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Evaluation of the Hand Motion and Peeling Force in Inner Limiting Membrane Peeling.

Robot assistance in membrane peeling may improve precision and dexterity or prevent complications by task automation. To design robotic devices, surgical instruments' velocity, acceptable position/pose error, and load ability need to be precisely quantified. A fiber Bragg grating and inertial sensors are attached to forceps. Data collected from forceps and microscope images are used to quantify a surgeon's hand motion (tremor, velocity, posture perturbation) and operation force (voluntary and involuntary) in inner limiting membrane peeling. All peeling attempts are performed on rabbit eyes in vivo by expert surgeons. The root mean square (RMS) of the tremor amplitude is 20.14 µm (transverse, X), 23.99 µm (transverse, Y), and 11.68 µm (axial, Z). The RMS posture perturbation is 0.43° (around X), 0.74° (around Y), and 0.46° (around Z). The RMS angular velocities are 1.74°/s (around X), 1.66°/s (around Y), and 1.46°/s (around Z), whereas the RMS velocities are 1.05 mm/s (transverse) and 1.44 mm/s (axial). The RMS force is 7.39 mN (voluntary force), 7.41 mN (operation force), and 0.5 mN (involuntary force). Hand motion and operation force are measured in membrane peeling. These parameters provide a potential baseline for determining a surgical robot's accuracy, velocity, and load capacity. Baseline data are obtained that can be used to guide ophthalmic robot design/evaluation.

Engineered Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicle-Liposome Hybrid Delivery System for Targeted Treatment of Breast Cancer

Cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may be a promising drug delivery system that targets cancer cells due to their unique features, such as native homing ability, biological barrier crossing capability, and low immune response. However, the oncogenic cargos within them pose safety concerns, hence limiting their application thus far. We proposed using an electroporation-based strategy to extract the endogenous cargos from cancer-derived sEVs and demonstrated that their homing ability was still retained. A membrane fusion technique was used to fuse these sEVs with liposomes to form hybrid particles, which possessed both benefits of sEVs and liposomes. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies were modified on the hybrid particles to improve their targeting ability further. The engineered hybrid particles showed higher drug loading ability that is 33.75 and 43.88% higher than that of liposomes and sEVs, respectively, and improved targeting ability by 52.23% higher than hybrid particles without modification. This delivery system showed >90% cell viability and enhanced treatment efficiency with 91.58 and 79.26% cell migration inhibition rates for the miR-21 inhibitor and gemcitabine, respectively.

The Research of Short-term Electric Load Forecasting based on Machine Learning Algorithm

The ability of electric load forecasting become the key to measuring electric planning and dispatching, and improving the accuracy of electric load forecasting has become one hot spot topic of scholars in recent years. The traditional electric load forecasting algorithm mainly include statistical learning algorithm. The electric load forecasting algorithm based on traditional forecasting algorithm, machine learning algorithm and neural network algorithm greatly improve the convergence approximation effect and accuracy. In recent years, the electric load forecasting algorithms based on the deep learning algorithm has greatly reduced the error and improved the measurement accuracy and robustness, such as RNN, GRU, LSTM, DBN, TCN, and so on, as well as the combination algorithm based on deep learning. This paper introduces the classical algorithm of deep learning in electric load forecasting. The main purpose is to explore the error and fitting degree of algorithms established by different algorithms, and provide reference for the selection of forecasting algorithms for various types of electric load forecasting.

Development of biodegradable nanogels for lipase accelerated drug release of 5-aminolevulinic acid

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an important approach for the treatment of some skin diseases and cancers. A major defect of this approach is that it is difficult for 5-ALA to accumulate around lesions in deeper regions of tissue, resulting in poor conversion to the active fluorophore and photodynamic efficiencies. Because of their targeting and controlled release abilities, nanogel carriers could solve this problem. In this paper, nanogels were prepared by using micro-emulsion polymerization with various biodegradable polyester crosslinkers (L-lactide and ε-caprolactone). The swelling and degradation properties and entrapment efficiency, drug loading and drug release ability of the nanogels were investigated. Nanogels co-cultured with skin cancer cells (A2058) allowed the efficiency of the PDT in vitro to be demonstrated. The results showed that the swelling rate of hydrogels reduced with increasing crosslinker levels, which caused a slow-down in the release of 5-ALA, but lipase accelerated degradation of nanogels increased 5-ALA concentrations in tumor cells and leading to higher PDT efficiency. It was proved by in vivo experiment indicating that the development of skin cancer tissues were efficiently inhibited by the 5-ALA loaded nanogels.

Controlled supramolecular interactions for targeted release of Amiodarone drug through Graphyne to treat cardiovascular diseases: An in silico study

In the current study, the drug loading ability of graphyne (GY) for the amiodarone (AMD) drug is investigated for the first time. The efficacy of GY as a carrier for amiodarone (a cardiovascular drug) is evaluated by calculating its electronic, energetic, optimized, and excited state properties with help of the density functional theory (DFT). The AMD drug interacted with the GY molecule with an adsorption energy of about −0.19 eV (gas-phase) and −1.92 eV (aqueous phase), suggesting that the AMD@GY complex is stable in water-phase. The HOMO (highest-occupied molecular-orbital) of the AMD@GY complex is concentrated on the AMD drug while the LUMO (lowest-unoccupied molecular-orbital) is centralized on GY with absolute charge separation, indicating charge transfer will occur between AMD and GY. The charge-transfer process is further studied with the aid of charge-decomposition analysis (CDA). The non-covalent interaction analysis (NCI) exposed that non-covalent forces exist between the GY carrier and AMD drug. These non-covalent forces between AMD drug and GY carrier play a significant role in drug unloading at the targeted or diseased site. Likewise, the calculations at excited-state, charge-state (+1 and −1) influence on GY and AMD@GY complex structures, and photo-induced electron transfer analysis (PET) are also studied for the graphyne-based drug-delivery system. According to PET and electron-hole analysis, fluorescence-quenching will occur upon interaction. Overall, it is concluded that graphyne can be exploited as a drug carrier for amiodarone drug delivery. Researchers will be fascinated to look at alternative 2D nanomaterials for drug delivery applications as a result of this theoretical work.

Research on Power Storage Optimization Operation Strategy for Wind-Photovoltaic Power Coupled Hydrogen Production

Under the guidance of the “double carbon” development goal, new production and marketing methods of green energy, such as wind-photovoltaic coupling hydrogen production, are developing rapidly. Due to the lack of engineering experience, there is still a lack of corresponding strategies for capacity allocation and operation control of renewable energy coupled hydrogen production. Moreover, due to the strong volatility of landscape resources and the flexible adjustment ability of hydrogen production load, the accumulation of uncertainties at both source and charge will further affect the stability of system operation. Therefore, this paper first focuses on the scenario of a microgrid with wind-photovoltaic coupled hydrogen production, comprehensively considers the uncertainty factors of green hydrogen production, and takes economic optimization as the goal to construct an operation optimization typing model of microgrid based on energy storage. Secondly, the microgrid makes full use of the flexible characteristics of energy storage to balance the power supply and demand in the microgrid and to reduce the impact of the fluctuations of the distributed energy system on the grid. Then through the demonstration and analysis of specific examples, the configuration and operation strategy of the system power storage under the differential influence factors are obtained.

Two-Stage Short-Term Power Load Forecasting Based on RFECV Feature Selection Algorithm and a TCN–ECA–LSTM Neural Network

To solve the problem of feature selection and error correction after mode decomposition and improve the ability of power load forecasting models to capture complex time series information, a two-stage short-term power load forecasting method based on recursive feature elimination with a cross validation (RFECV) algorithm and time convolution network–efficient channel attention mechanism–long short-term memory network (TCN–ECA–LSTM) is presented. First, the load sequence is decomposed into a relatively stable set of modal components using variational mode decomposition. Then, the RFECV-based method filters the feature set of each modal component to construct the best feature set. Finally, a two-stage prediction model based on TCN–ECA–LSTM is established. The first stage predicts each modal component and the second stage reconstructs the load forecast based on the predicted value of the previous stage. This paper takes actual data from New South Wales, Australia, as an example, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper can build the feature set reliably and efficiently and has a higher accuracy than the conventional prediction model.

Aptamer-based nanotrains and nanoflowers as quinine delivery systems

In this study, we designed aptamer-based self-assemblies for the delivery of quinine. Two different architectures were designed by hybridizing quinine binding aptamers and aptamers targeting Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH): nanotrains and nanoflowers. Nanotrains consisted in controlled assembly of quinine binding aptamers through base-pairing linkers. Nanoflowers were larger assemblies obtained by Rolling Cycle Amplification of a quinine binding aptamer template. Self-assembly was confirmed by PAGE, AFM and cryoSEM. The nanotrains preserved their affinity for quinine and exhibited a higher drug selectivity than nanoflowers. Both demonstrated serum stability, hemocompatibility, low cytotoxicity or caspase activity but nanotrains were better tolerated than nanoflowers in the presence of quinine. Flanked with locomotive aptamers, the nanotrains maintained their targeting ability to the protein PfLDH as analyzed by EMSA and SPR experiments. To summarize, nanoflowers were large assemblies with high drug loading ability, but their gelating and aggregating properties prevent from precise characterization and impaired the cell viability in the presence of quinine. On the other hand, nanotrains were assembled in a selective way. They retain their affinity and specificity for the drug quinine, and their safety profile as well as their targeting ability hold promise for their use as drug delivery systems.

Transform commercial magnetic materials into injectable gel for magnetic hyperthermia therapy in vivo

Magnetic hyperthermia therapy of tumors employing magnetic materials has been greatly developed due to their low invasiveness, high specificity, few side effects and no limitation of tissue penetration depth. However, traditional nanoscale magnetocaloric materials exhibited the disadvantages of low tumor enrichment efficiency, complex preparation process and difficulty in large-scale production. While eddy current loss-based magnetic hyperthermia tumor ablation with metal implants faces shortcomings such as high invasiveness and low selectivity of tumor shape and volume. Herein, we developed injectable magnetic gels by adding commercial magnetic metal or metal oxide powders (CMMPs) into alginate-Ca2+ (ALG-Ca2+) gel through an ultra-simple mixing strategy for magneto-thermal therapy of tumors in vivo. The ALG-Ca2+ gel can not only turn the water-insoluble CMMPs into injectable gel, but also retain the inherent magnetic loss-based heating capacity. Besides, CMMPs in the gels are easily retained at the tumor site after peritumoral injection because of their large size and strong hydrophobicity, which benefits the efficiency and accuracy of the treatment and reduces side effects to the surrounding tissues. The prepared ALG-Ca2+-CMMPs give full play to the inherent magneto-thermal capacity of CMMPs, which possesses super high loading ability (>100 mg magnetic materials/mL), superior large-scale production capability (>1 kg in laboratory synthesis), low cost, satisfactory syringeability and biological safety. Collectively, this study provides a convenient and universal strategy for the construction of magnetocaloric materials for biological applications.

Methylthiazole Schiff base functionalized SBA-15 for high-performance Pb(Ⅱ) capture and separation

Selective recovery of Pb(II) from effluent reduces its toxic impact on environment and benefits for saving non-renewable lead resources. To capture and separate Pb(II), a kind of methylthiazole Schiff base modified mesoporous silica, denoted as MTCI-SBA-15, was fabricated via grafting amino groups onto SBA-15 which was followed by Schiff condensation with 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxaldehyde. A variety of characteristic methods monitored the evolution of the modified adsorbent. Pb(II) uptake to MTCI-SBA-15 was studied in batch mode concerning pH, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, coexisting metallic ions, etc. Kinetic analyses revealed that the pseudo-second-order model was suitable for describing adsorption process. The adsorption isotherms were well represented by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic study confirmed that the sorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The maximal load ability of MTCI-SBA-15 (283 mg g−1) for Pb(II) outperformed that of most modified mesoporous silica adsorbents. Moreover, Pb(II) removal efficiency higher than 99% can be reached with a low initial concentration (<50 mg L−1). Testing on the effects of competing ions suggested that MTCI-SBA-15 exhibited a desirable selectivity for Pb(II). Further, MTCI-SBA-15 was recyclable, retaining 93.1% of the adsorption capacity after five successive cycles. Mechanisms investigation indicated that the imine N atom on the Schiff base and the S atom on the 4-methylthiazole ring played a synergistic role during the adsorption process for Pb(II). The MTCI-SBA-15 showed excellent application potential for Pb(II) capture and separation.

Experimental and numerical investigation of flexural behavior of RC beams retrofitted with reinforced UHPFRC layer in tension surface

Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has recently been used in reinforced concrete (RC) full-cast or strengthened beams because it has better mechanical properties and durability. However, the main parameters that affect the flexure behavior of retrofitted RC beams with a UHPFRC layer need more study. This paper investigates experimentally and numerically the major parameters that control the effectiveness of retrofitting RC beams with an additional reinforced UHPFRC layer applied to the tensile surface. One non-strengthened RC beam and seven retrofitted RC beams (divided into three groups) were experimentally tested under a four-point loading test. The effects of different parameters, such as the length (0.50, 0.60, and 0.80 times the length of the strengthened beams), the thickness of the UHPFRC layer (30 and 40 mm), and the retrofitting technique (with or without the concrete cover), on the crack patterns and failure modes, load–deflection behavior, load carrying capacity, energy absorption, and stiffness, were studied. The results showed that retrofitted beams exhibited significantly improved ultimate load, stiffness, and energy absorption ability compared to the control beam. UHPFRC layer length and thickness were the most significant parameters; moreover, increasing the UHPFRC layer thickness can compensate for the reduction in its length. Lastly, the validated finite element (FE) model was used to study the effect of different parameters, such as the length (0.40, 0.70, and 0.90 times the length of the strengthened beams), the thickness of the UHPFRC layer (50 mm), and the reinforced bar diameter (12 and 16 mm) in the UHPFRC layer, on the flexural behavior of the strengthened RC beams.

PH-responsive delivery of Platinum-based drugs through the surface modification of heparin on mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Although Platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin play vital roles in chemotherapy treatment of various malignant tumors, their application and clinical efficiency are limited due to the toxicity and resistance. In this study, a drug delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified with heparin, a polymer consists of excessive amounts of carboxylic groups being able to coordinate with platin atoms, was fabricated to ensure a sustainable and pH-responsive release of Platinum-based drug. Heparin modified MSNs (MSN-Hep) were synthesized by Stober method, conjugated via primary amine group on particles’ surface, and then characterized. SEM images showed high uniform spherical particles with 89.03 ± 4.49 nm in diameter. After modification, loading capacity of MSN-Hep was 131 mg cisplatin (a model Platinum-based drug) per 1 g MSN-Hep, twice as the bare MSNs’ figure. The amount of drug released in pH 5.8 (tumor microenvironment) was significantly higher compared to that of drug released in pH 7.4 (physiological environment). Finally, Resazurin assay indicated that MSN-Hep was a biocompatible nanocarrier which had no toxicity on MCF-7 cells. These results demonstrated that MSN-Hep could be a great potential nanocarrier in chemotherapy with effectively loading ability and sustained release of Platinum-based drugs with pH response.

Novel Flexibility Indices of Controllable Loads in Relation to EV and Rooftop PV

In order to analyze the flexibility of controllable loads in smart homes, two flexibility indices are proposed in this study. The first index, the electric vehicle (EV) flexibility index, determines the ability of any particular controllable load to avoid the EV charging intervals during its operation. The second index, the photovoltaic (PV) flexibility index, evaluates the ability of any controllable load to absorb PV power during its operation. Both these indices can be utilized by homeowners or policymakers in installing/updating PVs and controllable home appliances. Higher index values imply more flexibility and thus those devices are more beneficial for the homeowners. In order to capture different consumption patterns in different homes, five home clusters are considered in this study. In each cluster, the controllable loads are grouped into three groups based on their flexibility level and utilization purpose. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed for the two commonly used charging levels in the residential sector, i.e. level 1 and level 2. In addition, sensitivity analysis of different uncertain factors such as PV power, the arrival time of EVs, and daily mileage of EVs is also carried out. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method in determining the flexibility of different controllable loads with respect to EVs and PV.

Исследования на износостойкость конструкции радиального подшипника с учетом реологических свойств микрополярного смазочного материала

The article is devoted to the development and analysis of a model of the motion of a micropolar lubricant in the working gap of a radial plain bearing with a fluoroplastic-containing antifriction composite polymer coating and with a groove on the supporting surface. New models are obtained on the basis of classical equations in the «thin layer» approximation and the continuity equation, which describes the turbulent mode of motion of a lubricant with micropolar rheological properties. The results of the numerical analysis of the obtained models of existing operational characteristics made it possible to obtain a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the support profile with a fluoroplastic-containing antifriction composite polymer coating with an axial groove. To complete the complex of studies and verify theoretical developments, experimental studies are carried out. The novelty of the work lies in the concretization of the technique of engineering calculations for the design of an effective radial bearing with an antifriction polymer coating with an axial groove on the bearing surface of the bearing bush, taking into account the dependence of the rheological properties of a micropolar lubricant on pressure and temperature in a turbulent mode, which makes it possible to estimate the value of the main operational characteristics: hydrodynamic pressure, load ability and coefficient of friction, as well as to expand the scope of practical application of models for engineering calculations. Thus, the design of a radial bearing with a polymer-coated support profile, a groove 3 mm wide, ensured a stable ascent of the shaft on a hydrodynamic wedge, which experimentally confirmed the correctness of the results of theoretical studies of a radial bearing with a diameter of 40 mm at a sliding speed of 0,32–3 m/s, load 4,9–24,5 MPa.

Thermodynamic analysis of the thermocline storage tank with time-varying charging parameters

• Evolution of thermocline with time-varying inlet parameters charging is obtained. • The exergy efficiency and the instantaneous entropy generation rate are discussed. • The entropy generation by heat transfer dominate the irreversibility of the TCSTs. • Charging temperature change of 10 ℃ has little influence on TCST performance. The thermocline storage tank (TCST) is a cost-effective device, that can provide the peak shaving ability of heating load in the district heating networks. The charging parameters, such as temperature and mass flow rate of charging, are time-varying in actual operating processes, which inevitably influence the thermocline and the thermodynamic performance of the tanks. Therefore, the thermocline evolution phenomenon and the irreversibility of the TCSTs during the time-varying charging parameters processes are studied through numerical simulations. The thermocline evolution with time-varying charging parameters is divided into three stages, namely, the thermocline stabilization phase, thermocline fluctuation phase, and thermocline fully developed phase. The thermocline grows rapidly from 0.16 m to 1.36 m when the variation of charging temperature exceeds 10 °C, and the change in mass flow rate has minimal effect on the thermocline thickness. The exergy efficiency decreases from 96.3 % to 90.0 % when the charging temperature difference decreases from 40 °C to 10 °C, and the instantaneous entropy generation rate increases by 4.3 times. The maximum entropy generation by heat transfer is 27.54 (W K −1 m −3 ) near the inlet, and the maximum entropy generation by viscous dissipation is 0.1745 (W K −1 m −3 ) near the outlet. However, the entropy generation by heat transfer dominates the irreversibility of the tanks and is about two orders of magnitude larger than the entropy generation by viscous dissipation in the tanks. When the charging temperature changes within 10 °C, the exergy efficiency changes within 1 %, the thermocline thickness decreases and stabilizes at about 0.10 m, and the entropy generation rate is relatively stable. When the variation of the charging temperature exceeds 10 °C, the thermocline thickness and the instantaneous entropy generation rate increase remarkably, and the exergy efficiency decreases considerably. The findings may provide some guidance for the operation of the TCSTs.

ALTERAÇÕES FISIOLÓGICAS DOS ATLETAS DE ARTES MARCIAIS EM TREINOS DE ALTITUDE

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent studies have shown that altitude training can significantly improve hemoglobin content in athletes. This allows for greater oxygen transport to the muscles and, consequently, greater load capacity during training. However, there is no confirmed evidence of athlete-specific training in martial arts. Objective: Explore the load capacity and ability changes caused by high altitude training in athletes. Methods: The research selected ten high-level martial arts athletes as volunteers to compare the functional changes caused by high-altitude training. Physical and functional data were collected before the beginning of the experiment and at its conclusion after three weeks. Results: Measured abilities were significantly improved after 11 days of altitude physical training. After 21 days of altitude training, these abilities improved significantly. The urea nitrogen and creatine kinase values increased rapidly with increasing load intensity in the first stage, peaked in the second stage, and decreased in the third stage. Conclusion: Training in the low-pressure hypoxic environment at high altitude, using dual stimulation of hypoxia and exercise to make the athletes stress response, can stimulate the physical potential to achieve a range of physiological abilities to improve the body’s resistance to hypoxia. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Structural and componential design: new strategies regulating the behavior of lipid-based nanoparticles in vivo.

Lipid-based nanoparticles have made a breakthrough in clinical disease as delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, thermal and long-term stability, high loading ability, simplicity of preparation, inexpensive production costs, and scalable manufacturing production. In particular, during the COVID-19 pandemic, this delivery system served as a vital vaccine component for virus confrontation. To obtain effective drug delivery, lipid-based nanoparticles should reach the desired sites with high efficiency, enter target cells, and release drugs. The structures and compositions of lipid-based nanoparticles can be modified to regulate these behaviors in vivo to enhance the therapeutic effects. Herein, we briefly review the development of lipid-based nanoparticles, from simple self-assembled nanovesicle-structured liposomes to multifunctional lipid nanoparticles. Subsequently, we summarize the strategies that regulate their tissue distribution, cell internalization, and drug release, highlighting the importance of the structural and componential design. We conclude with insights for further research to advance lipid-based nanotechnology.

Energy absorption and multi-objective optimization of TPMS filled cylinder shell structures

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cylinder shell (CS) structures are widely applied in marine industry applications with the characteristics of high loading ability and high energy absorption performance. In this study, the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) lattices were filled into double cylinder shell structures to construct the cylinder shell (TPMS-CS) structures. The mechanical and energy absorption performances of these structures were investigated by simulation analysis. First, the finite element (FE) model of TPMS-CS structures was verified by experiments. Then, the crashworthiness characteristics of three different kinds of TPMS-CS, namely, primitive, diamond, and gyroid, under axial loading were studied using FE simulation. The results indicate that the diamond-based TPMS-CS structures exhibit a higher energy absorption efficiency compared to their counterparts. Next, parametric studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the design parameters (the relative density of the TPMS, and the inner and outer shell thickness) on the crashworthiness of TPMS-CS structures. Finally, to obtain the optimum design for the TPMS-CS, an optimization framework was proposed by combining the three surrogate models (KGR, PRS, RBF) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization. The optimum design of the D-TPMS-CS structures was obtained based on the proposed optimization framework. The TPMS-CS structures proposed in this study can also be applied in other engineering applications as energy absorbers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Titanate nanotubes as an efficient oral detoxifying agent against drug overdose: application in rat acetaminophen poisoning.

Voluntary drug intoxication is mainly due to drug overdose or the interaction of several drugs. Coma and its associated complications such as hypoventilation, aspiration pneumopathy, and heart rhythm disorders are the main hallmarks of drug intoxication. Conventional detoxification treatments, including gastric lavage or vomiting, administration of ipecac or activated charcoal (CH), and the use of antidotes, have proven to be inefficient and are generally associated with severe adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) are proposed as an efficient emerging detoxifying agent because of their tubular shape and high adsorption capacity. In the present study, the detoxifying ability of TiNTs was evaluated on paracetamol (PR)-intoxicated rats. Results indicate that the loading ability of PR into TiNTs (70%) was significantly higher than that recorded for CH (38.6%). In simulated intestinal medium, TiNTs showed a controlled drug release of less than 10% after 72 h of incubation. In PR-intoxicated rats, TiNTs treatment resulted in a 64% decrease of PR after 4 h of poisoning versus 40% for CH. Concomitantly, TiNTs efficiently reduced PR absorption by 90% after 24 h of poisoning, attenuated the elevated levels of biochemical markers (i.e., alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and TNF-α) and mitigated oxidative stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and reducing the oxidized glutathione/total glutathione ratio, suggesting a histoprotective effect of TiNTs against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. In addition to their safety and high stability in the entire gastro-intestinal tract, biodistribution analysis revealed that TiNTs exhibited low intestinal absorption owing to their large cluster size of compact aggregate nanomaterials across the intestinal villi hindering the absorption of paracetamol. Collectively, these data provide a new and promising solution for in vivo detoxification. TiNTs are expected to have great potential for the treatment of voluntary and accidental intoxication in emergency care.

Biomimetic chitosan nanoparticles with simultaneous water lubricant and anti-inflammatory

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory immune and lubrication dysfunction disease that causes great damage to the joints. Herein, inspired by the unique biochemistry structure and excellent hydration of chondroitin sulfate (CHI) existing in joint system, one kind of novel polysaccharide nanoparticle lubricant, that is chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) grafting CHI (CS-CHI), is synthesized by one-step surface chemistry reaction. CHI with negative charges can form hydration layers on the surface of CS NPs, thus improving the lubricity of nanoparticles. Simultaneously, CS-CHI NPs have effective loading and sustained drug release ability for anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS), along with good biocompatibility. Finally, based on a collagen-induced rat RA model, in vitro animals experimental results indicate that the as-synthesized CS-CHI@DS NPs has obvious inhibitory effects on inflammatory factors and can effectively prevent the damaged cartilage from further destruction.