Load Measurement System Research Articles

Real-Time Load Monitoring System for Tuna Fishing Ships: A Solution to Combat Illegal Transshipment

Abstract Illegal fishing activities are the biggest challenge for Indonesia in protecting its territorial waters from illegal fish transhipment. To address this issue, a real-time load measurement system is needed on ships. Real-time measurement devices can also replace land-based measurement functions, thus improving the quality of catch during the transfer of tuna from the ship to the cold storage. The method used in this research is testing, which requires real data to support and simulate the implementation of the study. The research involves a prototype that utilizes a load cell as a sensor for detecting the mass of fish, and NodeMCU as a microcontroller programmed with Arduino IDE language. The prototype is integrated with Wi-Fi to send data to a MySQL database. The sensor circuit consists of four load cells, a junction box, and an HX711 amplifier. The results of the sensor experiment at a 12-degree tilt condition, which indicates the roll or trim condition of the ship, show a decrease in sensor accuracy and relatively unstable results compared to normal conditions. The average accuracy rate of sensor readings under normal conditions is 99.42%, while the average accuracy rate of sensor readings at a 12-degree tilt is 96.98%.

A Methodological Approach for Motor Selection in Dental Impression Material Dispensers Using Experimental and Image Analysis Techniques.

This study presents a methodology to prevent the overdesign of electric dispensers for dental impression materials by analyzing the necessary load and determining the appropriate pressurization speed and drive motor capacity. We derived an equation to calculate the required torque and rotational speed of the motor based on the extrusion load and the speed of the impression material. A specialized load measurement system was developed to measure the load necessary to extrude the impression material. Through experiments and image processing, we measured the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the impression material and correlated it with the pressurization speed. Techniques such as position coordinate plotting, curve fitting, and circle fitting were employed to determine the pressurization speed that aligns with the manufacturer's recommended curvature radius. These findings led to a substantial decrease in the necessary motor torque and rotational speed compared with the current standards. This research provides a systematic approach to sizing drive motors using extrusion load and pressurization speed, aiming to reduce overdesign, power consumption, and the weight and size of the motor and battery, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and compact dental impression material dispensers.

Analysis of 38 kW class agricultural tractor engine load rate according to agricultural operation

This study was conducted to analyze the engine load ratio of a 38 kW agricultural tractor to calculate national emissions. Engine output was calculated using engine CAN (Controller area network) data measured through a load measurement system. In this study, plow tillage (PT) and rotary tillage (RT), which are the main agricultural tasks of small and medium horsepower tractors, were selected and performed three times for each stage. The engine load ratio was calculated as the ratio of the engine power generated during work and the engine rated power, and weights (25% each for PT M1, PT M2, RT L3, and RT L4) according to the agricultural work ratio were applied. The engine load ratio was found to be an average of 0.68 and 0.75 for the M1 and M2 stages of plow tillage work, respectively, and an average of 0.57 and 0.65 for the L3 and L4 stages of rotary tillage work, respectively. The weighted load ratio was 0.17, 0.19, 0.14, and 0.16 for plow tillage operation M1, M2, and rotary tillage operation L3 and L4, respectively. The integrated load factor was found to be 0.66, which is approximately 1.38 higher than the current domestic load factor of 0.48.

Working Load Analysis of a 42 kW Class Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Type and Gear Selection during Rotary Tillage Operation

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of tillage type (i.e., primary and secondary tillage) and gear selection (P1L2 to P1L4) on the working load of tractor–implement systems during rotary tillage. Soil properties change with depth, and differences in properties along the depth distribution, such as the location of formation of the hardpan layer, internal friction angle, and moisture content, affect the load of rotary tillage operations. Therefore, the physical properties of soil along the field depth distribution were measured to analyze the effect of tillage type and gear selection on workload in rotary tillage. In addition, a load measurement system equipped with PTO torque meter, axle torque meter, proximity sensor, and RTK-GPS were configured on the 42 kW agricultural tractor. The experimental results show that the combination of tillage type and gear selection has a wide-ranging effect on the tractor’s workload and performance when the rotavator operated at the same tilling depth. Overall working load was higher by up to 14% (engine) and 29.1% (PTO shaft) in primary tillage compared to secondary tillage when the gear selection was the same. When the tillage type is the same, it was analyzed that the overall average torque increased by up to 35.9% (engine) and 33.9% (PTO shaft) in P1L4 compared to P1L2 according to gear selection. Based on load analysis results, it was found that the effect of gear selection (Engine: 4–14%, PTO: 12.1–28.6%) on engine and PTO loads was higher than that of tillage type (Engine: 31.6–35.1%, PTO: 31.9–32.8%), and the power requirement tended to decrease in secondary tillage. Therefore, working load should be considered according to the soil environment and tillage type when designing agricultural machinery system.

Study on the Methods of Measurement, Optimization and Forecast of Propulsion Shaft Bearing Load of Ships

The qualit12y of shafting alignment is related to the reliability and safety of a ship’s operation, and bearing displacement adjustment (BDA) plays a key role in shafting alignment. To solve the problems encountered in ship shafting alignment in the actual construction, this study focused on the investigation of the shafting load measurement system based on the strain gauge method (SGM), used the optimization method based on quadratic programming (QP) to calculate the BDA and adopted algorithms based on the bearing load influence coefficients (BICs) to forecast the load after the adjustment. The experimental work, as well as the measurement, calculation and analysis of several real ships, indicated that the measurement, optimization and forecasting methods of the bearing load of the propulsion shafting of large ships in this study would be significant for guiding the actual construction work of ship shafting alignment.

Study on Structure health monitoring method of space vehicle based on PVDF piezoelectric film

At present, health monitoring technology of large structures has been paid more and more attention, among which structure measurement system based on PVDF piezoelectric film sensor has been widely used in various fields. To solve the problem that large structural parts of aerospace are easy to be damaged, a load measurement system based on PVDF piezoelectric film sensor is built in this paper given the complex design structure of aerospace. A large cylinder of aerospace is taken as the test part, the stress state of structural parts is measured online, and the corresponding load value is obtained. With the load value, damage to the health state of the structural parts when they are overloaded by external force can be avoided.

A laser-induced dual ultrasonic wave method for noncontact load monitoring of pillar porcelain insulators

In this paper, a noncontact load monitoring method based on laser-induced synchronous ultrasonic surface wave and air wave is presented to improve the accuracy of load measurement on pillar porcelain insulator. In order to eliminate the measurement error caused by insulator deformation, a correction algorithm for surface wave velocity calculation is established by introducing the air wave propagation time. An experimental setup of the load measurement system for pillar porcelain insulators based on laser-induced dual ultrasonic waves was assembled. A load calibration experiment and load detection experiment were carried out under various bending and torsional loads. The results showed that the proposed method is effective to solve the problem of the surface wave propagation time changing abruptly, greatly increasing the accuracy of load measurement. In the monitoring experiments, the relative error between the calculated load value and the actual applied load value was small, the average measurement error of the bending load was 16.20%, and the average measurement error of the torsional load was 11.38%. This proved that the measurement of the insulator load value using a laser ultrasonic surface wave is more precise than the traditional methods, making it more suitable for engineering inspection.

Structural Strength Analysis of Tubing Load Measurement System for High Pressure and High Temperature Wells

The tubing load measurement system is used to monitor the force and vibration of the tubing string in the process of perforation, fracturing and extraction and judge the safety of the tubing string during use based on the monitoring values, which is a key equipment for obtaining downhole information of the gas oil and gas development process. In this study, a load measurement system is designed for high-temperature and high-pressure tubular strings in wells, and the full-scale mesh modeling and finite element force calculation are performed to obtain stress distributions and safety factors. The results show that under the condition of axial force of 1000kN, internal pressure of 100MPa and composite loading state, the safety factors of the instrument are 2.0, 2.01 and 1.97 respectively, all of which meet the requirements of safe use.

Development of DEM-MBD coupling model for draft force prediction of agricultural tractor with plowing depth

During agricultural tillage, draft force is the most important factor affecting the performance of soil-machine system. In this study, a full-scale soil-tool-machine coupling model based on the coupling of DEM (discrete element method) and MBD (multibody dynamics) was established to predict draft force according to tillage depth during tillage operation. First, plowing field test was performed through a field load measurement system to develop DEM-MBD coupling model for the draft force prediction according to the tillage depth during the calibration and validation process of the DEM-MBD coupling model. The DEM soil bed was modeled by considering the target tillage depth and reflecting the soil property distribution that changes according to the soil depth. For the soil model, particle mass and surface energy were calibrated using bulk density values measured in the field and shear vane test results. In addition, the weight distribution ratio of each wheel in static state was measured, and the center of gravity was calculated for MBD modeling of the tractor-implement system. Additionally, calibration of tire parameters was performed using the travel speed results of field tests. As a result of the DEM-MBD coupled simulation, the prediction accuracy of travel speed and draft force were 93.2% (86.6%–99.4) and 90.8% (86.4%–99.3%), respectively, depending on the tillage depth. In addition, the prediction accuracy of the draft force was 11–32% higher than the 67.4–70.6% using the ASABE standard D497.4 method. This study is considered to be able to gradually replace the existing field tests with digital twin-based simulation tests. This can provide valuable insights for optimal design while minimizing the development time and cost of soil-machine systems.

Research on the characteristics of cavitation flow and pressure load during vertical water exit of different head-shaped vehicles

It is a complex process for a vehicle to emerge from the water. During this period, the cavitation flow state and the load on the vehicle change sharply, which has a great impact on the movement of the vehicle. It is necessary to study the cavitation flow state and loading characteristics during the process of water-exit. At present, the research on this aspect at home and abroad mostly focuses on the use of commercial software or self-written programs to simulate the pressure distribution on the surface of the extended vehicle and the flow field at the head of the vehicle during the process of water exit. However, there is a lack of relevant experimental data on the changes of pressure and cavitation flow regimes during the water-exit process of different head-shaped vehicles. The research on water plumes mostly focuses on the interaction between the explosion bubble and the free surface, but there is little research on the water plumes generated when different head-shaped vehicles exit the water. Based on this, this paper designs a set of surface pressure load measurement system for the water-exit process of the vehicle under the decompression environment, and designs and processes the vehicle with different head types such as cone head, hemispheric head, and swelling conical head. The flow characteristics and pressure loads of different head-shaped vehicles in the initial stage, development stage and collapse stage of cavitation were studied. The study found that the shape of the vacuoles in the initial stage, the development stage and the collapse stage of different head-shaped vehicles is quite different, and the change process of the pressure is also different; In addition, the water plumes generated when the vehicle is out of water can be divided into three categories according to the collapse method, and the collapse time of each type are also different.

Experimental Safety Analysis for Transplanting Device of the 4-Bar Link Type Semi-Automatic Vegetable Transplanter

The goal of this research was to analyze the load and safety of the transplanting device of the 4-bar link type semi-automatic vegetable transplanter under different workload conditions. To measure the strain at the transplanting device, a load measurement system was developed using 15 strain gauges. Field tests were conducted at 4 levels of engine speeds (750, 1000, 1250, and 1500 rpm) and 10 levels of the planting distance (0.29–0.47 m). The static safety factor was defined as the ratio between the strength of the material and the maximum stress in the transplanting device. The calculated stress data were converted from the time domain to the frequency domain using the rain-flow counting methods and Goodman’s Equation. The sum of fatigue damage was acquired based on the Palmgren–Miner’s rule. It was observed that the stresses increased with increasing engine speed and planting distance. The results show the higher engine speed and the longer planting distance will decrease the static safety factor and fatigue life. The static safety factor value was more than 1.0 for all locations and all working conditions. The minimum fatigue life was 49,153.3 h at link A (S_14), under the working condition of engine speed 750 rpm and planting distance of 0.35 m.

A structural health monitoring method proposal based on optical scanning and computational models

This article proposes a method for continuous bridge displacement monitoring combining the dynamic triangulation scanning and load estimation by vehicle image recognition. The vehicle–bridge interaction is a non-stationary dynamic process parameter of high relevance to understanding the static instability behavior of bridges. The knowledge of the load on a bridge in the specific time when its structural spatial coordinates are measured allows correlating the bridge displacement with the effect of vehicle–bridge interaction. The evaluation of such correlation is mandatory in order to verify if the observed bridge displacement is due to the nature of its operation or due to it is presenting structural damage. The proposed method is continuous structural health monitoring method, based on the combination of three approaches evaluated at laboratory environment: (1) a three-dimensional optical scanning system for displacement measurement, (2) a load measurement system for vehicle–bridge interaction assessment, and (3) a two-measurement systems data correlation; to be implemented in bridges at a real environment to collect their historical behavior. Overall, for each approach, the measurement systems’ principles, the laboratory experimental methodology followed, and results obtained are presented.

Experimental safety analysis of transplanting device of the cam-type semi-automatic vegetable transplanter

A transplanting device is a part of a vegetable transplanter that performs a key role and receives a large load during the transplanting work. The load characteristics affect the static and dynamic safety of the transplanting device. The aim of this research was to experimentally investigate the load and safety of the transplanting device of the cam-type semi-automatic vegetable transplanter commonly used in Korea. A strain-based load measurement system was constructed using 15 strain gauges attached to selected measurement spots on the transplanting device. Field tests were conducted at 4 levels of engine speed and 12 levels of planting distance. Measured strain data were converted into stress values to analyse the static safety factor and fatigue life of the transplanting device. The results showed that the stress acting on the transplanting device tended to increase with the increase in the engine speed or the decrease in the planting distance. The static safety factors of the transplanting device under various working conditions were greater than 1.0 for all the measurement spots. The minimum fatigue life was 66,416 h at the upper side of the hopper which is sufficient lifetime, considering 25.5 h of annual usage time in Korea.

Virtual sensors for wind turbines with machine learning‐based time series models

AbstractModern wind turbines have multiple sensors installed and provide constant data stream outputs; however, there are some important quantities where installing physical sensors is either impractical or the sensor technology is not sufficiently advanced. An example of such a problem is, for example, sensing the shape and location of wake‐induced wind deficits caused by upwind turbines—a feature which would have relevant application in wind farm control; however, it is hard to detect physically due to the need of scanning the airflow in front of the turbine in multiple locations. Another control‐related example is monitoring and predicting the blade tip‐tower clearance. A “virtual sensor” can be created instead, by establishing a mathematical relationship between the quantity of interest and other, measurable quantities such as readings from already available sensors (e.g., SCADA, lidars, and met‐masts). Machine Learning (ML) approaches are suitable for this task as ML algorithms are capable of learning and representing complex relationships. This study details the concept of ML‐based virtual sensors and showcases three specific examples: blade root bending moment prediction, detection of wind turbine wake center location, and forecasting of blade tip‐tower clearance. All examples utilize sequence models (Long Short‐Term Memory, LSTM) and use aeroelastic load simulations to generate wind turbine response time series and test model performance. The data types used in the examples correspond to channels that would be available from high‐frequency SCADA data combined with a blade and tower load measurement system. The resulting model performance demonstrates the feasibility of the ML‐based virtual sensor approach.

Rolling force and length of strip head and tail sections under unsteady deformation conditions

This paper describes the results of an experimental study that looked at the distribution of strains and rolling forces along the length of brass (L63), bronze (BrOF6,5-0,23) and copper (M3, M0) strips in a 150×235 twin rolling mill equipped with a microcontroller-based high-precision roll load measurement system. 2 and 3 mm thick workpieces with the widths of 10, 20 and 30 mm and the length of about 200 mm taken from the commercial batches of rolled copper, brass and bronze were used for the study. The workpieces were rolled at the Kolchugino and Kirov Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plants. The reduction rate was varied within the range of 4 to 45%. The paper contains graphs showing the distribution of rolling forces along the strip length. The graphs indicate that the length of the strip head and tail sections, which experience unsteady rolling conditions, is dictated by the reduction degree, mechanical properties and dimensions of the strip. It was found that the length of the strip head and tail sections undergoing unsteady deformation tends to increase as the reduction rate increases. It was established that the initial mechanical properties of the strips had a significant effect on the unstable rolling duration and the length of the strip head and tail sections deviating from the given dimensions of the proper strip. Regression equations were obtained that can help predict the duration of unsteady rolling conditions with regard to copper strips as a function of their initial rigidity and reduction. The results of the study can be useful when finetuning rolling mills, as well as automatic gauge control systems, to ensure strips are rolled to precision along their entire length.

Analysis of the Effect of Tillage Depth on the Working Performance of Tractor-Moldboard Plow System under Various Field Environments.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the tillage depth effect on the tractor-moldboard plow systems in various soil environments and tillage depths using a field load measurement system. A field load measurement system can measure the engine load, draft force, travel speed, wheel axle load, and tillage depth in real-time. In addition, measurement tests of soil properties in the soil layer were preceded to analyze the effect of field environments. The presented results show that moldboard plow at the same tillage depth had a wide range of influences on the tractor’s working load and performance under various environments. As the draft force due to soil–tool interaction occurred in the range of 5.6–17.7 kN depending on the field environment, the overall mean engine torque and rear axle torque were up to 2.14 times and 1.67 times higher in hard and clayey soil, respectively, than in soft soil environments. In addition, the results showed tractive efficiency of 0.56–0.73 and were analyzed to have a lugging ability of 67.8% with a 44% maximum torque rise. The engine power requirement in hardpan was similar within 3.6–9.6%, but the power demand of the rear axle differed by up to 18.4%.

Traction Performance Evaluation of the Electric All-Wheel-Drive Tractor.

This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate the traction performance of an electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor based on the power transmission and electric systems. The power transmission system includes the electric motor, helical gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, and tires. The electric system consists of a battery pack and charging system. An engine-generator and charger are installed to supply electric energy in emergency situations. The load measurement system consists of analog (current) and digital (battery voltage and rotational speed of the electric motor) components using a controller area network (CAN) bus. A traction test of the electric AWD tractor was performed towing a test vehicle. The output torques of the tractor motors during the traction test were calculated using the current and torque curves provided by the motor manufacturer. The agricultural work performance is verified by comparing the torque and rpm (T–N) curve of the motor with the reduction ratio applied. The traction is calculated using torque and specifications of the wheel, and traction performance is evaluated using tractive efficiency (TE) and dynamic ratio (DR). The results suggest a direction for the improvement of the electric drive system in agricultural research by comparison with the conventional tractor through the analysis of the agricultural performance and traction performance of the electric AWD tractor.

Influence of Tire Contact Area on the Traction Performance of a 67-kW Agricultural Tractor in a Paddy Field

Highlights The tire contact area of a tractor was adjusted through a combination of four tires to improve the traction performance in a paddy field. Traction performance according to tire contact area was measured and evaluated through a traction load measurement system of the tractor. The increase in the tire contact area reduced the slip ratio of the tractor and led to high traction performance. The results of this study suggest the possibility of evaluating and improving the traction performance of a tractor by considering the tire contact area. Abstract. Agricultural tractors operate on soil, and power loss occurs due to the complex interaction between tractor tires and soil. There are various methods for minimizing the loss of power and driving the tractor efficiently, one of which is increasing the tire contact area (TCA). The aim of this study is to measure, evaluate, and optimize the traction performance of a tractor with different TCAs. A traction load measurement system of the tractor was developed to measure field data. Field experiments were conducted to measure the traction performance of the tractors on paddy fields. To improve the traction performance of the tractor, the TCA was increased through various tire combinations, and a total of four TCA conditions were used. The results showed that the slip ratio of the wheel decreased with increasing TCA, thereby reducing the power loss due to the soil and increasing the traction performance, including the traction force, traction power, tractive efficiency, and dynamic traction ratio. Therefore, it is possible to improve the performance of tractors in paddy fields through TCA adjustment, and this study can provide appropriate guidelines. Keywords: Agricultural tractor, Dynamic traction ratio, Tire contact area, Traction performance, Tractive efficiency.

Precision strain gauge load measurement system for bench testing of aerospace equipment products

Precision strain gauge load measurement system for bench testing of aerospace equipment products

Analisis Sensor Arus Invasive ACS712 dan Sensor Arus Non Invasive SCT013 Berbasis Arduino

The electric load measurement system is a device designed to measure and monitor electricity consumption. In this research, the comparison process of reading the electric current uses the Non-Invasive current sensor model SCT013 and the Invasive current sensor model ACS712 which is connected to the load of electricity consumption. The microcontroller used is the Arduino Microcontroller which functions as the main control system that will be connected to the computer. With the aim later to be able to determine which current sensor is suitable and accurate in reading the electric current. By conducting experiments on the variables of two current sensors, in order to obtain the results of the comparison of the measurement and monitoring of the non-invasive current sensor model SCT013 with the Invasive current sensor model ACS712. Researchers hope to get how much the error percentage value or error of two non-invasive current sensors model SCT013 with Invasive current sensor model ACS712, so that later we can find the right sensor to get the right data for measuring tools, and can be used to monitor energy consumption. electricity that we use