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Quantitative Visualization of Lipid Nanoparticle Fusion as a Function of Formulation and Process Parameters.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have proven to be promising delivery vehicles for RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics, particularly in LNP formulations containing ionizable cationic lipids that undergo protonation/deprotonation in response to buffer pH changes. These nanoparticles are typically formulated using a rapid mixing technique at low pH, followed by a return to physiological pH that triggers LNP-LNP fusion. A detailed understanding of these dynamic processes is crucial to optimize the overall performance and efficiency of LNPs. However, knowledge gaps persist regarding how particle formation mechanisms impact drug loading and delivery functions. In this work, we employ single-molecule Convex Lens-induced Confinement (CLiC) microscopy in combination with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to study LNP fusion dynamics in relation to various formulation parameters, including lipid concentration, buffer conditions, drug loading ratio, PEG-lipid concentrations, and ionizable lipid selection. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the measured fusion dynamics and the formulation parameters used; these findings are consistent with DLS and Cryo-TEM-based assays. These measurements offer a cost-effective method for characterizing and screening potential drug candidates and can provide additional insights into their design, with opportunities for optimization.

Integrating ecosystem services, stakeholders’ perspective, and land-use scenarios to safeguard sustainability of the Mulberry-Dyke and Fish-Pond System

ContextOptimizing landscape patterns by considering ecosystem services and human well-being is crucial for landscape sustainability research. Such optimization process shall also consider multiple stakeholders’ perspectives, interests and benefits, which remain less well investigated.ObjectivesThe study aims to integrate ecosystem services and land-use scenario analysis to design sustainable landscapes. The overall goal of spatial optimization is to explore pathways towards sustainable development.MethodsThis study uses the Mulberry-Dyke and Fish-Pond System as a representative agricultural landscape. It analyzes the spatiotemporal pattern of the landscape from 1975 to 2019. The market value method, InVEST model, and MaxEnt model are used to quantify the ecosystem services of the landscape. The analytic hierarchy process is used to set the weight of ecosystem services from the perspective of three stakeholder groups. We compare the outcomes of different scenarios and assessed through emergy yield ratio, environmental loading ratio, and environmental sustainability index.ResultsOur results indicated that: (1) The scale of the Mulberry-Dyke and Fish-Pond system decreased significantly from 1975 to 2019. (2) Among the six major ecosystem services, the average value of water purification service was the highest, while average value of mulberry supply service was the lowest. (3) Spatial optimization of the three design objectives, ‘sustainably intensify’, ‘increase landscape multifunctionality’, and ‘restore ecological integrity’, were primarily distributed in the study area’s eastern, central, and western regions, respectively. (4) All three stakeholder-oriented scenarios showed improvements in ecological quality or agricultural output.ConclusionsOur study incorporates viewpoints of critical, diverse stakeholders in the assessment of ecosystem services and scenario analysis to establish sustainable and culturally important agricultural landscape. The framework and methods can help minimize environmental stress on the system, balance agricultural productivity and profitability, and enhance the sustainability of agricultural landscapes.

Stabilization of residual mercury from gold mining as metacinnabar and cinnabar in ball mills on a pilot scale

Waste liquid mercury generated as a by-product of the Merrill–Crowe process in gold mining and recovered from mercury-containing waste must be stabilized for secure storage or disposal. This study developed a procedure for mercury stabilization. A ball mill with a 0.5 m3 capacity and a rotational speed of 43 rpm was used to stabilize the residual mercury with sulfur. The treatments were conducted for 30, 60, and 90 min at mercury: sulfur molar ratios of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.67. The ball loading ratio was 7.0 with residual mercury, and the temperature was below 40 °C. The treatment efficiency was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of mercury and other metals using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), examining the stabilized residual mercury by X-ray diffraction, and conducting bioassays on Daphnia magna and Lactuca sativa. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the aforementioned variables. The 90-min treatment, with a mercury-to-sulfur molar ratio of 0.67, stabilized mercury mainly as cinnabar compared with the other treatments and presented leachate mercury values below the detection limit <0.003. The leachate from the treatments also showed values of 21.28–38.44 toxic units, classified as very toxic, and generated toxicity, particularly for D. magna, because of the presence of other metals such as Al, Ba, B, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. The variability of the residues in the PCA analysis was explained by the treatment effect and the presence of other metals in the residual mercury. The stabilized residual mercury obtained was classified as non-hazardous and could be stored or disposed of as ordinary waste in a security landfill.

Biopolymer nanocomposite blends of poly(lactic acid) and polyhydroxybutyrate biopolymers reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils at low loading ratio

AbstractThis study investigated the mechanical, morphological, thermal, rheological properties, and accelerated aging performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) blends with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) at low loading ratio. According to the obtained results, the addition of both PLA and CNFs were found to generally increase the mechanical properties of the biopolymer nanocomposites (BNCs). Morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that cellular structure occurred in all the BNCs with adding both PLA and CNFs. Thermal stability of the BNCs improved with PLA and CNFs. The addition of CNFs and PLA generally increased the isotherms including Tg, Tc, and Tm according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and it was found that the blends' crystallinity dropped because of a poor crystallinity of PLA. The addition of both PLA and CNFs provided an improvement on the rheological and viscoelastic properties of the neat PHB. XRD pattern of all the BNCs was found to be similar to the neat blends and the BNCs. In the accelerated weathering test, the adding PLA to neat PHB was found to provide more improvement than adding of CNFs.

Multi-objective sustainability optimization of a solar-based integrated energy system

Integrated energy systems combine multiple energy sources to improve efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. However, the diversity of energy types within integrated energy systems results in a more complex structure. Analyzing economic, environmental, and energy performance alone does not accurately reflect the comprehensive performance of the system. Describing the various types of resources input to the system uniformly and thus comprehensively assessing the structure and processes of the system pose significant challenges. Therefore, based on conventional emergy analysis methodology, the materials consumption and costs of pollutant emissions over the whole life cycle of the system are considered, and a multi-objective sustainability optimization model is proposed to search for the optimal configuration of the solar-based integrated energy system. Optimization results show that the sustainability optimization model proposed in this study achieves better emergy performance compared to the conventional sustainability optimization model, the emergy yield, emergy investment ratio, environmental loading ratio, emergy yield ratio, and emergy sustainability index of the integrated energy system for the proposed model are 1.54 × 1017 seJ/y, 0.011, 20.08, 90.31, and 4.50, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the emergy yield is significantly affected by capacity, whereas the emergy investment ratio and emergy sustainability index are more sensitive to costs. The multi-objective sustainability optimization model proposed in this study provides a new perspective for addressing the relationship between different resources within integrated energy system, and is expected to guide the design of energy supply systems.

Electrochemical and microstructural analysis of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode composites prepared using the SEED method.

Cathode composites were fabricated using the nuclear growth (SEED) method. Compared to mortar mixing, the SEED method demonstrated higher cycle stability, with a 90LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2-10Li7P2S8I composite retaining 99.7% discharge capacity after six cycles compared to 66.1%. Cross-sectional SEM-EDX images suggest that the solid electrolyte was more uniformly distributed in the cathode composite prepared using the SEED method. This study opens up the potential for higher cathode-active material loading ratios.

Facet joint loading after 1-, 2- and 3-level cervical disc arthroplasty: a comparison of spiked versus keeled baseplates

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine facet contact forces above, below, and at surgical index levels induced by artificial disc implantation and compare the results from spiked versus keeled baseplates comprising the arthroplasty device. MethodsHuman specimens from C2 to C7 were subjected to flexion, extension, and lateral bending prior to, and following random allocation to spiked or keeled cervical arthroplasty at the index (C5-C6), inferior (C6-C7), and superior (C4-C5) levels. Thin film force sensors were inserted unilaterally into the corresponding facets prior to intact testing. Force data was normalized to the minimum forces recorded during each loading mode under each condition, reported as (Max/Min) force ratio and subjected to a 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc tests for comparison to intact specimens. ResultsUnder flexion, compared to intact, all levels displayed a significant reduction in force ratio following a 1- and 3-level implantation for the spiked baseplate device. An increase in force ratio was observed at the index level for a 2-level implantation but was mitigated with the completion of a superior device insertion. No statistical differences were noted for keeled devices. In extension, the spiked baseplate device reduced the force ratio for 1- and 2-level implantations. A 3-level insertion did not alter facet force ratios. For the keeled device, no statistical changes were noted. Lateral bending associated with spiked devices resulted in statistically reduced or nonsignificant changes in facet loading ratios. The keeled devices did not display significant changes to facet force ratios. ConclusionsImplantation of multilevel disc devices can reduce or sustain unaltered facet loading conditions. In general, 3-level arthroplasty statistically reduced or does not increase facet force ratios compared to intact values. The use of spiked versus keel device baseplates is a clinical selection involving anterior/posterior placement and endplate degeneration conditions.

Construction of BiVO4@ NiCo2O3 heterojunction to promote photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Constructing a catalyst capable of reducing CO2 through photoreduction in aqueous environments presents a significant challenge. In this study, we present the synthesis of BiVO4@NiCo2O3 heterojunction using a straightforward hydrothermal method for CO2 photoreduction. The sample with the optimal loading ratio demonstrates a CO generation rate of 7.202 μmol·g‐1·h‐1, which is twice that of pristine BiVO4 (3.626 μmol·g‐1·h‐1) and 1.5 times that of pure NiCo2O3 (4.726 μmol·g‐1·h‐1). Analysis using XPS and EPR techniques suggests that electron transfer at the interface of the heterojunction facilitates the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the photocatalytic process. This investigation offers a viable approach for developing photocatalysts for CO2 reduction in aqueous environments.

High strength and transparent polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose film with encoding fluorescence properties

Fluorescent anti-counterfeiting films have garnered significant attention due to their advantages of tunable emission, strong concealment, high difficulty of imitation, and good processability. In this work, two zinc sulfide quantum dots (ZnS QDs) with different fluorescence wavelengths were loaded to construct polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite films with encoding anti-counterfeiting fluorescence properties. By controlling the loading ratio of the two ZnS QDs, coded signals with different fluorescence intensity ratios at emission wavelengths of 400 nm and 600 nm were achieved. The fluorescence intensity ratio of the film can be adjusted between 1.3 × 105 and 1 × 10−4, resulting in a wide range of blue to orange color changes under ultraviolet light. The fluorescence intensity ratio corresponds to the color change of the film, which can be used for fluorescence coding design. By fine-tuning the addition ratio of the two types of QDs, the fluorescence intensity ratio and the color of the film can be precisely controlled, enhancing the anti-counterfeiting performance of the film. PVA is employed as a carrier to maintain high transmittance (> 80 %). The strength of the film was elevated up to 90 MPa due to the reinforcing effect of CNF, and the hydrophobic property was significantly improved with a contact angle higher than 113° through modification with diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). This type of fluorescent PVA/CNF composite film, with its high mechanical strength and transparency, holds great potential in the field of anti-counterfeiting.

Fatigue behavior and damage mechanism of steel plate-UHPC composite bridge deck subjected to negative bending moment

In order to investigate the fatigue behavior and failure mechanism of steel plate-UHPC composite bridge deck under hogging moment, a total of four full-scale specimens with two class of reinforcement ratio (Three specimens with reinforcement ratio of 1.58 %, 1.69 %, 1.86 %, respectively, which called longitudinal specimen. One specimen with reinforcement ratio of 0.89 %, which called transverse specimen.) were designed and tested under fatigue loading. Test results reveal that when the fatigue loading ratio was 0.25 with maximum load of 0.8 times of the static cracking load, taking the crack width of 0.10 mm as the fatigue failure criterion, the fatigue life of longitudinal specimen over 16 million cycles. However, the fatigue life of transverse specimen was only 9.08 million cycles. The longitudinal reinforcement restricts the propagation of fatigue cracks along the depth of the UHPC slab, and tensile fracture of the steel fibers occurred in the region between the top layer of longitudinal reinforcement and the UHPC surface. The fatigue damage mechanism resulting from fatigue degradation of the UHPC layer in the tension zone is identified. In addition, The fatigue design of the steel plate-UHPC composite bridge deck should be controlled by the durability rather than the strength. The established tensile S-N curve with 0.05 mm critical UHPC crack width could be used evaluate the fatigue cracking resistance of composite bridge deck.

Preparation of palladium‐based catalysts and use for depolymerization of larch bark tannins

AbstractIn this study, we synthesized eight palladium‐based catalysts using two carriers, ZrO2 and MCM‐41. These catalysts were used for the degradation of condensed tannins extracted from larch bark. The average polymerization degree and degradation rate of the products were used as indicators to evaluate the efficiency of degradation. The effects of different Pd:Cu loading ratios under the same carrier conditions and the effects of different carriers under the same Pd:Cu loading ratio were investigated. The results revealed that when the carrier was kept constant, the Pd:Cu ratio of 1:1 exhibited the highest efficiency in degrading condensed tannins. Moreover, when the Pd:Cu loading ratio was the same, the degradation efficiency was higher when ZrO2 was used as the carrier. Based on these findings, the catalyst (Pd1‐Cu1)5/ZrO2 (where “1” are the molar ratios of Pd to Cu added during the preparation of the catalyst and where ‘5’ is the mass percentage of Pd/Cu metal to total catalyst, i.e., 5 wt%), with ZrO2 as the carrier and a Pd:Cu ratio of 1:1, demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency, with a degradation rate of 73.89%. This catalyst successfully reduced the average polymerization degree of condensed tannins from 9.5 to 2.48.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Gas–Solid Two-Phase Spraying of Dry Powder Fire-Extinguishing System Based on Fire-Extinguishing Inspection Robot

In order to solve the problem where the traditional intelligent inspection robot only has a single inspection function, we studied the use of a dry powder (including an ultra-fine dry powder) as a fire-extinguishing medium for the first time. In fire-extinguishing robots, the spray pressure is difficult to control, and there are several other issues. For integrated inspection, an intelligent, nitrogen-driven fire-extinguishing robot using a dry powder in a pressure-controlled spray was developed. On this basis, in order to investigate nitrogen-driven dry powder particle spraying as a gas–solid two-phase mechanism, as well as the flow characteristics and the influence of relevant parameters on the spraying effect, a nitrogen-driven dry powder particle spraying system was established as part of a gas–solid two-phase computational fluid dynamics model. The flow field of the spraying system and the particle motion characteristics were analyzed to explore the micro-mechanisms of the influence of different driving pressures, pipe diameters, and nozzle configurations on the spraying of the dry powder. In order to investigate the macroscopic effect of dry powder spraying where the gas–solid two-phase micro-mechanisms could not be revealed, an experimental platform was set up, and the experiments verified the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. We also investigated the dry powder spraying effect under different driving pressures, pipe diameters, nozzle configurations, and loading ratios. Finally, an orthogonal test was designed based on the results of the single-factor experiments to find the best combination of parameters required to achieve the optimal spraying effect. The research results can provide a theoretical and technical reference for the design and development of nitrogen-driven dry powder spraying systems.

Long-Term performance of composite Cu-Fe ore oxygen carrier by Extrusion-Spheronization in chemical looping combustion

High-performance and low-cost oxygen carrier is vital for engineering demonstration and industrial application of chemical looping combustion. In this work, binary-ore (copper ore and iron ore) oxygen carriers are prepared at a large scale (25 kg/h) by the extrusion-spheronization method, using montmorillonite as the inert support. The anti-sintering ability and long-term stability are systematically investigated through well-organized tests in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and batch fluidized bed reactor (BFB). Four kinds of low-cost composite oxygen carriers are prepared with montmorillonite content of 10 wt%∼40 wt%, and the montmorillonite loading ratio is optimized as 10 wt% through 100-cycle TGA tests, with the fastest reduction rate of 0.155 %/s. The results show that the CO2 yield is always beyond 90 %, suggesting the stable reactivity of FeCu-10 M, and the average attrition rate is 0.108 %/h. No significant sintering or agglomeration is detected in the inner surface or among the particles, as indicated by SEM images. The specific surface area is developed from 0.125 to 0.185 m2/g, and the rich pore structure remains in the 100-cycle test. Additionally, the crushing strength of FeCu-10 M is higher than 2 N throughout the cyclic experiment, and the lifetime is 2 ∼ 7 times longer than that of the original iron ore. The extrusion-spheronization method has the potential in the industrial-scale preparation of oxygen carriers, and the FeCu-10 M is a favorable oxygen carrier to the chemical looping combustion process.

An efficient approach to manufacturing carbon nanosheets from lignite and their impact on the mechanical performance of semi-crystalline thermoplastic composites with comprehensive benchmarking

Lignite-derived carbon nanosheets (CNS) offer a novel approach to producing carbon-based nanomaterials with unique advantages over other precursors. The primary mechanism successfully demonstrated the transformation of lignite into CNS by thermo-chemical treatment process through acid treatment (HNO3), catalyst impregnation (FeCl3), and carbonization (1000 °C, 5 min) steps resulting in the enrichment in the carbon content by maintaining the desired efficiency to be used as a filler in compounding process. Moreover, the produced CNS had superior characteristics in terms of carbon content reached 70 % and thermal stability even at 1000 °C compared to lignite. Subsequently, a comprehensive benchmarking study was conducted to achieve high compatibility and uniform dispersion between semi-crystalline thermoplastics such as HomoPP, CopoPP, PA6 and PA6,6 with CNS using a high-speed thermokinetic shear mixer. CNS exhibited enhanced compatibility with thermoplastics, leading to improved mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural modulus inpolymer composites. The benchmark studies revealed that a loading ratio of 0.5 wt% of CNS exhibited optimal reinforcement efficiency. Notably, PA6 matrix demonstrated the most significant improvement in yield strength, increasing by 12 %, while PA6,6 showed the highest increase in tensile modulus at 25 %. Similarly, PA6,6 exhibited the most notable improvement in flexural modulus with a substantial increase of 17 %. Conversely, HomoPP matrix displayed the highest improvement in flexural strength, increasing by 13 %. Furthermore, the incorporation of CNS into the polymer leads to an increase in the crystallization temperature from 182 °C to 194 °C for PA6-0.5 % CNS. These findings highlight the potential of CNS as versatile materials with promising polymer applications such as automotive and aviation.

Quantifying uncertainty in fatigue crack growth of SLM 316L through advanced predictive modeling

AbstractOptimizing structural designs is crucial today, with additive manufacturing, particularly selective laser melting, gaining prominence. Thorough mechanical characterization of new materials remains vital. This paper investigates fatigue crack growth behavior in SLM 316L specimens under cyclic loading conditions. The study addresses result uncertainties by using CT specimens aligned along three building directions per ASTM E647 standards and a constant loading ratio (R = 0.1), necessitating mean value and confidence interval predictions. Departing from linear prediction models, innovative Bootstrap Polynomial and Power Regression Models and Bayesian Nonlinear Regression Model updated posterior distribution by Markov Chain Monte Carlo are employed. These approaches leverage bootstrapping to construct confidence intervals, offering robustness and flexibility in handling non‐normal data behavior and limited sample sizes. They provide tailored fits to data curvature, revealing limitations of linear prediction models in capturing observed nonlinear behavior, enhancing reliability in additive manufacturing applications, and advancing material science and engineering.

A novel approach of photo-charging and dark-discharging mechanisms by using V2O5 / g-C3N4 photocatalysts for ciprofloxacin degradation

Day and night photocatalysis offers a novel approach by integrating the electron storage principle to ensure effectiveness even in the absence of light. A groundbreaking vanadium pentoxide / graphitic carbon nitride (V2O5 / g-C3N4) composite photocatalyst functioned as g-C3N4 absorbs and utilizes visible light, while V2O5 transfers and stores more photo-generated electrons. The composite with a 2 % loading ratio showed the highest CIP removal efficiency: 91 % during daytime and 75 % at night. Successful nighttime degradation was due to stored electrons in V5+/ V4+ pairs, confirmed by XPS analysis of the reduction of V5+ to V4+. The study proposes detailed mechanisms for charge generation, reactive species action, and reactions during both day and night photocatalysis. This has significance for water treatment in real environmental settings with lower energy requirements, overcoming light-related limitations.

A biomimetic lubricating nanosystem for synergistic therapy of osteoarthritis

Failure of articular cartilage lubrication and inflammation are the main causes of osteoarthritis (OA), and integrated treatment realizing joint lubrication and anti-inflammation is becoming the most effective treat model. Inspired by low friction of human synovial fluid and adhesive chemical effect of mussels, our work reports a biomimetic lubricating system that realizes long-time lubrication, photothermal responsiveness and anti-inflammation property. To build the system, a dopamine-mediated strategy is developed to controllably graft hyaluronic acid on the surface of metal organic framework. The design constructs a biomimetic core–shell structure that has good dispersity and stability in water with a high drug loading ratio of 99%. Temperature of the solution rapidly increases to 55 °C under near-infrared light, and the hard-soft lubricating system well adheres to wear surfaces, and greatly reduces frictional coefficient by 75% for more than 7200 times without failure. Cell experiments show that the nanosystem enters cells by endocytosis, and releases medication in a sustained manner. The anti-inflammatory outcomes validate that the nanosystem prevents the progression of OA by down-regulating catabolic proteases and pain-related genes and up-regulating genes that are anabolic in cartilage. The study provides a bioinspired strategy to employ metal organic framework with controlled surface and structure for friction reduction and anti-inflammation, and develops a new concept of OA synergistic therapy model for practical applications.

Point Cloud Registration Algorithm Based on Adaptive Neighborhood Eigenvalue Loading Ratio

Traditional iterative closest point (ICP) registration algorithms are sensitive to initial positions and easily fall into the trap of locally optimal solutions. To address this problem, a point cloud registration algorithm is put forward in this study based on adaptive neighborhood eigenvalue loading ratios. In the algorithm, the resolution of the point cloud is first calculated and used as an adaptive basis to determine the raster widths and radii of spherical neighborhoods in the raster filtering; then, the adaptive raster filtering is implemented to the point cloud for denoising, while the eigenvalue loading ratios of point neighborhoods are calculated to extract and match the contour feature points; subsequently, sample consensus initial alignment (SAC-IA) is used to carry out coarse registration; and finally, a fine registration is delivered with KD-tree-accelerated ICP. The experimental results of this study demonstrate that the feature points extracted with this method are highly representative while consuming only 35.6% of the time consumed by other feature point extraction algorithms. Additionally, in noisy and low-overlap scenarios, the registration error of this method can be controlled at a level of 0.1 mm, with the registration speed improved by 56% on average over that of other algorithms. Taken together, the method in this study cannot only ensure strong robustness in registration but can also deliver high registration accuracy and efficiency.

Separation and purification of benzylester glucosides and derivatives from tubers of Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. by linear gradient counter-current chromatography combined with elution-extrusion mode.

Tubers of Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae), a traditional medicine and food homologous plant, has a broad application and development prospect in the food and drug industries. Benzylester glucosides, the main effective active components in this plant, are difficult to separate due to their similar structures and high polarity. In this study, linear gradient counter-current chromatography was used to separate benzylester glucosides and derivatives, combined with elution-extrusion mode. The main separation parameters were optimized, including the ratio of mobile phase and sample loading. Finally, seven compounds were successfully separated, including 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2), dactylorhin B (3), loroglossin (4), dactylorhin A (5), 4-(ethoxymethyl) phenol (6), and militarine (7). The structures were analyzed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. According to our findings, the established method was an efficient approach to separate benzylester glucosides and derivatives from tubers of G. conopsea. The established strategy could be applied to purify other similar high-polarity compounds from complex natural products.

Recovery of Propionic Acid from Aqueous Phase using Alamine 336 in 1 - Octanol by Reactive Extraction

The by-products of carboxylic acids are useful in chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, preservations, drug delivery towards a more economical energy efficient technology. Physical and chemical equilibria results are presented as equilibrium distribution, distribution co -efficient, extraction efficiency, loading ratio and volume percentage by varying concentrations. The distribution of propionic acid between aqueous phase and organic phase reaches equilibrium over a concentration range of 0.009 kmol/m3 – 0.055 kmol/m3 . The optimum TOA concentration is found to be 40% at which KD value for 1 - octanol is 16.7. The modified separation increases with decrease in TOA &amp; acid concentration and alamine loading with acid Z decreases with increase in alamine concentration in 1 – octanol. Optimum extraction efficiency is 43.82% for a conc. of 40% TOA at 0.2 kmol/m3.