Local Body Research Articles

How Indonesia’s Cities Are Grappling with Plastic Waste: An Integrated Approach towards Sustainable Plastic Waste Management

In Indonesia, plastic constitutes the second largest component of municipal solid waste; however, 58% remains uncollected. Most plastic recycling depends on informal sectors, accounting for only 10% of the total, leaving the remainder to potentially harm the environment. This paper analyzes how cities in Indonesia have tackled their plastic waste problems from the perspective of the integrated sustainable waste management framework. This study focuses on plastic waste management (PWM) in three cities: Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang. Data were collected from 41 semi-structured interviews, a plastic waste composition data analysis, and site visits. The research outcomes include a comprehensive analysis of stakeholder roles, plastic waste flow, plastic waste composition data, and various challenges in PWM. This study identifies three main stakeholders in collecting plastic wastes: the Department of Environment as the main local government body, community-based waste banks, and private waste management companies. Most recyclable plastic waste is recovered through waste banks and private collection services. In 2022, the predominant types of plastic waste in Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang City were soft plastics, thick plastics, and hard plastics, respectively. The challenges for the PWM stem from various aspects in political, legal, and institutional; environmental; financial and technical; and socio-cultural spheres. Positive trends towards an integrated system are observed, although full integration has not yet been achieved. The research recommends a multi-stakeholder cooperative approach involving municipal authorities, waste banks, and private collectors, responsive to local conditions and emphasizing sustainability aspects throughout waste management stages for a sustainable resource recycling in developing countries.

Gaitdlf: global and local fusion for skeleton-based gait recognition in the wild

A new trend in long-range biometrics, gait recognition, is finding application in a number of different fields including video surveillance. Recently, with the increase in robustness of the pose estimator and the presence of various unpredictable factors in realistic gait recognition, skeleton-based methods with higher robustness have emerged to better meet the challenging gait recognition needs. However, existing approaches primarily focus on extracting global skeletal features, neglecting the intricate motion information of local body parts and overlooking inter-limb relationships. Our solution to these challenges is the dynamic local fusion network (GaitDLF), a novel gait neural network for complex environments that includes a detail-aware stream in addition to the previous direct extraction of global skeleton features, which provides an enhanced representation of gait features. To extract discriminative local motion information, we introduce predefined body part assignments for each joint in the skeletal structure. By segmenting and mapping the overall skeleton based on these limb site divisions, limb-level motion features can be obtained. In addition, we will dynamically fuse the motion features from different limbs and enhance the motion feature representation of each limb by global context information and local context information of the limb-level motion features. The ability to extract gait features between individuals can be improved by aggregating local motion features from different body parts. Based on experiments on CASIA-B, Gait3D, and GREW, we show that our model extracts more comprehensive gait features than the state-of-the-art skeleton-based method, demonstrating that our method is better suited to detecting gait in complex environments in the wild than the appearance-based method.

A Field Investigation to Quantify the Correlation between Local and Overall Thermal Comfort in Cool Environments

The thermal comfort of local body parts is the essential factor that affects people’s health and comfort as well as a buildings’ energy. This study aims to (1) investigate the characteristics of the local thermal comfort of different body parts of occupants in real buildings in winter, (2) quantify the correlation between the amount of local body parts with coolness or discomfort and the overall subjective thermal responses, and (3) validate an easy-to-use local–overall thermal comfort model. A field investigation in the office and study rooms of a university was conducted in winter. The results indicate that the top five percentages of local coolness appeared in the feet (41.02%), the hands (26.58%), the calves (25.18%), the thighs (13.99%), and the head (9.72%) and that the top five percentages of local discomfort appeared in the feet (44.99%), the palms (28.2%), the calves (24.74%), the head (19.66%), and the thighs (16.35%). Moreover, when the whole body felt cool, at least four local body parts had cool sensations; when the whole body felt thermally uncomfortable, at least three local body parts had cool sensations; and when the whole body felt that the ambient environment was thermally unacceptable, at least seven local body parts had cool sensations. Meanwhile, the correlation between local discomfort and whole-body responses was different: when the whole body felt thermal uncomfortable, at least three local body parts had discomfort; and when the whole body felt that the ambient environment was thermally unacceptable, at least four local body parts had discomfort. Further, the local–overall thermal comfort model proposed by the authors exerted high accuracy in predicting overall thermal comfort.

Navigating the Maze of Urban Voids: A Hybrid MCDM Approach for Site Selection for Urban Poor in PCMC, India

The rapid pace of migration has incurred a higher demand and a lower supply ratio of economically weaker section (EWS) housing, prompting the emergence of illegal squatters across several Indian cities, especially on public reservation lands, turning them into urban voids. Numerous government initiatives, at the central, state, and urban local body levels, have been attempted to provide housing to the urban poor living in slums, predominantly through in-situ redevelopment. However, the efforts lagged for several reasons. One of the major reasons is the lack of a methodical process for the logical selection of available slum sites for rehabilitation or redevelopment. This creates a challenging situation for the decision makers to prioritize these sites, as currently it is based on the notification date of slums and is majorly driven by political will. Hence, this research attempted to formulate a prioritization model for the selection of slum sites in the PCMC area by evaluating them with parameters derived from expert opinion. The Hybrid Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model, using weights derived from Shannon’s entropy, and ranking performed using the TOPSIS method were considered for prioritization of the slum sites. This unbiased scientific process will guide the decision makers in the appropriate allocation of available resources to uplift the urban poor living in slums, which is crucial for the sustainable urban development of India.

The main problems of the functioning of existing water supply and water distribution systems in Ukraine

The article analyzes the urgent problems of water supply and drainage, separately in wartime conditions. To solve them, a new scientific approach is proposed, the final result of which will be a single method for optimizing the water supply and drainage systems of settlements. Mandatory components of this methodology are proposed: design and construction of duplicate water supply and drainage systems of settlements, organization of installation and arrangement of pump stations as spare independent water supply systems of settlements. Scientific substantiation of alternative scenarios for individual populated points is proposed, of which the most optimal scenario for the sustainable operation of the system in the long term will be recommended to the local self-government body. In addition, it is proposed for settlements to carry out a risk analysis with the filling of forms according to which water supply and drainage enterprises will work.

SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN WARTIME (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ODESA CITY COUNCIL)

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that during a full-scale war, the social communications of the authorities acquire special importance. Communication between authorities and citizens takes place at different levels, and various tools are used. When Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022, these communications links underwent a significant transformation, some were destroyed. Defending itself against aggression, the Ukrainian state has taken a number of steps in the information sphere. In particular, access to certain resources (state registers, etc.) was closed, as well as access to other open sources was restricted. Such actions caused concern among the active part of the society, because the legal grounds of state authorities and local self-government in this area are not clearly defined. Experts have also drawn attention to this problem. They defined the closure of access to some data posted on the website of the Odesa City Council as unfounded. The purpose of the author of the article was to investigate the methods of communication between representatives of the Odesa territorial community and the city council, its officials and officials during martial law, as well as to determine the level of effectiveness of such communication. The study made it possible to conclude that the remarks made by experts and public activists regarding the unfoundedness of restricting Internet users’ access to the resources of the Odesa City Council have generally been corrected. Most of the pages of the council’s web portal are available, in addition, employees of the relevant divisions of the local self-government body actively maintain social networks of the city council. Among the shortcomings should be attributed the non-working state of hyperlinks to individual resources of the authority, work with interruptions of some sources, as well as duplication of certain information on the Internet resources of the Odesa City Council and the Mayor of Odesa. The achieved results are planned to be developed through a more detailed study of social communications of the Odesa City Council in further scientific articles.

Consuming Royalty

Consuming Royalty

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПЕРСОНАЛУ ОРГАНІВ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД УКРАЇНИ ЯК НЕОБХІДНИЙ СКЛАДНИК ЇХНЬОЇ ПРОФЕСІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ

In the article, based on a comparative analysis of the content of the concepts «intellectualization» and «professionalization», the inseparability of these concepts is demonstrated, of which the first concept is a formative asset, and the second is the expected consequence, which is an increase in the professionalism of employees of local self-government bodies of territorial communities of Ukraine. As a result of this analysis, a logical and grapho-analytical model of the professionalism of employees of a local self-government body as an elementary carrier of intelligence (IEN) was proposed, the mandatory conditions for the effective and efficient use of which are the employee's possession of thinking technologies (TMEN), technologies of involving other people's intelligence into cooperation (TZEN), as well as digital technologies and equipment, including artificial intelligence (ТАІ). This approach opens up the possibility of creating and using a new model of professionalism, focused on the continuous development of the intelligence of managerial personnel based on a person-oriented approach to the intellectualization of their work, taking into account the peculiarities of the individual intelligence of each individual and arming it with modern digital technologies for the formation of professional suitability, competence and experience.

Enhancing long-term person re-identification using global, local body part, and head streams

This work addresses the task of long-term person re-identification. Typically, person re-identification assumes that people do not change their clothes, which limits its applications to short-term scenarios. To overcome this limitation, we investigate long-term person re-identification, which considers both clothes-changing and clothes-consistent scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that effectively learns and utilizes both global and local information. The proposed framework consists of three streams: global, local body part, and head streams. The global and head streams encode identity-relevant information from an entire image and a cropped image of the head region, respectively. Both streams encode the most distinct, less distinct, and average features using the combinations of adversarial erasing, max pooling, and average pooling. The local body part stream extracts identity-related information for each body part, allowing it to be compared with the same body part from another image. Since body part annotations are not available in re-identification datasets, pseudo-labels are generated using clustering. These labels are then utilized to train a body part segmentation head in the local body part stream. The proposed framework is trained by backpropagating the weighted summation of the identity classification loss, the pair-based loss, and the pseudo body part segmentation loss. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on three publicly available datasets (Celeb-reID, PRCC, and VC-Clothes). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art method.

Machine Learning-Powered Microwave Device for Local Body Composition Assessment

Machine Learning-Powered Microwave Device for Local Body Composition Assessment

Panchayat System in Karnataka: Democracy, Representation and Political Parties

Abstract: As far as the Indian sub-continent is concerned local governance/panchayat has an elaborate history. The rural population have for long practiced this system of governing themselves through their representatives. The mode of working and the powers vested in the local bodies, have not been uniform throughout. The federation conferred constitutional status to the local governance bodies in 1993 and this system has progressed in an interesting way. Karnataka, a southern State in India has been ahead of time in enacting legislations dealing with local governance. Even before the amendment inserting provisions to the Constitution of India was passed, Karnataka had and was implementing extravagant laws pertaining to panchayats. Since democracy and decentralisation are closely associated with the panchayats, the idea of representation has a key role to play. The concerns with respect to involvement and influence of political parties in the local body elections are an important aspect as well. This paper ventures out to understand the panchayat system in Karnataka, pre and post the Constitutional amendment. The paper intends to throw light on the essence of the legislations relating to panchayats in Karnataka and understand the idea of democracy, representational factor and the concept of elections on a non-party basis. The researchers have keenly pondered upon the implementation of apolitical elections in Karnataka, the flaws in the proposed phenomenon. The paper also aims to look into hurdles in the way of these local bodies and propose suggestions to get over the same. Purpose: To Analyze the panchayat system in Karnataka, both before and after the 1993 constitutional amendment. Examine the essence of Karnataka's panchayat-related legislation. Explore the concepts of democracy, representation, and non-party elections in the context of panchayats. Evaluate the implementation of non-partisan elections in Karnataka and identify potential flaws. Analyze the challenges faced by panchayats and propose solutions. Theoretical Reference: Mainly Doctrinal research methodology. Relies on primary sources like the Indian Constitution, relevant statutes relating to panchayaths, and relevant data. Draws on secondary sources like articles and research papers. Method: Analyzes relevant legal documents and scholarly works. Analytical Method of Study Comparative Studies in relation to various factors pertaining to the research between the three levels of Panchayat (Gram Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Zilla Panchayat) Results and Conclusion: Non-partisan elections in Karnataka are largely theoretical; political parties influence local elections. Political interference hinders effective panchayat functioning. The paper likely proposes recommendations for strengthening panchayats and minimizing political influence. Implications of Research: Provides insights into the challenges and potential of decentralized governance in India. Informs policymakers and stakeholders about improving panchayat effectiveness. May contribute to debates on non-partisan elections and local democracy. Originality/Value: The study offers a focused analysis of Karnataka's panchayat system within a specific theoretical framework. Its findings on the limitations of non-partisan elections could be valuable for other regions considering similar approaches.

Skin Heat Transfer and Thermal Sensation Coupling Model under Steady Stimulation

Thermal sensation prediction models can help to evaluate complex thermal environments and guide the environment conditioning strategy. However, most existing models are established basing on the thermal status of the entire human body or local body parts, failing to reflect thermal sensation generating mechanism or micro-scale (centimeter-scale) thermal sensation. This study put forward a new thermal sensation predicting approach by coupling the skin heat transfer and the thermoreceptor impulse signals. The micro-scale thermal sensitivity data under steady stimuli were applied to bridging the objective heat transfer model and the subjective sensation model. The model contains a one-dimensional skin heat transfer equation and three sensation-generating equations: the thermoreceptor impulse equation, the psychosensory intensity equation, and the thermal sensation equation. The dimension of the skin heat transfer equation was determined through a skin temperature diffusion experiment, and the coefficients of the static/dynamic impulse in the thermoreceptor impulse equation and the thermal sensation equation were obtained through polynomial fitting using thermal sensitivity data. The validated mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 0.08 and 0.1 under cooling and heating stimuli, respectively. This new model can predict thermal sensation on the centimeter scale and be applied under different boundary conditions. In the future, the new model can be further developed by testing dynamic stimuli and other boundary conditions so that it can be applied to more complex thermal exposures.

РАДИОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОБСТАНОВКА В РАЙОНЕ ПЛОЩАДКИ УРАНОВОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ – ШАХТА «СТЕПНАЯ» (КАЛМЫКИЯ)

Purpose: To study the radio-ecological situation on the “uranium legacy” site of the former Stepnaya mine in the Republic of Kalmykia. Material and methods: To measure the ambient dose equivalent rate (ADER), the pedestrian gamma survey method was used using a portable spectrometric complex MKC-01A Multirad-M and dosimeter-radiometer MKC-AT6101c. The activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides in soil samples was measured using a stationary gamma spectrometer from CANBERRA. The activities of 210Po and 210Pb were measured using a radiometric installation UMF-2000 following their radiochemical separation from samples. Short-term measurements of activity concentration (AC) and equivalent equilibrium activity concentration (EEAC) of radon were carried out with an aerosol alpha radiometer for radon and thoron RAA-20P2 Poisk. Doses of radiation exposure to biological objects were estimated using dose coefficients provided by ICRP Publication 136 taking into account recommendations R52.18.820-2015. Results: Gamma ADER values at the mine site vary over the range from 0.1 to 0.36 µSv/h, and on 80 % of the area these values do not exceed the background value of 0.14 µSv/h. Along the road from the mine to Narta village the ADER values do not exceed background values with exception of the area around the dam, where in a local part of this area of about 300 m2 these values reach 0.49 µSv/h. The specific activities of natural radionuclides in the soil are below the criteria for classification as solid radioactive waste (SRW). Under the certain weather conditions, radon EEAC inside the buildings on the site reaches 13 kBq/m3, and on the territory 1-1.5 kBq/m3. Ecological risk for the terrestrial biological objects under consideration (grass, soil worm, snake and mouse-like rodents) does not exceed 0.025. Conclusions: The radiation situation at the Stepnaya mine site meets the requirements of SP LKP-91, which were in force until 2020. However, in order to transfer the facility to a local government body, reclamation work should be carried out in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Transfer of Lands or Land Plots from One Category to Another” dated December 21, 2004 No. 172-FZ and GOST R 59057— 2020 «Environmental Protection. Lands. General Requirements for Reclamation of Affected Lands». Doses of exposure to biological objects do not impact significantly on morbidity, reproduction and life expectancy of terrestrial biological objects.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ КООПЕРАТИВУ-ЛОКАЛЬНОЇ МІКРОМЕРЕЖІ ВДЕ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО РОЗВИТКУ І ПІДТРИМКИ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article analyzes the prerequisites and presents the motivational grounds and concepts of creating digital platform cooperatives (DPs) as the basis for the formation of local microgrids of renewable energy generation (LMREG). The cooperation of small local RES producers, "Platform Cooperativeism", is considered as a tool of inclusive development, an alternative to "Platform Capitalism" as a result of the monopolization of markets by platforms - digital intermediaries.An overview of research on the development of cooperation of small REG producers is presented. The reasons hindering its development in Ukraine have been revealed. Attention is focused on the potential advantages that can be created by the use of the cross-subsidization effect inherent in the DP for the development of LMREG based on DP cooperatives. The structural and functional scheme of the cooperative DP of LMREG is proposed. Its structural components include the CPU core, the local self-government body, groups of legal entities and individuals - prosumers, who combine the roles of producers and consumers of electricity, as well as investors who invest in the development of the cooperative but do not have their power-generating equipment. The functional component provides generation, accumulation, and distribution of energy flows, their monitoring, data accumulation and analysis, algorithmic control and balancing of the state of the microgrid, provision of data for mutual calculations between its participants, and interaction with the unified energy system of Ukraine. The motivational reasons for participation in the Cooperative-DP of various groups of power generation equipment owners are analyzed. The possible consequences of the formation of the DP core - LMREG on a commercial basis are characterized.

Lack of Administrative Procedural Legal Capacity as a Ground to Recognize an Administrative Claim as not subject to Consideration in the Courts

The paper is devoted to examination of issues of identifying administrative procedural legal capacity of persons named as parties to a dispute in an administrative statement of claim, and the consequences of the lack of administrative legal capacity. The main attention is paid to identifying the administrative procedural legal capacity of someone who is named in the administrative statement of claim as a subject with public authority (meaning a state authority, another state body, a local government body, an official, a state and municipal official). As the author highlights, administrative procedural legal capacity of the bodies of state power specified in Part 1 of Article 5 of the Code on Administrative Procedure (CAP) of the Russian Federation, other state bodies, local self-government bodies, their officials as their ability to be parties and interested parties in an administrative case is predetermined by their administrative capacity and legal capacity, and the administrative capacity and legal capacity of these persons are inseparable and together they represent their competence. This allows the author to conclude that the condition for recognizing administrative procedural legal capacity for these persons is that they have competence in a certain public sphere. Lack of administrative procedural legal capacity should be recognized as one of the instances when an administrative statement of claim is not subject to consideration in courts and as one of the grounds to reject a claim under Paragraph 1 of Part 1 of Article 128 of the CAP of the Russian Federation.

A Bio-inspired Model for Bee Simulations.

As eusocial creatures, bees display unique macro collective behavior and local body dynamics that hold potential applications in various fields, such as computer animation, robotics, and social behavior. Unlike birds and fish, bees fly in a low-aligned zigzag pattern. Additionally, bees rely on visual cues for foraging and predator avoidance, exhibiting distinctive local body oscillations, such as body lifting, thrusting, and swaying. These inherent features pose significant challenges for realistic bee simulations in practical animation applications. In this paper, we present a bio-inspired model for bee simulations capable of replicating both macro collective behavior and local body dynamics of bees. Our approach utilizes a visually-driven system to simulate a bee's local body dynamics, incorporating obstacle perception and body rolling control for effective collision avoidance. Moreover, we develop an oscillation rule that captures the dynamics of the bee's local bodies, drawing on insights from biological research. Our model extends beyond simulating individual bees' dynamics; it can also represent bee swarms by integrating a fluid-based field with the bees' innate noise and zigzag motions. To fine-tune our model, we utilize pre-collected honeybee flight data. Through extensive simulations and comparative experiments, we demonstrate that our model can efficiently generate realistic low-aligned and inherently noisy bee swarms.

The Legal Basis for the Creation of Special Economic and Industrial Zone

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations.

Правовые основы создания специальных экономических и индустриальных зон

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations

Efficacy and inflammatory responses of root canal therapy plus periodontal non-surgical treatment for periodontal-endodontic combined dental lesions.

To investigate the efficacy and inflammatory responses of treating periodontal-endodontic combined lesions (PECLs) with root canal therapy (RCT) alone versus RCT combined with periodontal non-surgical treatment (PNST). A total of 103 patients with PECLs admitted between January 2019 and January 2020 to Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital were divided into control (RCT alone, 50 cases) and combined (RCT + PNST, 53 cases) groups. Comparative analyses included efficacy assessment, probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), pain severity during RCT, incidence of adverse reactions, post-treatment tooth conditions, and recurrence rates at 6 and 12 months. Univariate analysis identified factors associated with poor treatment outcome in PECL patients. The combined group demonstrated a higher total effective rate (90.57%) compared to the control group (74.00%) (P < 0.05). Patients receiving combined therapy showed significantly lower PD, BI, PLI, GI, IL-1β, TNF-α, and hs-CRP levels, as well as reduced pain severity and lower recurrence rates at 6 and 12 months (all P < 0.05). The combined group also had a lower incidence of adverse (periodontal distending pain and local foreign body sensation) reactions (7.54%) compared to the control group (26.00%) (P < 0.05). After treatment, the incidence of periodontitis, percussion tenderness, and loosening of teeth in the combined group was lower than that of the control group, and the retention rate of affected teeth was significantly higher (all P < 0.05). Factors such as history of alcoholism, betel nut chewing, and treatment method (RCT) were significantly associated with poorer prognosis in PECL patients (P < 0.05). Combined RCT and PNST improves clinical efficacy, reduces pain severity and inflammation levels, decreases adverse reactions, and enhances tooth retention in PECL patients. This treatment approach should be considered the preferred option for managing PECLs.

Cold Injury Prevention and Management in High Altitude Extreme Environments Pharmacological and Therapeutical Interventions

Cold injury refers to local or systemic body response that occurs due to massive loss of body heat when the body is exposed to extremely cold temperatures. The current modalities for the prevention and management of cold injury(ies) are very limited due to the paucity of availability of targeted therapeutics. Pathophysiological cascades in cold injury include: (a) desensitization of sensory neurons can be manifest as a result of altered pathophysiological functions viz., Ca2+ imaging, calcitonin gene-related peptide release, expressions of inflammatory mediators (PGE2: prostaglandin E2, NGF: nerve growth factors), (b) inflammatory markers viz.; interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and CD62E/endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (E-selectin); (c) oxidative stress markers associated with cold injury measured through serum level of protein carbonyl, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), superoxide dismutase (SODs), advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP) and nitrotyrosine; (d) endothelial damage: nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Von-Willebrand factor (VWF), CD31/PECAM-1 (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), CD36/SR-B3 (scavenger receptor class B member 3) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (TTPA). In this review paper, we elaborate on the current state-of-the-art pharmacological interventions for cold injury that may be beneficial in developing novel and targeted therapeutics for the prevention, management, and treatment of cold injury.