analysis of the draft Law «On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine on Improving Liability for Collaborative Activities and Related Criminal Offenses gives reason to say that it offers an innovative approach to the wording of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, clearly defining the types activities that qualify as criminal offenses. However, some aspects of the new edition need clarification and refinement. The main problem lies in the insufficient specificity of individual wording of actions classified as collaborative activities. This creates the risk of an overly broad interpretation, which can lead to difficulties in the practical application of the law during the investigation of this type of crime, ambiguity in law enforcement, the risk of unjustified prosecution, and difficulties in distinguishing between legal and illegal activities under the occupation.

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Illegal Waste Disposal Site Activities at National Strategic Area in Developing Country – Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Illegal Waste Disposal Site Activities at National Strategic Area in Developing Country – Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

A Critical Analysis of Medical Crimes: From the Perspective of the Penal Code of Afghanistan

Aim: This study explores the phenomenon of medical crimes within the context of the penal code of Afghanistan, focusing on how legal frameworks address illegal activities in the healthcare sector. Medical crimes, such as revealing medical secrets, using expired medicine, refusing to offer treatment by medical personnel, negligence, carelessness, non-observance of medical regulations by medical personnel, and patient rights violations. These medical crimes pose significant risks to public health and patient safety and are punishable under the Penal Code. The Afghan penal code discusses these crimes in detail, specifically from Article 886 to Article 892. The importance of this study lies in removing ambiguities in the recognition of medical crimes and clarifying the position of the Afghan penal code regarding their classification and punishment. Methods: By examining legislative texts, judicial practices, and real-world case studies, the research highlights gaps and challenges in the current criminal justice system. This work employs the doctrinal research methodology along with descriptive, explanatory, and analytical research approaches. It is worth mentioning that this research study is entirely based on library sources. Most of the sources are textbooks, scholarly published and unpublished journal articles, law reports, and online websites related to the research area. Results: The findings underscore the need for enhanced legal reforms, improved judicial capacity, and greater accountability to ensure a safer and more equitable healthcare environment. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on healthcare and legal reform in Afghanistan, offering insights for policymakers, legal professionals, and healthcare practitioners aiming to strengthen the intersection of law and medicine.

이주-난민의 이동으로서 밀항

This paper addresses the concept of migration-refugee as an interconnected notion, addressing the relationship between migration and refugees. It delves into the perception issue, which underlies the interpretation and application of laws and regulations, rather than focusing solely on the legal frameworks. Although it is an “illegal” act, we reviewed the meaning of stowaway as an escape and return for those who have no choice but to migrate and have lost their place to live. In Europe, where cross-border movements of migration-refugee persist, stowaway acts are connected to crime and targeted for crackdowns and control. Although the illegality and hazard of stowaways are emphasized to curb their movement, stowaways cannot be defined simply as illegal activities in that movement across boundaries. The Jeju people, who crossed borders between Jeju and Japan around 1950, were similarly forced into stowaway activities for survival due to restrictions on their mobility. Stowaway practices, which have persisted across modern and contemporary times and spaces, extend beyond mere illegal acts; as a form of migration-refugee movement, they provide a critical view of the power and capital operating within this mobility.

상담사의 범죄경력 가족 상담 경험에 대한 질적 연구

This study was conducted to examine the counseling experiences of professional counselors who participated in the Family Psychological Support Project conducted by the Gyeonggi Branch of the Korea Legal Protection and Welfare Corporation from 2022 to 2023, and to explore improvements and complementary points of the project from the perspective of professional counselors. The study was conducted among six counselors, five of whom were affiliated with Gyeonggi National University, and aimed to help provide more suitable and efficient programs and practical institutional support for criminal offenders and their families. The research method used a phenomenological research method that can reflectively analyze participants' experiences in terms of structure and subjectivity, and in the data analysis, iterative comparative analysis was applied to deeply explore the inner experience and define the meaning of a total of 633 consultations in 28 cases from 2022 to 2023. As a result of the research analysis, 57 semantic units were derived, which were grouped into 12 components, which were further categorized into 5 categories. Category 1. 'Feelings before participating in counseling' consisted of two components, 'Worry and curiosity about clients with special needs' and 'Challenging new types of clients', with three and two semantic units, respectively. Category 2. 'Difficulties and obstacles' consisted of four components: 'Limitations faced in the counseling process', 'Clients' insincere attitude to participate in counseling', 'Lack of family cooperation and support', and 'Difficulties due to the situation faced by the client', with seven, three, five, and three meaning units respectively. Category 3. 'Emotions felt while participating in the project' consisted of three components: 'Emotions felt in the counseling scene', 'Gratitude and regret for institutional support', and 'Activeness of support from the industrial complex', with 9, 2, and 4 meaning units, respectively. Category 4. 'Positive outcomes' consisted of two components, 'Positive changes in clients through counseling' and 'Capacity enhancement of counselors', with 7 and 3 meaning units, respectively. Category 5. 'Effective improvement direction of business' is 'business and counseling support area', which has a total of 1 component and 7 meaning units. Based on these findings, we discussed the improvements and deficiencies of the Family Psychological Support Project and made recommendations to provide more suitable and efficient programmes and practical institutional support for criminal offenders and their families.

Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in The Case of Criminal Negligence Causing Death in The Gianyar Resort Police

In Article 5 and Article 6 of the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2021 concerning Handling Crimes Based on Restorative Justice, some conditions must be met for a case to be resolved through restorative justice. This regulation emphasizes that not all criminal acts can be resolved through restorative justice. Settlement through restorative justice is not necessarily able to eliminate or stop an investigation and/or investigation in the Police, especially against article 359 of the Criminal Code because legal norms are blurring. for example, in the case of the Ayuterra Resort Owner and the Contractor, can be interpreted as who is most responsible for the breaking of the elevator / Inclinator rope which caused the death of 5 (five) employees because in one criminal event, it is not possible that both can be used as Criminal Offenders. Obstacles in the application of restorative justice experienced by the investigators of the Gianyar Resort Police on the crime of negligence that caused death, among others: There is no common perception of the application of articles 359 on negligence causing death among law enforcement officials regarding the handling of restorative justice for the best interests of the perpetrators of criminal acts of negligence causing death

АНАЛИЗ УГОЛОВНОГО ПРАВОСУДИЯ И КИБЕРПРЕСТУПНОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

The scientific article is aimed at analyzing issues related to the use of existing international instruments in the fight against cybercrime in the context of the use of artificial intelligence technologies. Within its framework, an assessment is made of the current position of international organizations and their potential impact on legislation and processes in the field of combating cybercrime in the near future. The focus is on analyzing the implications of artificial intelligence developments for the effective management of the criminal justice system, particularly in the context of combating cybercrime. The study also examines current trends and practices in the use of artificial intelligence systems and applications to carry out harmful and illegal activities, including phenomena such as deepfakes. The final part of the article proposes alternative approaches to developing effective measures to combat cybercrime carried out using artificial intelligence systems.

The Role of Forensic Accounting in Combating Financial Crimes Resulting From Accounting Estimates

Forensic accounting plays a vital role in combating financial crimes resulting from accounting estimates, as it combines specialized knowledge in accounting with forensic investigative skills to analyze financial statements and uncover manipulations.and The research aims to explore how forensic accounting affects the identification of financial crimes related to accounting estimatesThe most important conclusions of the research were : Forensic accounting plays a vital role in discovering financial manipulations and frauds associated with accounting estimates. Through careful examination and forensic analysis of financial statements, forensic accountants are able to detect any manipulation of numbers or exaggeration of profits or losses. andThe most important recommendations include examining the necessity of implementing strict internal control procedures that include reviewing accounting estimates regularly, using forensic accounting methods. This would reduce the chances of financial manipulation and fraud, and this research contributes to clarifyingThe role of forensic accounting in detecting financial crimes related to estimatesAccounting.And improvement transparencyAnd the accuracy of financial reports by examining estimatesAccounting.andDevelop effective financial investigation strategies to combat illegal financial activities.

Perspective and a proposed study to investigate the threat of hypertension and renal damage due to heavy metal pollution of rivers affected by illegal mining activities (galamsey) in Ghana

Perspective and a proposed study to investigate the threat of hypertension and renal damage due to heavy metal pollution of rivers affected by illegal mining activities (galamsey) in Ghana

A Hybrid Framework for Maritime Surveillance: Detecting Illegal Activities through Vessel Behaviors and Expert Rules Fusion.

Maritime traffic is essential for global trade but faces significant challenges, including navigation safety, environmental protection, and the prevention of illicit activities. This work presents a framework for detecting illegal activities carried out by vessels, combining navigation behavior detection models with rules based on expert knowledge. Using synthetic and real datasets based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS), we structured our framework into five levels based on the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) model, efficiently integrating data from multiple sources. Activities are classified into four categories: illegal fishing, suspicious activity, anomalous activity, and normal activity. To address the issue of a lack of labels and integrate data-driven detection with expert knowledge, we employed a stack ensemble model along with active learning. The results showed that the framework was highly effective, achieving 99% accuracy in detecting illegal fishing and 92% in detecting suspicious activities. Furthermore, it drastically reduced the need for manual checks by specialists, transforming experts' tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge through the models and allowing continuous updates of maritime domain rules. This work significantly contributes to maritime surveillance, offering a scalable and efficient solution for detecting illegal activities in the maritime domain.

Cryptocurrencies and capital flows: evidence from El Salvador’s adoption of Bitcoin

ABSTRACT This paper explores a monetary experiment, the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador in 2021, to analyse the impact of digital currencies on international capital flows. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that, instead of making transfers easier, El Salvador’s official cross-border financial activity has decreased after the monetary change. This finding may reflect an increase in uncertainty. However, it is also in line with findings that link digital assets to illegal activity as previously officially recorded financial transfers may have been replaced by unrecorded activities.

A C4 Software for Anti Drone System

Mini unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as small drones, have seen outstanding advancements in recent years and have been used in a variety of fields. However, their potential misuse for illegal activities and the risks they pose to safety and privacy have raised concerns. To address these issues, we propose a Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) software able to manage and control anti-drone systems. Our software solution includes an easy-to-use dashboard that processes and displays video data from surveillance sensors. It incorporates AI-powered functionalities, including object detection, target tracking, and classification of small drones. At the inference stage, the network models for drone detection and classification functionalities have achieved an accuracy exceeding 96 %. We have evaluated the effectiveness of our solution by deploying it in a no-fly zone, where it successfully identified and tracked drones in near real-time. The proposed control system provides unified information with which the entire anti-drone process can be managed starting from the detection of each threat.

Formal and Non-Formal Development of Children as Criminal Offenders in Juvenile Correctional Institutions

The problem in this study is how the implementation of formal and non-formal coaching for children as perpetrators of criminal acts in the Special Development Institute for Children Klas II Bandar Lampung and what factors hinder the implementation of formal and non-formal coaching for children as perpetrators of criminal acts in the Special Development Institute for Children Klas II Lampung. The problem approach that will be used in this research is normative juridical and empirical juridical, the sources in the research are the Head of LPKA, LPKA Lampung Officers and Correctional Students of LPKA Lampung. The results showed that the process of implementing formal and non-formal coaching for children as perpetrators of criminal acts in the Special Development Institute for Children Klas II Bandar Lampung has been carried out even though it has not been maximised, it can be seen from the formal coaching that runs quite well where formal coaching is given from the elementary school level, junior high school and high school education levels. While non-formal coaching has not been running optimally marked by the decline in correctional students who take part in skills training programmes.

The Effect of Public Safety Policies on Crime Reduction in France

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the effect of public safety policies on crime reduction in France. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Leadership in Indian organizations plays a pivotal role in enhancing organizational learning and knowledge management by promoting knowledge sharing, continuous learning, and innovation. Effective leaders facilitate the retention of critical knowledge and improve decision-making processes, thereby driving competitive advantage and organizational success. This leadership approach fosters a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability, essential for thriving in dynamic business environments. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Routine activity theory, social disorganization theory & broken windows theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of public safety policies on crime reduction in France. Enhance training programs for police officers to include comprehensive modules on community engagement, cultural competency, and communication skills. Encourage the adoption of diverse public safety policies tailored to the unique needs of different communities. Policymakers should prioritize flexibility and adaptability in policy design, allowing for the integration of multiple strategies based on local crime dynamics and community feedback.

Study Against Corruption Punishment of the Village Owned Enterprise Agency (BUMDes) of Berjo Village in Karanganyar District

By closing the case of the village chief who is involved in the corruption of village funds and the allocation of villages funds who have already been accused are subject to the threat of punishment in accordance with Articles 2 and 3 of the Act No. 31 of 1999 as amended by the Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Suppression of Criminal Prosecution of Corruption. How to Juridic Analysis of High Court Judges' Judgment Semarang No. 13/PID.SUS-TPK/2023/PT Smg against the Elements of Justice and Legal Certainty for Corruption Criminal Offenders BUMDes Berjo. The type of research used by the author is normative jurisprudence or library law research or doctrinal law research that can be interpreted as legal research by studying library and secondary materials. The method of approach used in this normative jurisprudence research is the Case Approach to Legislation. The data source used is Decision No. 13/PID.SUS-TPK/2023/PT Smg, No. 31 of 1999 on Combating Corruption Punishment, as amended and supplemented by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2001 on Amendments to the Law No. 31, 1999 of the Republik of Indonesia on Combatting Corruptions Punishments. Data Collection Techniques using Libraries and Documents Studies. Data Analysis Techniques with Qualitative Analysis.SUS-TPK/2023/PT SMG violates Article 2 paragraph (1) jo. Article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 of 1999 on the Elimination of Crimes of Corruption, as amended and supplemented by the Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Amendment to the Law on the Supreme Implementation of the Constitution of the Republik of Indonesia Number 31 of 1999, on the Reduction of Criminal Implications of Coruption. Article 55 (1) paragraph 1 of the Code, with the elements of the following article: "Everyone". The element "Fighting the Law". The item "Committing an act of enriching himself or another person or a corporation". Item "Can harm the finances of the state or the economy of the State". The unit "Who commits, who commits and who accompanies the act". (1) That the judge of the High Court of Semarang ruled the corruption criminal case conducted by the village chief Berjo Suyatno bin Kartorejo was in accordance with the norms in force but in the view of the author still leaves a striking disparity dropped to the accused in corruption cases committed by officials or someone who has power. The prosecution against the accused is too light and has not satisfied the sense of justice in the community in particular for the people of the village Berjo Prefecture of Ngargoyoso district of Karanganyar and does not cause the effect of seizure for the defendants who have used the people's money (the community of the Village Berjo prefecture NgarGoyoso District of Karaganyar) for the personal interests of the Accused.(2) That the amount of the replacement money, although in the appellate judgment of the High Court of Semarang is greater than the judgement of the State Court, the penalty of imprisonment against the defendant as a substitute for the unpaid substitute money, is still too light and tends to be preferred to refrain from paying or refusing to refund the size of the compensation money to be paid by the accused and carrying out the criminal sentence in prison in exchange for the unepaid replacement payment money. Thus, it has been backward with the Government Program in an effort to maximize the reimbursement of the State/Region losses as a result of the corruption crime that has occurred.

Regulatory Framework for Gold Mining in Ghana: An Analysis of Damongo’s Mining Sector

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework governing gold mining in Ghana, with a specific focus on Damongo, a rapidly growing mining hub in the Northern Region. Ghana's gold mining sector, a major contributor to the nation's economy, faces significant challenges despite its economic benefits. These challenges include severe environmental degradation, mercury contamination, and social issues exacerbated by inadequate regulatory enforcement. This article examines the existing regulatory framework, which includes key legislative acts such as the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, and the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994, alongside a network of regulatory institutions like the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources and the Minerals Commission. Utilizing Damongo as a case study, this research reveals critical inefficiencies in the local regulatory system, particularly in combating illegal mining activities and managing environmental and social impacts. Findings indicate that while gold mining has stimulated economic growth and provided employment opportunities, it has also led to negative consequences such as increased health problems, social vices, and reduced agricultural productivity. The study underscores the need for more robust regulatory practices, improved institutional capacity, and enhanced community involvement in environmental governance. Comparative insights from regulatory practices in other jurisdictions, such as Australia and Canada, highlight the potential benefits of adopting stricter environmental regulations, comprehensive impact assessments, and better coordination among regulatory agencies. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening Ghana’s regulatory framework, including increased investment in regulatory institutions, improved enforcement mechanisms, and the promotion of sustainable mining practices. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on mining regulation and sustainability, providing actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the governance of Ghana’s gold mining sector.

Альтернативные способы возмещения вреда, причиненного лицу незаконной уголовно-процессуальной деятельностью

The article reviews grounds of the legal liability of the state to parties to criminal proceedings for the damage caused to them by illegal criminal procedure activities. The main attention is paid to the damage compensation procedure pursuant to Part 3, Art. 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation that is fundamentally different from compensation of damage to an exonerated person under the judicial procedure governed by Art. 399 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The author uses judicial cases with identified problems of establishment of grounds for compensation of damage caused by illegal criminal procedure activities, in particular, illegal application of measures of procedural coercion, as a basis to conclude that the traditional civil procedure for compensation of damage caused by illegal criminal proceedings often fails to conform to the reasonable term of judicial proceedings, and not every damage caused to parties to criminal procedure activities by coercive procedural measures can and must be compensated within the framework of the undertaken liability of the state to parties to criminal proceedings.

Intoxication in the city: Investigating spatial patterns and determinants of drugs and alcohol-related illegal activities in India's geostrategic corridor

Illicit drug and alcohol-related activities pose significant challenges to metropolitan centres globally, impacting public safety and socio-economic stability. This research analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of drugs and alcohol-related illegal activities (DARIA) in Siliguri, known as the "Gateway of North-East India." The primary objectives are to explore DARIA patterns, identify clusters and concentrated areas, and investigate contributing factors. Using GIS-based spatial analysis and geographical models, we studied incidents recorded over three years from 2021 to 2023. Advanced spatial statistical approaches were applied to identify specific clusters of DARIA occurrences. The pure temporal analysis highlighted periods of increased illegal activity. Various geographical models, including ordinary least squares (OLS), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), were used to examine the spatial association. The MGWR model, with an explanatory power of R2 = 0.816, provided a detailed understanding of spatial relationships and variations in DARIA. Our findings indicate specific zones with frequent DARIA occurrences, mainly near major transportation hubs, commercial points, and areas with significant mobility. Key exploratory factors such as illiteracy rate, population density, proximity to playgrounds and slums were highly associated with DARIA incidents. These findings contribute to developing safer, more resilient, and more sustainable cities worldwide.

Analyzing Tor Browser Artifacts for Enhanced Web Forensics, Anonymity, Cybersecurity, and Privacy in Windows-Based Systems

The Tor browser is widely used for anonymity, providing layered encryption for enhanced privacy. Besides its positive uses, it is also popular among cybercriminals for illegal activities such as trafficking, smuggling, betting, and illicit trade. There is a need for Tor Browser forensics to identify its use in unlawful activities and explore its consequences. This research analyzes artifacts generated by Tor on Windows-based systems. The methodology integrates forensic techniques into incident responses per NIST SP (800-86), exploring areas such as registry, storage, network, and memory using tools like bulk-extractor, autopsy, and regshot. We propose an automated PowerShell script that detects Tor usage and retrieves artifacts with minimal user interaction. Finally, this research performs timeline analysis and artifact correlation for a contextual understanding of event sequences in memory and network domains, ultimately contributing to improved incident response and accountability.

To protect and to serve? Comparing students’ perceptions of the legitimacy of the campus police in urban and suburban contexts

PurposeGiven that previous research examining students’ perceptions of the legitimacy of the campus police (CP) has largely taken place on a single campus and utilized quantitative methods, the purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how community context shapes students’ interactions with and perceptions of the CP in two distinct campus settings.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws on in-depth interviews with 70 undergraduates, including 36 attending a university in a relatively safe, affluent suburban area and 34 attending a university in a high crime, disadvantaged urban area.FindingsAlthough participants at both universities appreciated the presence and visibility of the CP, some Suburban U students felt that rather than being protected from outside threats, they were instead policed for engaging in behaviors that they deemed typical of the college experience. Alternatively, Urban U students expressed the opposite of their CP, providing evidence that brief and positive officer-initiated encounters can enhance perceptions of legitimacy, particularly in settings characterized by higher crime rates.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings have implications for how the CP can build trust and legitimacy among students to enhance campus safety and foster future compliance and mutual respect.Originality/valueThis study extends the findings of previous research in two important ways. First, it compares two starkly different campus contexts to understand how community setting and local crime rates influence students’ perceptions of the CP, and second, it utilizes both a comparative and qualitative research design.