Load Management Programs Research Articles

Estimating Industrial Customer Response To Load Management Operations

This article highlights the 1984 analysis results of the Large Industrial Interruptible/ Cur tailment project, a load management program operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company. The project and its operating principles are described and a method for estimation of the demand reductions is presented. After the results of the seven operations that took place during peak demand days in 1984 are summarized, the efficiency of customer performance is evaluated by comparing the magnitude of the demand relief received to the amount expected. The article concludes with a discussion of some design implications of similar efforts.

Successful Implementation of a Nation-Wide Load Management System

This paper describes a load management program successfully implemented in Sweden. There is today an excess supply of electric energy in Sweden mainly due to the fast developement of nuclear power. This has resulted in a temporary situation with excess low-cost hydro and nuclear power. To take advantage of this situation, a complete load management system based on a personal computer was designed in a very short time. The main part of the paper describes different aspects of the system developed. The paper give in addition some operational experiences and concludes by addressing how the system can be used in the future, when the temporary excess supply situation is over.

Load Management Direct Control: Fact or Simulation

This paper discusses Pacific Gas and Electric's experience with its five (5) major dispatchable load management programs from an operations viewpoint. Much of the existing industry literature concerning load management is written by Rate and Commercial Department personnel; however, this paper provides a unique insight into the operation and assessment of load management programs by those who directly utilize them. In addition to the in-depth analysis of PGandE's existing load management programs for heavy industrial, commercial, and residential customers, this paper presents criteria by which programs can be assessed in a continually changing utility environment.

Electric load model synthesis by diffusion approximation of a high-order hybrid-state stochastic system

A statistical approach is used to model the dynamics of the electric demand of large aggregates of electric space heaters or air conditioners. The importance of such loads is twofold. First, they account for a significant portion of power system dynamics following a power outage. Second, because they are associated with energy storage, they are often selected for load shedding within a load management program. The derivation of the aggregate electrical dynamics is considered first for a homogeneous group of devices. Subsequently, a perturbation analysis yields the dynamics for a nonhomogeneous group. The homogeneons group aggregrate load model is a system of coupled ordinary, and partial differential equations (Fokker-Planck equations). It is obtained by writing evolution equations for the probability density of a hybrid-state Markov system used to model the switching dynamics of individual devices. This result is new and could give a clue to the analysis of a broad class of hybrid-state stochastic systems. In turn, this could provide a new impetus not only in the area of electric load modeling but other areas such as power system reliability and the design of relay control systems, where stochastic hybrid-state models occur frequently. Simulation results which illustrate the dynamical properties of the model are presented.

Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads

In general, load management programs are designed and implemented for residential loads and customers. Industrial loads are not very often thought of as possible for load management applications. Since the power of the industry demand and equipment is more complex than in the residential sector, this fact may be understandable, but as the part of the industry of total load often is dominating it is surprising that so little effort has been concentrated on this subject. This paper points out load management alternatives that could be applied to industrial loads. The results of an inventory that has been made in all industrial branches in Sweden is presented. The total potential for industrial load management, ILM, is given and examples are discussed.

Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads

In general, load management programs are designed and implemented for residential loads and customers. Industrial loads are not very often thought of as possible for load management applications. Since the power of the industry demand and equipment is more complex than in the residential sector, this fact may be understandable, but as the part of the industry of total load often is dominating it is surprising that so little effort has been concentrated on this subject. This paper points out load management alternatives that could be applied to industrial loads. The results of an inventory that has been made in all industrial branches in Sweden is presented. The total potential for industrial load management, ILM, is given and examples are discussed.

Integrating Load Management Programs into Utility Operations and Planning with a Load Reduction Forecasting System

Innovative load management analysis techniques, designed to forecast program load reductions, are shown to produce half-hour load reductions with a high degree of confidence from PGandE's air conditioner cycling program on a daily basis. The Load Reduction Forecasting System (LRFS), to be implemented on PGandE's personal computers' is expected to improve the load management program's operation, planning and future performance.

Integrating Load Management Programs into Utility Operations and Planning with a Load Reduction Forecasting System

Integrating Load Management Programs into Utility Operations and Planning with a Load Reduction Forecasting System

Demand-side management: Research opportunities for electric utilities

Because of dramatic changes in electricity costs, prices, and consumption during the past decade, electric utilities are faced with many new opportunities on the customer side of the meter. Design, analysis, and implementation of successful conservation and load management programs, however, require additional research. This paper discusses several important research topics related to assessment of electricity-conserving technologies, impacts of utility conservation and load management programs, and the electric utility planning process.

A Review of 1983 Dispatchable Load Management Operations at Pacific Gas and Electric Co.

Results of operations of a large, diversified dispatchable load management program are reviewed. Preliminary results from Summer 1983 indicate consistent levels of aggregate load relief in the range 130-180 MW can be obtained from a dispatchable load management program of the size described. Issues for further study and refinement of dispatchable load management are briefly outlined.

Measuring the benefits and costs of utility conservation and load management programmes

We have learned much less than we could have from utility operation of conservation and load management programmes. Our general ignorance concerning the performance (ie benefits and costs) of these programmes exists because we have not devoted sufficient resources to careful evaluations of past and present programmes. We need to build evaluation into the programme planning and implementation process and we should use actual electricity and gas bills to measure programme performance. Finally, we should conduct well designed experiments to learn what does and does not work.

Load Management Experience of Rural Electric Cooperatives

Highly successful load management programs undertaken by cooperatives to reduce load demands are discussed. Using the results of a survey completed in June 1982, controllable loads, communication/control systems, and benefit-to-cost ratios of various controllable loads are analyzed. Problems experienced and solutions developed in implementing various communication and control technologies in rural environments are summarized. Reasons for success of load management programs implemented by rural electric cooperatives are also discussed.

The residential demand for electricity by time-of-use: A survey of twelve experiments with peak load pricing

Information on customer response to time-of-use (TOU) rates plays a major part in utility resource planning, particularly in the design of cost-based rate structures and cost-effective load management programs. Several elasticity concepts have been used by economists to analyze customer response to TOU rates. We discuss the interrelationships between various concepts and show that total uncompensated price elasticities are the appropriate measure of customer response. Evidence from twelve pricing experiments involving about 7000 customers indicates that residential peak-period electricity consumption is generally price-sensitive. TOU rates generally reduce peak period electricity use, as well as daily use. Response is generally higher for high use customers. Short-run own-price elasticities of peak consumption range from nil to −0.45. Off-peak elasticities lie in a similar range, but are less statistically significant. This wide range indicates that elasticities are not fixed constants but vary parametrically with several conditioning variables such as level of total (daily) electricity use, composition of appliance portfolio and duration of pricing periods. If proper allowance is made for these interactions, it may be possible to transfer elasticities between utility service areas, thus obviating the expensive and time-consuming need for every utility to conduct its own experiment.

Evaluation of a community-Based electricity load management program

During the summer of 1980, Davis (CA) undertook a program to encourage residents to reduce peak electricity use. The program was initiated by the local utility company and carried a collective financial incentive: for every 1% reduction in peak electricity use, the utility would reward the city $10,000 up to a maximum of $100,000. This paper discusses the program and evaluates its effects during the first experimental summer of operation. Most of the strategies developed in Davis to reduce peak load also indirectly encouraged conservation during off-peak hours, and the program evolved, in effect, as a conservation program. Total electricity use for the Davis residential sector, adjusted for weather and prices, was reduced by about 7%, and the reduction of peak load was somewhat greater. The program was economically rewarding to residents, the city, and the utility. In addition, the program had other, intangible impacts on general energy consciousness and community spirit.

Houston Lighting&Power's Preliminary Economic Analysis of Load Management

A preliminary study of alternatives for Houston Lighting & Power Company's load management program is discussed. Combinations of 10 different load management methods were analyzed for short term (1985) and long term (1995) benefits.

The Economic Analysis of Load Management: The Case of Cycling Residential Air Conditioners

A marginal-cost-based methodology to determine the cost-effectiveness from four perspectives of utility load management programs is described. The results of an experiment to determine the load and energy impacts of Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Residential Air Conditioner Cycling Program are used to illustrate the methodology. The results are interpreted and their limitations discussed. In spite of some important limitations, it is concluded that the methodology provides a systematic way for utilities to assess the economic viability of a variety of load management programs.

Simulation-Based Load Synthesis Methodology for Evaluating Load-Management Programs

A physically-based methodology for synthesizing the hourly residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) load was developed and tested against the data from a utility. The method, which is coded in FORTRAN IV, is currently operational. It involves a simulation model and a newly-developed load-diversification? model. The simulation model captures the thermodynamic principles of building structures. The load-diversification model estimates the diversified load from a limited number of load shapes of individual households. Because of the physically-based nature of the method, it could be used to analyze the resulting changes in load shapes due to load- management technologies (e.g. cycling of air-conditioners, water storage heating and cooling system, ceramic brick storage system). The load-synthesis method also provides an efficient procedure to analyze the effect on the system load due to different penetrations of load-management technologies. Resulting load shapes could be led into a generation (G) expansion model and a transmission and distribution (T&D) model to assess the impacts on the utility's planning. This methodology, which has been validated against the metered data of a midwestern utility, is a cost- effective tool with predictive capability for evaluating load-management programs.

Simulation-Based Load Synthesis Methodology for Evaluating Load-Management Programs

Simulation-Based Load Synthesis Methodology for Evaluating Load-Management Programs

Beliefs About Social Control and Participation in a Load Management Program

Beliefs About Social Control and Participation in a Load Management Program

Peak-Load Pricing under Regulatory Constraint

Previous articleNext article No AccessPeak-Load Pricing under Regulatory ConstraintElizabeth E. BaileyElizabeth E. Bailey Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 80, Number 4Jul. - Aug., 1972 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259918 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1972 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Fariba Farajbakhsh Mamaghani, Metin Cakanyildirim Harvesting Solar Power Foments Prices in a Vicious Cycle: Breaking the Cycle with Price Mechanisms, SSRN Electronic Journal 22 (Jan 2021).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862745Anna Straubinger Policies addressing possible urban air mobility market distortions – a first discussion, Transportation Research Procedia 41 (Jan 2019): 64–66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.09.013Abby Ghobadian, Howard Viney Strategic reorientation in former public utilities: the example of UK electricity, Management Decision 40, no.77 (Sep 2002): 634–646.https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740210438463Charles G Geiss Pricing residential load shedding as a call option, Energy 23, no.44 (Apr 1998): 309–316.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(97)00091-1PANG-RYONG KIM The Effect of Profit Regulations on Combined Two-Part and Peak-Load Pricing, Economic Record 73, no.222222 (Sep 1997): 238–247.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1997.tb00997.xAlan Kirman, Louis Phlips Empirical Studies of Product Markets, (Jan 1996): 297–330.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25168-1_13J.-N. Sheen, C.-S. Chen, J.-K. Yang Time-of-use pricing for load management programs in Taiwan Power Company, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 9, no.11 (Feb 1994): 388–396.https://doi.org/10.1109/59.317586MICHAEL RAUSCHER, FRANZ WIRI Monopolistic peak load pricing when demand is dynamic, International Journal of Systems Science 23, no.44 (Apr 1992): 457–471.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207729208949222Franz Wirl Needle peaking caused by time of day tariffs, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 13, no.33 (Jun 1991): 175–181.https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-0615(91)90007-IR.Richard Geddes, Peter H. Griffes The electric utility industry, Resources and Energy 12, no.11 (Apr 1990): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0572(90)90037-JRoger Sherman Pricing periods under rate-of-return regulation, Journal of Regulatory Economics 1, no.22 (Jun 1989): 163–173.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140024Daniel R. Hollas Firm/interruptible gas pricing patterns in a regulated environment, Journal of Regulatory Economics 1, no.11 (Mar 1989): 47–67.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150297Catherine C. Eckel Customer-class price discrimination by electric utilities, Journal of Economics and Business 39, no.11 (Feb 1987): 19–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-6195(87)90003-8Roger Sherman The averch and Johnson analysis of public utility regulation twenty years later, Review of Industrial Organization 2, no.22 (Jun 1985): 178–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354220Catherine C. Eckel A general model of customer-class pricing, Economics Letters 17, no.33 (Jan 1985): 285–289.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90219-8P. Luh, Y. Ho, R. Muralidharan Load adaptive pricing: An emerging tool for electric utilities, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 27, no.22 (Apr 1982): 320–329.https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1982.1102918K. V. Nagarajan Benefit-Cost Methodology for Evaluating Peak-Load Pricing System Implementation for Electricity Rates, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 10, no.99 (Sep 1980): 541–547.https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1980.4308558R. Muralidharan, Yu-Chi Ho, P. Luh Impact of storage on load management by utilities, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 25, no.44 (Aug 1980): 685–689.https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1980.1102446John H. Crockett Differential Pricing, Firm Capitalization, and the Regulatory Process in the Electric Power Industry, The American Economist 22, no.11 (Mar 1978): 7–11.https://doi.org/10.1177/056943457802200102DAVID MCNICOL, ALMARIN PHILLIPS THEORETICAL MODELS OF RATE REGULATION: A SURVEY AND CRITIQUE, Studies in Economics and Finance 2, no.11 (Jan 1978): 3–70.https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028595 Leonard Waverman Peak-Load Pricing under Regulatory Constraint: A Proof of Inefficiency, Journal of Political Economy 83, no.33 (Oct 2015): 645–654.https://doi.org/10.1086/260345F. Bosch-Font OPTION VALUE OWNERSHIP AND PRICE DISCRIMINATION, Kyklos 27, no.22 (Jan 1974): 255–269.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1974.tb01905.x