Material Loading Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF LOAD ON PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (PMSG) 12S8P WITH SPEED VARIATION

Abstract. This study investigates the impact of speed variation on the performance of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) configured with 12 slots and 8 poles (12S8P) for wind energy conversion systems. PMSG has gained attention due to its high efficiency, simple design, and ability to operate effectively at low speeds, making it particularly suitable for renewable energy applications like wind turbines. Using MagNet simulation software, the performance of the PMSG was analyzed over a speed range of 1000–6000 rpm and load variations of 10–50 ohms. The results showed a maximum magnetic flux of 0.000927 Wb, while the no-load average voltage was 17.78 V at a speed of 1000 rpm. Furthermore, it was observed that voltage and current increased proportionally with speed. Optimal torque performance was achieved at a 30-ohm load at a speed of 5000 rpm, highlighting the importance of load optimization for effective energy conversion. Efficiency analysis revealed that the generator achieved its highest efficiency of 92.96% at a 10-ohm load and a speed of 5000 rpm. This study also emphasizes the influence of material properties, slot-pole design, and load conditions on generator performance. These findings provide critical insights for the design and optimization of wind turbines, particularly in regions with varying wind speeds. Moreover, this research contributes to advancing the utilization of renewable energy technologies by offering data-driven strategies for enhancing system efficiency and reliability..

A Study on the Fracture of Brittle Heterogeneous Materials Using Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics and the Energy Distribution Function

The fracture process of heterogeneous materials is studied here in the framework of the discipline of Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics. Acoustic emission data provided by an experimental protocol with concrete specimens, plain or fiber-reinforced, under bending are taken advantage of. This innovation of the study lies in the fact that the analysis of the acoustic activity is implemented in terms of the energy content of the acoustic signals rather than of their interevent time or their interevent distance. The Energy Distribution Functions were properly fitted using the expression proposed by Shcherbakov, Kuksenko and Chmelet. This study reveals that the loading and fracture processes of the specific materials are definitely non-additive and non-extensive. It is concluded that the presence of notches is crucial since it assigns non-additivity and non-extensivity from relatively low loading levels due to the early formation of the fracture process zone around the crown of the notch. The values of the Tsallis entropic index, q, that were determined are in very good agreement with the respective ones obtained in previous studies by means of different analysis tools. Finally, a clear correlation between the index q and the average energy content of the acoustic signals is highlighted for the whole range of values of the energy content of the acoustic signals.

Mechanical Model of Tensile Loading of Geotechnical Reinforcement Materials

To reveal the mechanical behavior and deformation patterns of geotechnical reinforcement materials under tensile loading, a series of tensile tests were conducted on plastic geogrid rib, fiberglass geogrid rib, gabion steel wire, plastic geogrid mesh, fiberglass geogrid mesh, and gabion mesh. The full tensile force–strain relationships of the reinforcement materials were obtained. The failure modes of different geotechnical reinforcement materials were discussed. The standard linear three-element model, the nonlinear three-element model, and the improved Kawabata model were employed to simulate the tensile curves of the various geotechnical reinforcement materials. The main parameters of the tensile models of the geotechnical reinforcement materials were determined. The results showed that a brittle failure occurred in both the plastic geogrid rib and the fiberglass geogrid rib subjected to tensile loading. The gabion steel wire presented obvious elastic–plastic deformation behavior. The tensile resistance of fiberglass geogrid mesh was higher compared to that of plastic geogrid, which was mainly caused by the difference in the cross-sectional areas of these two types of geogrid. Due to a hexagonal mesh structure of gabion mesh, there was a distinct stress adjustment during the tensile process, resulting in a sawtooth fluctuation pattern in tensile curve. Compared to the strip geogrid material, hexagonal-type gabion mesh could withstand higher tensile strain and had greater tensile strength. Brittle failure occurred in both the plastic geogrid rib and the fiberglass geogrid rib when subjected to tensile loading. The gabion steel wire presented obvious elastic–plastic deformation behavior. The standard linear and nonlinear three-element models as well as improved Kawabata model could all well reflect the tensile behavior of geotechnical reinforcement materials before the failure of the material.

Enhancing Mechanical Resilience in Li-Ion Battery Cathodes with Nanoscale Elastic Framework Coatings.

Lattice volume changes in Li-ion batteries active materials are unavoidable during electrochemical cycling, posing significant engineering challenges from the particle to the electrode level. In this study, we present an elastic framework coating designed to absorb and reversibly release strain energy associated with particle volume changes, thereby enhancing mechanical resilience at both the particle and electrode levels. This framework, composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), is applied to nickel-rich LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (NCM9055) cathodes at a low loading of 0.5 wt %, effectively mitigating critical issues such as particle cracking, volume changes, and electrode thickness variations during cycling. Leveraging these advantages, an energy-dense electrode is achieved with a high active material loading of 20 mg cm-2, without the need for additional carbon additives. Demonstrated in a pouch cell format, this electrode achieves an exceptional capacity retention of 77.7% after 1000 cycles. This approach provides a comprehensive solution for designing Li-ion batteries capable of withstanding lattice volume variations, offering valuable insights for next-generation batteries technologies.

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds from Sargassum ilicifolium: Influence of wall material type and loading content on the physicochemical and structural properties of microparticles

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds from Sargassum ilicifolium: Influence of wall material type and loading content on the physicochemical and structural properties of microparticles

Tensile and Flexural Loads of a Hybrid Natural Animal Bones Composite Material at Various Volume Fractions and Particle Sizes

Tensile and Flexural Loads of a Hybrid Natural Animal Bones Composite Material at Various Volume Fractions and Particle Sizes

The Distorting Influence of Primacy Effects on Reporting Cognitive Load in Learning Materials of Varying Complexity

Abstract In research practice, it is common to measure cognitive load after learning using self-report scales. This approach can be considered risky because it is unclear on what basis learners assess cognitive load, particularly when the learning material contains varying levels of complexity. This raises questions that have yet to be answered by educational psychology research: Does measuring cognitive load during and after learning lead to comparable assessments of cognitive load depending on the sequence of complexity? Do learners rely on their first or last impression of complexity of a learning material when reporting the cognitive load of the entire learning material after learning? To address these issues, three learning units were created, differing in terms of intrinsic cognitive load (low, medium, or high complexity) as verified by a pre-study (N = 67). In the main-study (N = 100), the three learning units were studied in two sequences (increasing vs. decreasing complexity) and learners were asked to report cognitive load after each learning unit and after learning as an overall assessment. The results demonstrated that the first impression of complexity is the most accurate predictor of the overall cognitive load associated with the learning material, indicating a primacy effect. This finding contrasts with previous studies on problem-solving tasks, which have identified the most complex task as the primary determinant of the overall assessment. This study suggests that, during learning, the assessment of the overall cognitive load is influenced primarily by the timing of measurement.

Electrode-Level Modeling of Silicon Anodes for Improved Cell Design

Abstract Silicon has a remarkably high specific capacity as a Li-ion battery anode material; however, its large volume expansion and contraction make it extremely challenging to use. This work introduces a pseudo-2D (P2D or Newman-type) model that incorporates the distinctive mechanical and electrochemical behaviors of porous electrodes with large volume changes characteristic of silicon and similar active materials. Localized volume change is propagated rigorously to other electrode variables, considering elastic, plastic, and chemical strains; associated advection and hysteresis; the presence of a fluid reservoir and packaging adjacent to the cell stack; nonlinear electrode swelling behavior; deactivation of active material; and the effect of stress on open circuit potential. A silicon half-cell model is carefully parameterized by previously published experiments, and indeed provides insights in how to interpret the experiments and shows where some are problematic. The model is used as a digital twin to predict the degree of electrode utilization for different packaging designs and active material loadings, thereby allowing improved cell design.

Investigation into the mechanical properties and impact tendency of coal-rock composite structures with peridynamics: A study on predicting the occurrence tendency of dynamic pressure in coal-rock structures.

Due to the difficulty in predicting the occurrence of rockburst in deep mining areas,this paper proposes that the use of Peridynamics to analyze the mechanical characteristics of coal-rock composite structures under loading conditions from the perspective of energy, Determine the impact tendency of coal rock composite structures by combining rock elastic deformation energy index (WET) and rock impact energy index (WCF); Use Lammps software to simulate the loading of composite structural materials and compare and verify with experimental results, to more accurately determine the tendency of rockburst occurrence in different coal-rock composite structures.The results indicate that after the specimen reaches the yield stress, the sample exhibits an "X" shaped failure. The coal body has a significant impact on the overall model's fragmentation, and different combination states and ratios can affect the degree of damage in the coal-rock composite structure. which has important theoretical value for rock mechanics research. The research results can reduce the occurrence of rockburst accidents, the difficulty of mine support, and the cost of mining engineering, as well as improve mine safety levels.

Phthalate esters in baltic lagoons: Spatial distribution, ecological risks, and novel insights into their fate using transcriptomics.

Plasticizers such as phthalate esters (PAEs) are organic compounds widely used in various consumer and industrial products, raising strong environmental concerns due to their pervasive presence and potential adverse effects. Lagoon ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to PAE pollution as they are semi-enclosed and receive high loads of organic materials. The present study investigates the distribution of seven common PAEs in three large European lagoons (Curonian, Vistula and Szczecin) in the southern Baltic Sea. The concentration levels of PAEs in the water column, encompassing both the dissolved and particulate-bound phases, and in sediments were assessed to elucidate distribution patterns and potential ecological risks within these lagoon ecosystems. The average concentration of total PAEs in the water column ranged from 0.03 to 1.45μgL-1, whereas sediment concentration varied from 0.008 to 1.06μgg-1, levels comparable to or lower than those found in other European coastal areas. Distribution patterns of PAEs in sediment showed notable similarity across all three lagoons, whereas variations were observed in the water column. Notably, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) emerged as the most concerning congeners in studied lagoons, all of which pose a moderate risk to aquatic organisms. This study applied shotgun transcriptomic analysis to field samples, revealing active microbial communities involved in PAEs degradation in the Baltic lagoons for the first time. The degradation of phthalic acid (PA) into intermediate compounds such as protocatechuate was not identified as a rate-limiting step in the studied environment. The degradation activity was primarily localized in the sediment layers, with Gram-negative bacteria playing a major role, while Gram-positive bacteria appeared incapable of degrading PA. These findings provide valuable insights into the distribution and transformation mechanisms of PAEs in estuarine environments.

Актуальные вопросы гигиены труда работников автотранспортного подразделения горно-обогатительного комбината

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the unavailability of information on the working conditions of drivers of motor vehicles at contemporary ore mining enterprises. The study aims to examine the working conditions of drivers of motor vehicles of a mining and processing plant, considering the nature and specifics of their production work. The hygienic examination of the assessment of working conditions is carried out at workplaces of the motor transport division that is part of a mining and processing plant for the production of copper and zinc concentrates with a workforce exceeding 5 thousand employees. The working conditions of drivers of heavy-duty vehicles and mining and loading equipment during the service period not exceeding 10 years have been assessed. The professions of drivers of cars, excavators, bulldozers, and tractors represent employees. The results of the study helped to prioritize the production risk factors for health disorders of employees engaged in motor vehicle driving during transportation and unloading of ore material, dump formation, and road maintenance. The leading harmful production factors for this category of employees are the vibroacoustic factor in the form of the production noise and vibration (local, general) and the severity and intensity of work. Considering all harmful production factors in total, the working conditions of drivers of heavy-duty vehicles engaged in ore transportation from underground sectors and quarries, drivers of excavators, bulldozers, and tractors engaged in loading and unloading of ore material and overburden, organization of dumps, are rated as сlass 3 of the 2nd degree of harmfulness (class 3.2). According to the results of the studies, a set of measures to reduce the risk of the impact of production factors on the employee’s body must be developed. The set of measures and organizational, sanitary hygienic, and medical measures must include the psychophysiological selection of candidates for admission to work associated with the operation of heavy-duty vehicles and mining and loading equipment in the conditions of a mining and processing plant.

Fragility and seismic risk of public building structures due to earthquake loads (Case study: Manahan Sports Building)

Abstract Earthquake disaster is a natural disaster with a small probability of occurrence but with a large risk of consequences. Indonesia is an earthquake-prone area which is flanked by 3 plates. which results in Indonesia becoming an earthquake-prone area. This paper analyzes the seismic performance and risk of public buildings of indoor sports buildings which has a inclined column with an elliptical cross-section in Manahan District, Surakarta city. From 1867-2022, there were 10 big earthquakes that occurred in several nearby cities in Surakarta. The seismic risk analysis was conducted by constructing a fragility function depicted in the form of a fragility curve. The analysis procedure starts with developing a 3D finite element model in the computer and applying pushover loads so that the structure achieves nonlinear behavior with material specifications and loading in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard 1726-2019 regulations and resulting in capacity curves, then converted into a capacity spectrum curve. Damage limits are set based on ATC-40 and HAZUS MH-MR 5 criteria. The fragility function is defined as the conditional probability of exceeding the damage limits set for various earthquake intensities. From this study, the probability of building damage based on ground acceleration in Surakarta (Sa=0,36g) with ATC-40 criteria is obtained on the X axis with Immediate Occupancy damage of 13.29% and Life safety of 3.21%, on the Y axis the Immediate Occupancy limit is 55.51% and Life safety is 13.89%. For HAZUS MH-MR 5 guidelines on the X-axis the probability for slight damage is 60.29%, moderate 30.97%, extensive 3.21% and complete 0.42%, and for the Y-axis slight is 93.76%, moderate 73.06%, extensive 12.24% and complete 9.47%.

Zn-doped Mn₃O₄ with lattice distortion as flexible cathode for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor

One of the major challenges in developing aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) is maintaining high performance with a high loading of cathode materials. In the present work, Zn-doped Mn₃O₄ (Zn-Mn₃O₄) nanoparticles with lattice distortion were successfully synthesized on flexible carbon cloth with a high loading up to 11 mg cm⁻² through electrodeposition. The as-prepared aqueous ZHSC with the cathode of Zn-Mn3O4 presented a superior areal capacitance of 3135.3 mF cm⁻² at 2 mA cm⁻² and good stability with 75.35 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the engineered quasi-solid-state ZHSC using Zn-Mn3O4-0.5 demonstrated high mechanical flexibility and excellent capacity retention across different bending angles, thereby making them attractive candidates for the next generation of flexible wearable devices.

3D printing of asymmetric buttress plate for posteromedial tibial plateau fracture using metal fused filament fabrication

PurposeThis research addresses the challenges encountered when securing bone plates in the human body to treat tibial plateau fractures, specifically focusing on preventing posterolateral fractures. The goal is to develop a 3D buttress plate that offers better stability, facilitating anatomical reduction and rigid fixation. The newly fabricated T-buttress plate enables early knee motion and reduces postoperative complications, marking a significant advancement over existing internal fixation plates.Design/methodology/approachA new buttress plate model was designed using modeling software, featuring an asymmetric curved design with three fragments. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the biomechanical performance of this new model, comparing it with symmetric flat and symmetric curved plates. Accurately predicting the biomechanical behavior of the implant posed challenges, especially during extensive simulations. Optimal parameters for the asymmetric curved plate were identified from the simulation results, and the 3D buttress plate was then fabricated using the metal fused filament fabrication (MFFF) process. This process presents challenges due to the novel nature of the asymmetric design.FindingsThe results indicate that the newly developed buttress plate exhibits superior strength and performance compared to current internal fixation plates. Biomechanical simulations show that the asymmetric curved design provides better stability and support. Moreover, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths were found to be 685 MPa and 855 MPa, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s finite element analysis model has limitations due to its reliance on assumptions about material properties, boundary conditions and loading scenarios. It also excludes biological factors, patient variability and the bone’s heterogeneous nature, which may affect the accuracy and applicability of the results in real-life situations.Originality/valueThe development of an asymmetric curved buttress plate using MFFF is a novel innovation aimed at improving biomechanical performance and patient outcomes in orthopedic surgery, offering significant potential impact in the medical field.

Hybrid-driven probabilistic damage assessment of creep-fatigue-oxidation interaction

This paper presents a hybrid-driven probabilistic damage assessment approach by considering creep-fatigue-oxidation damage interaction (CFO-DI). Based on generalized strain energy density exhaustion (GSEDE) framework, the hybrid-driven concept integrates the strengths of both physics-based models and machine learning, exploring the frontier from deterministic evaluation to probabilistic assessment. Experimental investigations involving generalized creep-fatigue loading tests are conducted to establish a comprehensive dataset in Inconel 718 at 650 °C. Deterministic models for fatigue, creep, and oxidation damages are developed, and their interactions are analyzed using the GSEDE framework. To tackle limited experimental data, a divide-and-conquer strategy employing machine learning models is implemented for data augmentation. Probabilistic assessments are performed incorporating uncertainties from material properties, loading conditions, and model parameters using Monte Carlo simulations and Latin Hypercube Sampling. The results demonstrate accurate life prediction accuracy and reliable probability distributions in the presence of oxidation damage. Finally, a novel three-dimensional probabilistic CFO-DI assessment diagram quantified by the confidence level is developed, providing a technical pathway for safe-life design in high-temperature structural applications.

High‐Entropy Electrolyte Driven by Multi‐Solvation Structures for Long‐Lifespan Aqueous Zinc Metal Pouch Cells

AbstractAqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for grid‐scale energy storage due to their low cost and high safety. However, the poor stability and the unfavorable freezing point of aqueous electrolytes hinder their actual application. Herein, a ternary salts‐based high‐entropy electrolyte (HEE) composed of Zn0.2Na0.4Li0.4(ClO4)1.2 ⋅ 7H2O is proposed to address the above issues. The addition of perchlorate salts with different cations reduces the size of ion clusters, significantly increases the solvation structure species, and promotes the anion‐rich Zn2+ solvation structures, resulting in an enlarged electrochemical stability window, favorable viscosity and ionic conductivity, and low freezing point. Furthermore, advanced characterization and theoretical calculations confirm that multiple types of solvation structures effectively increase the entropy of the electrolyte. As a consequence, the Zn/Zn symmetric cells in HEE can sustainably cycle for at least 1000 hours and 1500 hours under room and subzero temperatures, respectively. The Na0.33V2O5/Zn and polyaniline/Zn full cells can even last for 30000 and 20000 cycles without capacity decay at −20 °C, respectively. The pouch cells employing HEE deliver promising capacity and stability, even at high mass loading of active materials. This strategy of introducing multiple salts with different cations to construct a high‐entropy environment provides a facile approach for high‐performance and long‐lifespan AZMBs across a wide temperature range.

Measurement of dynamic deformation during shock loading using a fiber-optic loop-sensor

Abstract Characterizing materials under shock loading has been of interest in fields such as protective material development, biomechanics to study the injury mechanics and high-speed aerodynamic structures. However, shock loading of material is a very short duration phenomenon and it is extremely challenging to develop sensors for dynamic measurements under such loading conditions. Optical fiber sensors present the possibilities to allow high resolution measurement of displacement in such high strain rate loading conditions. This work studies the possibility of using a fiber-optic loop sensor (FOLS) based on the principle of power losses from the curved section for dynamic measurements under shock loading conditions. The displacement results obtained from the optical sensors are compared with the traditional strain gauge and digital image correlation (DIC) measurements. The result obtained by the FOLS closely matched the sensitivity and precision of the strain gauges and had higher precision than that of DIC.

A hierarchical porous matrix containing hollow MgO microspheres for solar thermal energy storage applications

Phase change materials (PCMs) have the potential to improve solar energy storage and absorption. However, additional developments in solar technology have been hampered by the intrinsic constraints in light absorption, thermal conductivity, and structural stability. In this work, a petaloid microspheres of MgO assembled as a nanosheet-like two-dimensional structure enables a high loading of phase change materials (PCMs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) within the microsphere pockets. These PCM-containing materials can store up to 97 % more energy than conventional materials. Under hydrothermal reaction conditions, NH3 and pamoic acid work together to produce phase-pure Mg(OH)2. It was surprising that calcining Mg(OH)2 for two hours at 400 °C had no influence on the XRD patterns. On the other hand, MgO microspheres were produced when the (Mg(OH)2) was calcined at 500 °C for two hours in air. The developed MgO/PEG composite has outstanding mechanical properties, superior energy density (>173 J/g), and a high capacity for storing solar thermal energy. Additionally, these microsphere matrices have high thermal conductivities, as well as thermal stability, and noticeably improved supercooling characteristics. The MgO/PEG matrix also converts sunlight into thermal energy with a significantly higher efficiency (84.2–91.0 %). Robust tests involving 200 melting and freezing cycles show that the novel MgO/PEG composite is chemically and thermally stable. The findings suggest that the strategy put forth may further the creation of solar energy collecting devices, providing a strong foundation for cleaner, more flexible, and efficient energy options.

Dry-Deposited Self-Standing Composite Electrodes for EV Battery Applications

Novel type of composite materials consisting of powdered materials embedded into a 3-dimensional network of pristine individual or a few-bundled single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been developed [1]. A wide selection of powdered materials can be used, and SWNT content can be varied in a broad range. The resulted composite materials typically are self-standing, mechanically robust and with electrical conductivity 101-105 S/m, depending on the material composition and density. We have been using this technology to create composites of Li-ion battery materials for self-standing, binder and collector free battery electrodes. Application of these electrodes allows to increase battery energy density up to 40% and increase specific energy up to 70% in relatively small flexible pouch cells [1]. Since we can produce electrodes with very high thicknesses and high loadings of the active material, with minimal amount of electrochemically inactive components, we are studying applicability of such electrodes for large EV-sized batteries and for both high energy and high-power applications typical for EV/EVTOL batteries, and what parameters of the electrode material is necessary for such applications. Normally, EV batteries operate at 0.1C to 0.5C, to allow 10 to 2 hours of driving. However, they need to be able to operate at higher C-rates (2C to 10C typical) for short periods of time, when more power is needed for passing, hill climbing, etc. Battery performance for a particular battery chemistry depends on multiple interdependent parameters: electrode loading, electrode electronic conductivity, electrode density/porosity, electrode thickness, electrolyte ionic conductivity and many others. To achieve high energy density of a battery cell its electrodes are compressed as much as possible, and the amount of the electrolyte is minimized. However, this often leads to insufficient ionic conductivity of the electrodes, and, therefore, poor power performance (high C-rate performance). Parameters of electrodes of EV/EVTOL batteries need to be optimized for these applications. Here we concentrate on dependence of the high C-rate performance of the cells on the electrode density/porosity and electrode thickness with fixed cathode areal loading and conductivity (proportional to the CNT percentage). Cells with electrodes with the density in the 1.5-2 g/cm3 range demonstrate the best C-rate performance in the 3C to 30C range. O.A. Kuznetsov, S. Mohanty, E. Pigos, G. Chen, W. Cai, A.R. Harutyunyan, High energy density flexible and ecofriendly lithium-ion smart battery. Energy Storage Materials, 2023 (54) 266-275, ISSN 2405-8297, doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.023

Dopant Engineering of Conductive Polymer for Developing High-Efficiency, Membrane-Free, Full-Polymer Electrochemical Deionization Systems

Electrochemical deionization (ECDI) systems represent an enticing avenue in desalination technology, offering notable desalination capacity while maintaining energy efficiency, thus presenting themselves as potential replacements for existing desalination methods. Traditionally, ECDI systems rely on electric double-layer (EDL) materials to eliminate salts via electrode-induced ion adsorption under external electric fields. However, the practical utility of this conventional approach is hindered by the limitations of the EDL mechanism, constraining desalination capability. Consequently, there has been a notable shift towards exploring pseudocapacitive-type or battery-type faradaic materials, which offer promising alternatives. This novel approach entails the capture of ions within the solution through electrode charge transfer, effectively reducing energy consumption and bolstering desalination performance. Furthermore, the unique characteristic of the "memory effect" in faradaic materials, as proposed by Hu et al., has revolutionized resource recovery and water purification, eliminating the need for membranes and further elevating the appeal of such materials within the field [1]. Among these faradaic materials, polypyrrole (PPy) is recognized for its affordability, stability, and straightforward synthesis, rendering it an excellent choice for anion insertion applications. Prior research indicates that PPy demonstrates distinct behaviors depending on dopant variations. Large-size dopants confer cation exchange capabilities to PPy, whereas small-size dopants imbue it with anion exchange characteristics. Despite these qualities, conducting polymers have predominantly served as either anion or cation-removal electrode materials in ECDI systems [2].As a result, the study aims to design a low-voltage, membrane-free, ECDI system with high salt-removal capacity and excellent cycling stability through the utilization of an identical conducting polymer (i.e., PPy) doped with anions of different sizes for the positive (4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, p-TS) and negative (ClO4 −) electrodes. Essentially, PPy is tailored to possess either cation or anion-exchange abilities to serve as both positive and negative electrode materials in the ECDI system. According to the results of XPS and CV measurements, the schematic diagram of the salt removal/release mechanisms on the two PPy electrodes is shown in Figure 1 [3]. The positive electrode (PPy-p-TS) exhibits the cation-capturing ability due to the trapping of bulky p-TS dopants with high electronegativity from the sulfonic acid groups during the electro-polymerization. Therefore, the reduction of PPy polarons (i.e., the + symbols) results in the presence of negative charges within the PPy-p-TS matrix, electrostatically attractive to cations. On the other hand, the negative (PPy-ClO4) electrode exhibits the anion-removing ability due to the positive charges generated on the oxidized PPy, which are charge-compensated by the small anion dopants (i.e., ClO4 − during the electro-polymerization step, which is replaced with Cl− during the desalination step). Moreover, to apply the unique "memory effect" in the ECDI system, the salt-removal/salt-concentration test was conducted in a full cell and the conductivity profile is shown in Figure 2. The PPy-p-TS//PPy-ClO4 system can transfer the total amount of 342 mg g−1 of NaCl in only 5 cycles with only 0.1902 kWh/kg-NaCl. With the characteristics of dual function and membrane-free, this full-polymer ECDI system has become an attractive and competitive technology in the water purification field.Furthermore, the similar redox couples between positive and negative electrode materials result in closely aligned redox potentials for ion capturing/releasing, leading to significantly reduced cell voltages during both deionization and concentration processes. Through optimization of mass loading ratios, the positive and negative electrodes in this ECDI system operate within their respective desirable potential windows, demonstrating substantial desalination capabilities of up to 83.4 mg g−1 in a 60-minute single-pass operation. Additionally, the adjustments in the charging/discharging time ratio and mass loading of active materials yield a low energy consumption (EC) of 0.2225 kWh/kg-NaCl. Therefore, in comparison with the other ECDI systems in Figure 3, this full-polymer ECDI system lies in the ideal performance area with great SAC and SAR performance. Moreover, this system shows ultra-low EC compared to other systems and industrial RO plants. Meanwhile, this system demonstrates its great stability with a SAC retention of 88 % after 250 cycles (66.7 h). Ultimately, according to the proposed design guidelines, we successfully demonstrate a superior desalination performance, high stability, and dual-function ECDI system without membrane as a potential future desalination system.