Local Broadcast Research Articles

Matrix: Multihop Address allocation and dynamic any-To-any Routing for 6LoWPAN

Standard routing protocols for IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) are mainly designed for data collection applications and work by establishing a tree-based network topology, enables packets to be sent upwards, from the leaves to the root, adapting to dynamics of low-power communication links. In this work, we propose Matrix, a platform-independent routing protocol that utilizes the existing tree structure of the network to enable reliable and efficient any-to-any data traffic in 6LoWPAN. Matrix uses hierarchical IPv6 address assignment to optimize routing table size while preserving bidirectional routing. Moreover, it uses a local broadcast mechanism to forward messages to the right subtree when a persistent node or link failures occur. We implemented Matrix on TinyOS and evaluated its performance both analytically and through simulations on TOSSIM. Our results showed that the proposed protocol is superior to available protocols for 6LoWPAN when it comes to any-to-any data communication, concerning reliability, message efficiency, and memory footprint.

Private Broadcasting and the Path to Radio Broadcasting Policy in Canada

The largely unregulated early years of Canadian radio were vital to development of broadcasting policy. The Report of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting in 1929 and American broadcasting both changed the direction of Canadian broadcasting, but were mitigated by the early, largely unregulated years. Broadcasters operated initially as small, independent, and local broadcasters, then, national networks developed in stages during the 1920s and 1930s. The late adoption of radio broadcasting policy to build a national network in Canada allowed other practices to take root in the wake of other examples, in particular, American commercial broadcasting. By 1929 when the Aird Report recommended a national network, the potential impact of the report was shaped by the path of early broadcasting and the shifts forced on Canada by American broadcasting and policy. Eventually Canada forged its own course that pulled in both directions, permitting both private commercial networks and public national networks.

Women Weathercasters: Their Positions, Education, and Presence in Local TV

Abstract Data on weathercasters at local television stations in all 210 markets in the United States were gathered through individual weathercaster biography web pages provided on television news station websites. The weathercasters’ genders, positions, and educational backgrounds were compiled and analyzed to determine women’s presence in local broadcast meteorology. While the overall percentage of females in the field increased and females were more represented in larger markets, females held fewer influential and desired positions in 2016 compared with previous studies. Women made up 29% of all weathercaster positions, which was higher than in earlier studies that showed the percentage at 25% or less over the past two decades. Females made up 8% of chief meteorologist positions and less than 11% of evening shifts, which were lower than numbers in previous studies. The proportion of female weathercasters who held meteorology degrees was lower than their male counterparts (52% of females compared with 59% of males). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Chi-squared tests revealed strong and statistically significant associations between males and chief meteorologist positions and between males and evening shifts. There was a higher percentage of weathercasters with meteorology degrees in smaller markets as opposed to larger markets.

KDSR

This article deals with a key distribution protocol to secure routing in large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and proposes a new protocol called KDSR. The authors' protocol has two originalities: to provide a secure network structure for large-scale WSNs, and to use lightweight local process to share efficiently the Local Broadcast Keys, the Pairwise Keys and the Global Broadcast Key. These keys are useful to secure several communication patterns in WSNs: one-to-many, one-to-one and one-to-all. Security analyses show that KDSR can withstand several attacks against WSNs. Through fast node revocation process, KDSR offers a good resilience against node capture. Immunity against MiM and replay attacks are well checked with the AVISPA tools. The experimentations are done on real TelosB motes and through the TOSSIM simulator. Simulation results confirm that KDSR is scalable, provides a good key connectivity and a good resilience. Comparison to earlier work shows that KDSR causes less computation complexity, less communication overhead and much less storage space even for large-scale WSNs.

Effects of vertex insertion on local rescheduling in wireless sensor networks

Rescheduling has abundant issues yet to be explored. The local rescheduling problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been firstly addressed and investigated in this paper. The algorithms of local rescheduling have been proposed and evaluates the performance of reschedule solutions with different metrics. The solutions have to be under the limitation that the network should stay connected after the process of rescheduling. This paper introduces a theoretical bound of maximum degree after node insertion. Along with empirical results in real world settings, the results motivate the design of algorithms and give possible reasons why existing rescheduling algorithms do not work efficiently. Two local link rescheduling algorithms and one local broadcast rescheduling algorithm are developed as improvements. With different node densities and other critical parameters, simulations show that the developed algorithms greatly improve the ratio of finding proper solutions successfully in both types of scheduling compared with other existing simple algorithms.

방송산업의 특수성에 관한 연구 : 지역방송의 매출과 편성을 중심으로

일반적으로 방송산업은 프로그램 시청률과 광고매출이 상관관계를 갖는 특성을 보인다. 그러나 지역방송사는 한국방송광고진흥공사(KOBACO) 및 미디어크리에이트 등 미디어렙의 광고 결합판매를 통해 프로그램 시청률과 상관없이 광고를 배분받고 본사로부터 가시청 인구비례에 따라 전파료를 배분받는 특수성을 지닌다.BR 이 연구에서는 경쟁사와의 시청률 경쟁에서 우위를 점하기 위해 편성 전략을 짜는 일반적인 방송산업의 특성을 살펴보고 이러한 특성과 차이를 보이는 지역 방송사의 특수성을 알아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 매출이 프로그램 편성에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지를 춘천MBC를 중심으로 분석하였다.BR 연구결과 최근 10년 동안 지역 방송사는 매출이 감소하고 제작 인력이 줄었음에도 지역 방송사의 자체 편성 비율은 변화가 거의 없이 일정한 수준을 유지하고 있었다. 지역 방송사의 자체 편성을 제작원별로 분석한 결과, 주로 자체 제작과 공동 제작을 통해 비용 절감을 해왔으며, 편성의 또 다른 형태인 외주제작 비율은 매우 낮았다. 지역 방송사의 지속적인 광고 매출액 하락은 인력 감축을 야기했는데 지역방송사는 퇴직 등의 요인으로 결원이 발생해도 신규인력을 충원하지 않는 방식으로 인력 감축을 지속해 왔다. 인력이 줄었는데도 외주 제작이나 외주 구입을 늘리지 않고 자체 편성 비율을 유지하고 있다는 것은 제작 인력의 노동 강도가 높아졌음을 의미한다. 방송사의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 3요소인 자본, 인력, 설비 중 지역 방송사는 세 가지가 모두 취약하지만 정부의 방송 광고 결합판매 제도를 통해 시청률의 압박 없이 광고 매출을 올리는 특수성을 지니고 있다.

지역방송 활성화를 위한 정책지원제도에 대한 분석 : 지역방송발전지원 특별법을 중심으로

본 연구에서는 심층인터뷰를 통해 지역방송 종사자들의 지역방송법을 포함한 지역방송 관련 정책에 대한 인식과 정책 개선방안에 대해 살펴보았다. 연구결과 지역방송법은 지역방송의 제대로 된 역할과 위상을 재정립하기 위해 마련된 특별법이라는 측면에서 일차적으로 큰 의미가 있지만 많은 부분 보완이 필요하다고 인식하고 있었다. 지역방송지원법상의 정책 중 지역방송 종사자는 무엇보다도 재정안정에 대한 지원 및 제도 기반 조성을 가장 중요한 정책으로 보고 있었다.BR 즉 콘텐츠 제작역량, 지역 프로그램 유통, 자체역량 구축이라는 추진전략도 중요하기는 하나, 무엇보다 재정안정성이 중요할 것으로 보인다. 전파료 배분체계와 결합판매 제도 개선이 중요하다고 지적된 것도 지역방송지원법의 한정된 예산으로는 지역방송에 대한 실질적인 도움이 될 수 없다는 것을 시사한다. 지역방송의 생존은 콘텐츠 제작비 지원과 같은 정책당국의 예산지원도 필요하지만 전파료의 정률제 도입과 결합판매 지원 부담 비율에 대한 형평성을 높이는 정책 개선도 필요하다고 인식하고 있었다.BR 개선방안으로 먼저 재정지원을 위해서는 현행 지역방송법상 방송통신발전기금은 안정성이 떨어지고, 증량도 상대적으로 어렵기 때문에 원안대로 독립적으로 설치하는 것이 명시되어야 할 것이다. 지역방송의 정당한 권익과 실효성 있는 정책 추진을 위해서는 지역방송발전위원회 이외에 별도의 지역방송 정책지원 기구를 설치해서 그 기능을 강화할 필요가 있고, 방송관련 정책기구를 구성하는 인적 구성에서도 지역을 대변할 수 있는 인사가 반드시 참여하도록 제도적으로 보장할 필요가 있다.BR 이와 함께 지역방송이 지자체의 지원을 받지만 유착관계에서 벗어나 독립적인 감시기능을 수행하기 위해서는 발생하는 지역방송 손실금을 다른 방법으로 충당할 수 있는 방안을 마련하는 것과 같이 ‘지자체의 지원은 엄격한 규칙에 따라야 한다’는 조항을 지역방송법이나 지자체 조례를 통해 명문화해야 할 필요가 있다. 방송통신위원회는 지방자치단체가 조례를 조속히 제정하고 기금 운영과 지역 공공성 확보를 위한 조치를 할 수 있도록 감독해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 구체적으로 지방자치제 관련법과 시행령도 후속적으로 개정되어야 할 필요가 있음을 제언하였다.

Privaatse ja avaliku dünaamikast hilisstalinismiaegses Eesti džässikultuuris / The dynamics of the private and the public in Estonian jazz culture of the late Stalinist era

Privaatse ja avaliku dünaamikast hilisstalinismiaegses Eesti džässikultuuris / The dynamics of the private and the public in Estonian jazz culture of the late Stalinist era

A Study on Local Residents’ Opinion Types for the Local Broadcasting : The Analysis of Opinions on Viewer Boards of 9 Local Broadcasting Stations

이 연구는 지역방송에 대한 지역민의 의견을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 9개 지역민방 시청자 게시판의 게시 글을 분류하고, 의견을 유형화 하였다. 주요 결과로 지역방송 시청자게시판의 게시 글은 문의, 평가, 요구 등 세 가지로 유형화 할 수 있었다. 이 중 문의를 제외한 평가와 요구를 통해 지역민의 의견을 종합한 결과, 심층성, 접근성, 전문성, 프로그램완성도, 공정성, 정확성, 자체제작 및 편성, 지역성, 상호작용 등 9개의 의견으로 유형화 할 수 있었다. 지역방송에 대한 지역민 의견은 정확성, 전문성, 완성도, 공정성 측면에서는 지역프로그램의 많고 적음을 떠나, 일반적인 저널리즘 원칙과 방송 원칙을 수행하는 것을 원하고 있었으며, 이런 요소들이 충족 되지 않을 때 지역방송을 낮게 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 그동안 지역성 개념에서 중요하게 다뤄지지 않았던, 접근성에 대한 요구가 많음을 발견할 수 있었다.This study investigated the recognition of local residents for the roles of local broadcasting. For this purpose, the opinions on viewer boards of 9 local broadcasting stations were analyzed. As main results, researchers classified viewer opinions of local broadcastings into three types: inquiry, evaluation, and request. The evaluation and request opinions excluding inquiries were categorized into 9 types: depth report, accessibility, professionality, program completeness, impartiality, accuracy, direct producing and programing, locality, and interaction between stations and local residents. Local residents suggested their opinions focused on the general principles of journalism and broadcasting in terms of accuracy, professionality, completeness and impartiality. When they were not satisfied with accuracy, professionality, completeness, and impartiality of local stations, however, they evaluated the local broadcastings as low quality. In addition, they considered requests for accessibility as an important factor of their opinions, which were not important in the traditional concept of locality.

Estrategias de espectacularización en las tertulias políticas televisivas. Caso de la cobertura de las elecciones municipales de Barcelona de 2015

Political talk shows -called “tertulias” (media gatherings) in Spain- are a dialogical opinion genre without a clear codification. Their wide-ranging presence and large audiences in the Spanish media system are the reason for the central role of this type of programming in radio and television. These political media gatherings allow for a flexible political discourse process. However, the selection of “opinion-makers” shows a “false” internal plurality that facilitates the spectacularization of political content through the political personification and dramatization of personal anecdotes which heighten the emotional register. In this article two daily regional TV political talk shows -one public (Televisió de Catalunya, TV3) and one private (8TV)- and one public local broadcaster (Barcelona Televisió, BTV) are analyzed to detect elements of spectacularization from the campaigns of Barcelona’s local elections (2015).

Localized Algorithms for Yao Graph-Based Spanner Construction in Wireless Networks Under SINR

Spanner construction is one of the most important techniques for topology control in wireless networks. A spanner can help not only to decrease the number of links and to maintain connectivity but also to ensure that the distance between any pair of communication nodes is within some constant factor from the shortest possible distance. Due to the non-locality, constructing a spanner is especially challenging under the physical interference model signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR). In this paper, we develop two localized randomized algorithms SINR-directed-YG and SINR-undirected-YG to construct a directed Yao graph (YG) and an undirected YG in $O(\log n)$ ( $n$ is the number of wireless nodes) time slots with a high probability, in which each node is capable of performing successful local broadcasts to gather neighborhood information within a certain region and the SINR constraint is satisfied at all the steps of the algorithms. The resultant graph of SINR-undirected-YG, which is based on SINR-directed-YG, possesses a constant stretch factor $\frac {1}{1-2\sin (\pi/c)}$ , where $c>6$ is a constant. To the best of our knowledge, SINR-undirected-YG is the first spanner construction algorithm under SINR. We also obtain Yao-Yao graph under SINR. Extensive theoretical performance analysis and simulation study are carried out to verify the effectiveness and the efficiency of our proposed algorithms.

Internet retransmissions in the real world: a comparative analysis of the legal and economic effects of over-the-top broadcast services in Singapore, the United States, and abroad

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the long-term impact of a case concerning an internet broadcast retransmission service called RecordTV from Singapore in comparison to the case of Aereo, where the Supreme Court found the broadcast live streaming service directly liable for copyright infringement. Scholars and industry professionals for and against Aereo predicted at different times that a ruling for the opposing side would undermine all local broadcasting, act as cloud computing’s death knell or would have some other adverse effect on broadcasting or innovation. By comparing the cases and their consequences, this paper aims to describe the unexpected real-world effects of permitting a third-party internet retransmission service to “free the airwaves.”

A local average broadcast gossip algorithm for fast global consensus over graphs

Motivated by applications to wireless sensor, peer-to-peer, and social networks, the canonical average consensus problem is considered in random and regular graphs in this paper. A local average information exchange (LAIE) algorithm is developed to compute the global consensus of the initial measurements of the nodes at every node in the network. In the proposed algorithm, each node interacts with all of its neighboring nodes in each round of the diffusion process to compute and exchange the local average value, such that all nodes can asymptotically reach a global consensus in a distributed manner very quickly. This is in contrast to the conventional random gossip scheme, where each node only interacts with one of its neighboring nodes, leading to very long convergence time. Results show that in a random graph with n nodes, the convergence time of the LAIE algorithm is bounded below by Ω(n−1)lognΔ,1 where the parameter Δ denotes the largest degree of the graphs. When a network has n nodes represented by d-regular topology graphs (d>2), where each node has the same number of neighbors d, the convergence time of the LAIE algorithm is bounded below by Θn(d+1)logn(2+d+2d−1)(d−2d−1). This shows that the proposed algorithms can achieve quicker convergence to the global consensus than other schemes based on the classic random gossip algorithm. Finally, we assess and compare the communication cost of the local average algorithm to achieve consensus through numerical results.

The Impact of FM Radio Broadcast in Local Dialect on Rural Community Development in Ghana

AbstractThe paper set out a platform to investigate the impact of FM radio broadcast in local dialects on rural community development in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana. The study adopts survey design and also employs probability proportional techniques to select communities for the study. The main thrust of this paper is on the impact of local dialect on rural community development, preferences of development programmes and the community’s participation in the production of radio programmes. Out of 400 questionnaires distributed, 392 was retrieved and analysed. From the results, it is established that local dialect broadcast on radio have an impact on development of rural communities. Also, it improves awareness and knowledge of solutions to community’s development problems in education, agriculture, environment, culture, politics and religion. The paper compare target audience’s preference for local dialect radio programmes to other similar content programmes that were not broadcast in local dialect. It concludes that radio broadcast in local dialect plays a pivotal role in bridging the communication gap between government and rural communities. It proved to be one of the effective mode of communication at the grass-root level. The study shows a positive role played by the indigenous dialect’s radio programmes and recommends that rural development programmes on radio should be packaged in local language. Thus, enhances listenership, interest and positive desired behavioural change.Key Words: Impact, FM Radio Broadcast, Local Dialect, Rural Development, Ghana.

Mediating the local: Representing Javanese cultures on local television in Indonesia

The end of the New Order regime and the passing of new legislation in Indonesia offered the mushrooming local broadcasting industry ample opportunities. This article examines how the changing circumstances have enabled television stations to foreground local identities within a national frame of reference. It focuses on developments in local television in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Java, between 1998 and 2009. Using various localising strategies, the stations provide a more diversified local content than was the case during the Soeharto period. The analysis is based on local resources and supported by inside information, generously provided by media workers and artists.

Modeling and efficient verification of wireless ad hoc networks

Abstract Wireless ad hoc networks, in particular mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), are growing very fast as they make communication easier and more available. However, their protocols tend to be difficult to design due to topology dependent behavior of wireless communication, and their distributed and adaptive operations to topology dynamism. Therefore, it is desirable to have them modeled and verified using formal methods. In this paper, we present an actor-based modeling language with the aim to model MANETs. We address main challenges of modeling wireless ad hoc networks such as local broadcast, underlying topology, and its changes, and discuss how they can be efficiently modeled at the semantic level to make their verification amenable. The new framework abstracts the data link layer services by providing asynchronous (local) broadcast and unicast communication, while message delivery is in order and is guaranteed for connected receivers. We illustrate the applicability of our framework through two routing protocols, namely flooding and AODVv2-11, and show how efficiently their state spaces can be reduced by the proposed techniques. Furthermore, we demonstrate a loop formation scenario in AODV, found by our analysis tool.

Performance issues in content dissemination to metropolitan mobile users

In this paper we consider a set of heterogeneous terminals in a urban area that are interested in collecting the information originated from several sources. This set includes mobile nodes (pedestrian and vehicles) and fixed terminals. In particular, each terminal aims at retrieving the data items in a limited region of interest (ROI) centered around the node position. Since data items may change over time all nodes must strive for having access to the latest version. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the amount of information each node is able to gather (coverage) resorting to simple distributed data collection and sharing through local broadcast communications. We study the diffusion of information updates in the whole area, evaluate the impact of energy saving policies in the protocol version run by pedestrian devices, and the impact of contextual awareness about location and motion of nodes in the forwarding policies. The study we present in this paper has been carried out through simulation. To this end we develop a discrete event simulator working on top of mobility and radio propagation traces obtained from the UDelModels tools that allow to obtain realistic traces of mobility and radio propagation.

LEMBAGA PENYIARAN PUBLIK INDONESIA DALAM PERSIMPANGAN IDEALISME VS EKONOMI POLITIK MEDIA

AbstractTVRI status changing into public service broadcasting, both for its central broadcast station and its local broadcast station in 2003 brought many significant changes in these oldest television broadcast station in Indonesia. One of the most significant changes that can be traced is on its funding system. As a public service broadcasting, TVRI was guaranted to obtain the operational fund through the state or regional budget funding mechanisme. The government also promised that TVRI will be given oppportunity to operate like private broadcast station in order to gain maximal profit which has stated through government regulations and broadcasting acts. Inevitably consequent of this funding practice system, has put TVRI to always depend on goverment in order to operate daily. In the other hand, this funding system also will make TVRI gain a lot of profit and income commercially. These mixed funding systems indicate that there are political economy interest behind the new status that has been granted for TVRI. The problem is located on the practice of this kind model of funding on a public service broadcasting that will make the neutrality and independency of this public service broadcasting to be questioned. The remaining quetions, Will TVRI come to its own realazation to visualize its idealism to be the true public service broadcasting that serves public needs or will TVRI be crushed by the economy politic media policy and serve those who has a power that control the media Keywords: media, public service broadcasting, economy politic media, broadcast act

Commentary to “Short-term outcomes of the multi-institutional bladder exstrophy consortium: Successes and complications in the first two years of collaboration”

Summary Introduction/background Bladder exstrophy is a rare diagnosis that presents major reconstructive challenges. To increase experience and proficiency in the care of bladder exstrophy (BE), the Multi-Institutional BE Consortium (MIBEC) was formed, with a focus on refining technical aspects of complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy (CPRE) and subsequent care. Objective Outcome measures included successful CPRE (absence of dehiscence), complications, and integrated points of technique and care over the short-term. Study design Boston Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin alternately served as the host, with observation, commentary and critique by visiting collaborating surgeons. CPRE with bilateral iliac osteotomy was performed at 1–3 months of age. High-definition video capture of the surgery allowed local and distant broadcast to facilitate real-time observation and teaching, and recording of all procedures. Results From February 2013 to February 2015, MIBEC participating surgeons performed CPRE on 27 consecutive patients (22 classic BE, five epispadias). There were no dehiscences in 27 patients (0%, 95% CI 0–12.5%). Thirteen girls and 14 boys underwent CPRE at a median age of 2.3 months (range 0.1–51.6). One boy had a hypospadiac urethral meatus at CPRE completion. Hydronephrosis of mild or moderate grade was present postoperatively in eight girls and two boys. Additional results, per gender, are presented in the Summary table below. Discussion Absence of dehiscence in this cohort was comparable or compared favorably with the literature. However, several girls had significant obstructive complications following CPRE. The rate of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in girls was increased compared with published reports. A low complication rate was noted in the boys following CPRE, which was comparable to reports in the literature, and early signs of continence and spontaneous voiding were noted in some boys and girls. Limitations included variation in patient age at presentation, thereby introducing a wide age range at CPRE. Outcome data were limited by short follow-up regarding voiding with continence. Conclusion This collaborative effort proved beneficial regarding significantly increased surgeon exposure to CPRE, refinement of CPRE technique, surgeon learning and expertise. Technical refinement of CPRE is ongoing. Summary Table . Diagnosis, timing of CPRE and complications per gender. Gender Girls Boys Classic BE/epispadias 10/3 12/2 Median age at CPRE (range) 1.9 months (0.1–51.6) 2.9 months (0.4–28.8) Successes No dehiscence 7 without complications No dehiscence 11 without complication Complications 6 girls total 5 pyelonephritis 4 urinary retention (BOO) 2 temporary CIC 1 vesicostomy 1 bladder rupture 3 boys total 1 pyelonephritis 2 urethrocutaneous fistula

Short-term outcomes of the multi-institutional bladder exstrophy consortium: Successes and complications in the first two years of collaboration

Bladder exstrophy is a rare diagnosis that presents major reconstructive challenges. To increase experience and proficiency in the care of bladder exstrophy (BE), the Multi-Institutional BE Consortium (MIBEC) was formed, with a focus on refining technical aspects of complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy (CPRE) and subsequent care. Outcome measures included successful CPRE (absence of dehiscence), complications, and integrated points of technique and care over the short-term. Boston Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin alternately served as the host, with observation, commentary and critique by visiting collaborating surgeons. CPRE with bilateral iliac osteotomy was performed at 1-3 months of age. High-definition video capture of the surgery allowed local and distant broadcast to facilitate real-time observation and teaching, and recording of all procedures. From February 2013 to February 2015, MIBEC participating surgeons performed CPRE on 27 consecutive patients (22 classic BE, five epispadias). There were no dehiscences in 27 patients (0%, 95% CI 0-12.5%). Thirteen girls and 14 boys underwent CPRE at a median age of 2.3 months (range 0.1-51.6). One boy had a hypospadiac urethral meatus at CPRE completion. Hydronephrosis of mild or moderate grade was present postoperatively in eight girls and two boys. Additional results, per gender, are presented in the Summary table below. Absence of dehiscence in this cohort was comparable or compared favorably with the literature. However, several girls had significant obstructive complications following CPRE. The rate of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in girls was increased compared with published reports. A low complication rate was noted in the boys following CPRE, which was comparable to reports in the literature, and early signs of continence and spontaneous voiding were noted in some boys and girls. Limitations included variation in patient age at presentation, thereby introducing a wide age range at CPRE. Outcome data were limited by short follow-up regarding voiding with continence. This collaborative effort proved beneficial regarding significantly increased surgeon exposure to CPRE, refinement of CPRE technique, surgeon learning and expertise. Technical refinement of CPRE is ongoing.