Load Centers Research Articles

Predicting bedrock depth under asphalt pavement through a data-driven method based on particle swarm optimization-back propagation neural network

Performance evaluations during and after asphalt pavement construction are essential to ensure long-term and safe operations. These evaluations are performed by obtaining each layer’s modulus of the pavement structure by back-calculating the deflection response. However, bedrock under the pavement can seriously affect this analysis. To limit this effect, this paper proposes predicting the bedrock depth by utilizing a data-driven machine learning algorithm based on particle swarm optimization-back propagation neural network (PSO-BPNN) aided by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests. Additionally, to provide sufficient data for the PSO-BPNN, a spectral element method with fixed-end boundary conditions (B-SEM) is utilized to calculate the theoretical deflections of multiple pavements at different bedrock depths. After performing a sensitivity analysis, the peak deflections at different measurement points and three time points corresponding to the peak deflection and the two subsequent fluctuation peaks at the load center measurement point are extracted as the input of the PSO-BPNN prediction model. Due to the pervasiveness of measurement errors in field tests, the raw input data are processed by adding random and systematic errors, and the corresponding bedrock depths are taken as the output dataset. The results demonstrate that the PSO-BPNN model is effective and feasible in predicting bedrock depth. Furthermore, in contrast to existing estimation models, the PSO-BPNN prediction model is more accurate and reliable with broad application prospects in road engineering.

A change in the air? The role of offshore wind in Australia’s transition to a 100 % renewable grid

Rapid decarbonisation of electricity production is required if Australia is to meet its obligations under the Paris Agreement. Critical to achieving this at low cost while maintaining system reliability is the selection of an appropriate mix of generation technologies to service electrical demand. Australia has seen extensive deployment of renewable energy technologies such as onshore wind and solar but has not yet seen the adoption of offshore wind technology. However, there is currently significant interest in developing this resource, with ongoing debate occurring about future technology costs and the potential of onshore renewables to meet electrical demand.This article presents the results of an investigation into the techno-economic impact of exogenously fixing offshore wind capacity on a future least-cost Australian National Electricity Market with 100 % renewable generation. An existing open-source cost optimisation model, National Electricity Market Optimiser, was used for the study.It was found that increasing the capacity of offshore wind in the generation mix leads to displacement of both onshore wind and solar generators. This is due to the greater magnitude and consistency of the offshore wind resource relative to onshore. Increasing offshore wind capacity therefore tends to reduce the total system generation capacity, as well as the amount of unused surplus generation. Using lowest published projections for future capital costs, inclusion of offshore wind was found to reduce total system costs. Using an average of future cost projections, total system costs were found to increase. However, adding up to 15 GW of offshore wind capacity to a 100 % renewable system would only impact total system costs by 5 %. Given the other potential advantages of offshore wind, namely closer siting to load centres, reduced need for onshore land resources, and the potential to transition existing fossil fuel workers, our results suggest that offshore wind may be a suitable candidate for inclusion in Australia’s transition to a low carbon electricity system, under a range of future cost scenarios.

Chattogram Port: A dedicated service institution to evolve the country boldly

Chattogram Port, the premier seaport of Bangladesh, has reached a remarkable position, not only in South Asia, but also in the world for its record performance in handling cargo and containers. This has happened due to continuous increase of GDP, infrastructural development, increased purchasing power, foreign exchange by manpower business, port development, and the efforts of many people. The history of Chattogram port began in the 4th century BC, when Chattogram was known as “Shetgang”, or “Delta of the Ganges”; later, in the 16th century, it was known as “Porte Grande”. The present location of the port was established in the year 1887 that developed by 1910. In 1960, all assets of the port were declared under the property of “Port Trust”. However, port management, operations, and others are directed by Chittagong Port Authority Ordinance, 1976. As per port throughput of 2019, the port was declared as the 58th busiest container port in the world by Lloyds List in their 100 ports ranking in 2020. Furthermore, in 2021, Chattogram Port handled a record 3.2 million TEUs. This research applied a mixed-method approach, where the quantitative approach tried to explore Chattogram Port’s performance data, and the qualitative approach used historical data and information to articulate port features in the internal and external environment. The originalities of this research are geopolitical debate to select Chattogram Port as a prime maritime load center of South Asia to connect the landlocked parts of India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar, active regional and international forums like BCIM, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN), SAARC, BIMSTEC, OBOR, and QUAD based on Chattogram Port, and development of Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) internationally to improve freight transport connectivity, and use expansion of hinterland to provide maritime logistics services for regional connectivity. A recent step by the port authority to invest in constructing a deep seaport in the Bay of Bengal, attractive to the world port community and remarked by all in port expansion, investment, and efficiency, was investigated rigorously. Overall, this paper aims to explore Chattogram Port’s current activity and future planning, and recall the port’s history as inspiration and motivation to shape the port in a notable position in the port world. Highlights Dedication of Chattogram port in developing Bangladesh Managing maximum Import and Export trade to increase the GDP of Bangladesh Golden gateway of the Bay of Bengal Regional connectivity in South Asia

Techno-Economic Assessment of Voltage Sags Mitigation in Distribution System Connected to DGs

The penetration of DG in electrical distribution systems has many benefits. The paper highlights the impact of DG penetration at different load centers and different operating conditions in a distribution feeder. The impact of DG penetration on feeder voltage profile that depends on the size and location of DG in the system is illustrated. Mitigating methods are used to reduce the effect of voltage disturbances. Economic assessment studies are used for assisting in the economic choice of mitigating methods. Economical aspects of distribution systems connected to DGs are considered through the analysis of the life cycle cost of these distribution generation sources. Maintenance strategies are illustrated and discussed to keep these sources always ready for operation regarding minimization of maintenance cost. Technical and economical assessments depend on the availability of historical data for disturbances cost including damages and cost of disturbance mitigation using different mitigation methods. These data are difficult to be available for different types of loads. Therefore, load indices, K1, K2, and K3, are proposed in this paper for the different loads as referring it to reference load has available data to overcome the challenge of data shortage. Also, a techno-economic assessment index F is proposed for the assessment of the impact of mitigating device improving cost and its feasibility. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software package is used in this analysis. The results show that the proposed techno-economic assessment methodology facilitates the decision of choosing the mitigation method for power quality problems and to overcome the challenge of data shortage in the techno-economic assessment.

Perbaikan Instalasi dan Pemasangan Lampu Penerangan Masjid Kampung Kiat, Distrik Fakfak Barat

Electrical installation is one way to distribute electricity from the generating center to the load center. The occurrence of fires due to electricity can be caused by several things, including installations that are not in accordance with PUIL standards, irregular maintenance and the use of sockets that accumulate. This is what encourages lecturers and students of the electrical engineering study program at the Fakfak State Polytechnic to carry out a service to repair the installation and installation of mosque lighting in the village of Tips, West Fakfak district. Based on the results of this service, electrical installations have been repaired in accordance with the provisions of the PUIL standard, followed by the installation of lighting on the terraces and prayer rooms. The mosque terrace lighting only uses one switch. This aims to make it easier when turning on the mosque terrace lights.

A Novel Artificial Multiple Intelligence System (AMIS) for Agricultural Product Transborder Logistics Network Design in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)

In recent years, agriculture products have contributed to 28.75% of Thailand’s GDP. China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are the main markets for agricultural products. The annual export volume exceeds 119,222 million THB. The majority of them are shipped over Thailand’s land borders to its neighbors. Small and medium-sized farmers make up more than 85% of those who produce agricultural items. Numerous scholars have studied the transportation methods used by the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) nations along the economic corridor, but the majority of them have concentrated on import–export operations involving sizable firms, which are not applicable to the transportation of agricultural products, particularly when attention is paid to small and medium-sized farmers. In this study, mixed-integer programming (MIP) is presented to design an agricultural product logistics network. In order to prolong the lifespan of the container used, the MIP’s primary goal is to maximize the total chain profit while maintaining the lowest container usage possible. The approach was developed to increase small and medium-sized farmers’ ability to compete. Small and medium-sized farmers bring their products to an agricultural product collecting center, also known as a container loading facility. After that, skilled logistics companies distribute the goods. In order to convey the goods to the final clients in neighboring nations, the proper locations of the containing loading centers, the correct transportation option and the borders must be decided. The issue was identified as multi-echelon location–allocation sizing (MELLS), an NP-hard problem that cannot be handled in an efficient manner. To solve a real-world problem, however, efficient techniques must be supplied. AMIS, an artificial multiple intelligence system, was created to address the suggested issue. AMIS was developed with the goal of leveraging a variety of methods for local search and development. There are several well-known heuristics techniques employed in the literature, including the genetic algorithm (GA) and the differential evolution algorithm (DE). With respect to the improved solutions obtained, the computational results show that AMIS exceeds the present heuristics, outperforming DE and GA by 9.34% and 10.95%, respectively. Additionally, the system’s farmers made a total of 15,236,832 THB in profit, with an average profit per container of 317,434 THB and an average profit per farmer of 92,344.44 THB per crop. The container loading center uses 48 containers, with a 5.33 container average per container loading center (CLC). The farmers’ annual revenues were previously less than 88,402 THB per family per year, so we can predict that the new network may increase customers’ annual income by 4.459% for each crop.

Climate-driven stress changes and normal fault behavior in the Lake Malawi (Nyasa) Rift, East Africa

Climate-triggered fluctuations of surface masses, including ice and water, can cause transient stress in the Earth's crust, further affecting the slip behavior of faults over different temporal and length scales. In particular, lakes developed within active continental rifts may modulate the stress states and slip rates of rift border faults and intrarift faults. Here, we utilize a numerical model in a case study of the Malawi (Nyasa) Rift to understand the response of faults to mass fluctuations on the Earth's surface. The water level of Lake Malawi rose 600 m over the last 150 kyr, and significantly influenced the stress state of faults in rift valley. We find that such water load fluctuations can exert 4.6 MPa normal stress on fault planes and produce a negative Coulomb stress (down to −2.0 MPa) on fault planes as well as a pronounced reduction of slip (∼2 m) on fault planes within the rift. Moreover, along-strike differences in fault geometries and their position relative to the center of the water column load resulted in variable along-strike stress and slip changes. These results suggest that lakes that develop within continental rifts play an important role in the evolution of extensional faulting. Our case study provides a basis for evaluating the relationship between climate-driven surface mass variations and the subsurface stress state of fault planes and associated seismic potentials.

Power System Planning Assessment for Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration in the Maluku Electricity System

The planning of electrical power systems in remote island areas poses a few challenges, such as requiring many load centers, various energy sources, and certain geographical conditions, which leads to inefficiencies in energy production. For this reason, it is necessary to plan an electrical transmission system to efficiently transfer the power between load centers. Previous research has found that the completion of the most economical power system will be achieved in 2050 on the condition that the Ambon, Seram, Haruku, and Saparua (Ambon-SHS) systems are interconnected in 2025. Providing complementary support, this paper conducts a power system analysis to assess the proposed interconnection system in Maluku Island, which has several islands, small load centers, and local renewable energy resources. The power system analysis was performed using DIgSILENT PowerFactory and was carried out every 5 years of the system planning period until 2050. The results show that the design of the obtained transmission system meets the standard security criteria, which include thermal loading and voltage, being under both normal and N-1 contingency conditions, a short-circuit current, voltage stability, frequency stability, and transient stability. Finally, this paper demonstrates that the proposed plan is economically and technically feasible.

An inter-provincial tradable green certificate futures trading model under renewable portfolio standard policy

The geographically reverse distribution of renewable energy-rich regions and power load centers poses great challenges to the realization of Chinese renewable portfolio standard (RPS) targets, which has attracted academic attention. However, research on the inter-provincial management mechanisms of RPS is rare. To fill this gap, this study develops an inter-provincial tradable green certificate (TGC) futures trading model that combines TGC futures with inter-provincial TGC trading, which provides an efficient and cost-effective mechanism to achieve the RPS targets. In the model, we first construct an RPS target realization cost function, then divide provinces into buyers and sellers of TGC futures, then optimize the buyers' or sellers’ renewable energy generation under the cooperation mode, and finally use the Shapley value method to distribute the cooperation benefits. An empirical study on five Chinese provinces showed that the inter-provincial TGC futures trading model can significantly reduce the RPS target realization cost by 3.291 billion CNY or by 4.52% and increase renewable energy generation by 414.29 × 108 kWh. Our sensitivity analysis of the TGC futures prices verifies the robustness of the model. Finally, our study proposes policy suggestions for the effective design of the TGC futures market and successful implementation of the RPS policy.

Multiobjective Optimization Based Framework for Early Stage Design of Modular Multilevel Converter for All-Electric Ship Application

The Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) architecture for All Electric Ships (AES) has the potential to provide superior features compared to traditional 60-HZ AC distribution systems in terms of power density, power quality, and system stability. The MVDC system introduces extensive use of power electronics equipment into the shipboard power system (SPS) design that brings complexity to the system design. These power electronics equipment connect the power sources and load centers to the MVDC bus and play a major role in handling system faults. This paper focuses on developing a framework to determine the volume and failure rate of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for early stage ship design. Two different methodologies (Taguchi method and a genetic algorithm) were used to determine the best design from a robust set of design options. Once the design parameters have been identified, the Taguchi method forms orthogonal array to explore and evaluate designs. At the end of the design cycle, it identifies the best parameters from a large set of design parameters to achieve lower volume and failure rate. These parameters are used as input to the optimization process. This helps to narrow out the number of inputs for optimization algorithm. The Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) has been integrated with converter design tool to minimize the volume and failure rate of MMC. The results show that the optimization algorithm coupled with Taguchi Method provides the lowest volume and failure rate for MMC. One of the goals of early-stage ship design is to develop preliminary design and evaluation of trade space to narrow it down. This paper is expected to aid early-stage ship design of power electronics converter design for MVDC systems in SPS.

The propellant role of the mega-grid in regional economic growth: Evidence from China base on the panel smooth transition regression model

One of the secrets for China's economic growth miracle is continuous investment in infrastructure, and the role of power infrastructure is irreplaceable. However, previous studies mostly focused on generation-side indicators rather than grid-side indicators, ignoring the importance of the mega-grid established in China. As a result, this paper is committed to exploring the economic growth pulling effect of power grids with different voltage levels in the nonlinear framework. On the premise of determining the robustness of estimation parameters by instrumental variable method, the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used to capture panel heterogeneity. To be exact, the regional economic growth driven by extra-high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) power grids presents a regime transition accompanied by the growth of regional power generation and electricity consumption per capita. This means that the mega-grid is more conducive to the economic growth of energy bases and load centers. To further build and improve the state-leveled mega-grid into a nationwide basic platform for trans-regional renewable energy transmission and distribution is a key measure to enhance China's sustainable economic growth under the constraints of carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets.

Plantar pressure profile during walking is associated with talar cartilage characteristics in individuals with chronic ankle instability

BackgroundIndividuals with chronic ankle instability typically present with abnormal gait patterns favoring the lateral foot. This gait pattern may alter cartilage stress potentially increasing the risk of osteoarthritis development, thus exploring this relationship may provide insights for early interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship gait biomechanics and talar articular cartilage characteristics. MethodsTalar articular cartilage was assessed with ultrasound at rest and after walking for 30-min in twenty-five adults (14 females, 22.6 ± 3.12 years, 168.12 ± 9.83 cm, 76.00 ± 15.47 kg) with chronic ankle instability. Cartilage was segmented into Total, Medial, and Lateral regions. During the 30-min walking period, plantar pressure of the entire foot was recorded every 5-min and condensed to create a biomechanical loading pattern and center of pressure gait line. Relationships between resting cartilage thickness and echo intensity, changes in thickness and echo intensity, and plantar pressure profiles were assessed with correlation coefficients. FindingsThere was a significant relationship between plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot and medial talar cartilage deformation (r = 0.408, p < .05). Early stance center of pressure was correlated with deformation in the total (r = 0.439–0.524) and lateral (r = 0.443–0.550) regions (p < .05). There were no significant correlations between echo intensity and biomechanics. InterpretationThis study contributes to the growing evidence that talar cartilage strain patterns are associated with biomechanics during walking. Further validation is needed to determine a causal relationship between biomechanics and ultrasound cartilage characteristics after ankle sprains. In addition, research should continue determining the utility of ultrasound to monitor joint health after musculoskeletal injuries.

Leg stiffness during running in highly cushioned shoes with a carbon-fiber plate and traditional shoes

BackgroundNike ZoomX Vaporfly (NVF) improves running economy and performance. The biomechanical mechanisms of these shoes are not fully understood, although thicker midsoles and carbon fiber plates are considered to play an important role in the spring-like leg characteristics during running. Leg stiffness (kleg) in the spring-mass model has been commonly used to investigate spring-like running mechanics during running. Research questionDoes kleg during running differ between NVF and traditional (TRAD) shoes? MethodsEighteen male habitual forefoot and/or midfoot strike runners ran on a treadmill at 20 km/h with NVF and TRAD shoes, respectively. kleg, vertical oscillation of the center of mass (∆CoM), spatiotemporal parameters, and mechanical loading were determined. Resultskleg was 4.8% lower in the NVF shoe condition than in the TRAD condition, although no significant difference was observed. ∆CoM was not significantly different between shoe conditions. Spatiotemporal parameters and mechanical loading were also not significantly different between shoe conditions. SignificanceThe NVF shoe is well known as improving the running economy and running performance for the cause by characteristics of better spring function. Contrary to expectation, kleg and other parameters were not significantly different during running in the NVF compared to TRAD shoe at 20 km/h. These findings indicate that well-trained runners’ spring-like running mechanics would not alter even if wearing the NVF shoes.

Characterization of Load Centers for Electric Vehicles Based on Simulation of Urban Vehicular Traffic Using Geo-Referenced Environments

The current desire for people to reduce the environmental impact of their current lifestyle, as well as the variation in the prices of fossil fuels, has materialized in a rising trend for electric vehicles (EV). These vehicles are increasingly making inroads in the automotive market and positively contributing to reducing environmental pollution by greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, they improve energy efficiency. For the success of this innovation, it is necessary to correctly identify the effective places where the charging centers for electric vehicles (CCEV) will be placed, which will contribute significantly to its development, allowing us to guarantee the autonomy of electric vehicles with a charging supply. Thus, the present work proposes a vehicle traffic simulation process using the “SUMO” simulator interface. The study’s objective is to locate sites for electric vehicle charging centers or stations, taking as the primary variable the vehicular traffic that has a strong relationship with this type of research. Consequently, the study evaluates the existing resources in geo-referenced scenarios and has analyzed the vehicular flow considering the distances of the routes. As follows, the simulation becomes a tool to recommend the location and quantity of CCEV, guaranteeing users a nearby place where they can charge their vehicle and thus achieve adequate autonomy.

Emissions impacts of electrifying motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda

Large fleets of motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda, and other cities in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) emit significant local and global air pollutants . To reduce emissions, companies have started selling electric motorcycles. We quantify the use-phase emissions impact of electrifying motorcycle taxis by processing real-world trip and charging data from Kampala, then estimating charging-caused emissions with an economic dispatch model of the Ugandan power system. We then compare these emissions to tank-to-wheels estimates of conventional motorcycles over the same trips. We find that electrifying gas-powered motorcycle taxis would reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), and hydrocarbon emissions by 36%, 90%, 58%, and 99%, respectively, but increase sulfur oxide (SO x ), particulate matter 10 μm or less (PM 10 ), and particulate matter 2.5 μm or less (PM 2.5 ) emissions by 870%, 109%, and 97%, respectively. PM and SO x emission increases stem from generation at bagasse and heavy fuel oil (HFO) point sources far from load centers. Additionally, we find seasonality of the charging associated emissions due to dominance of hydropower in the Ugandan grid. Overall, we find clear and potential local air pollution benefits of electrifying motorcycle taxis in Kampala.

Quantitative Influence of Wind Farm Reactive Power and Voltage Control Capability on Hunan Power Grid Thermal Power Spinning Reserve

Affected by factors such as the inverse distribution of power sources and loads in the province, and the mismatch between the construction of load center power sources and load growth, the problem of voltage stability in central and southern Hunan is prominent, which mainly restricts the thermal power maximum operating capacity of the Hunan Power Grid. Under the heavy load mode, the hydro power units and thermal power units operating in the province need to reserve a certain amount of spinning reserve to response the voltage stability problems in central and southern Hunan. Thus, it leads to insufficient power supply during peak load periods. In recent years, the grid load has maintained rapid growth, and the increase in power sources is mainly the wind power. Affected by the anti-peak-shaving characteristics of wind power, the lack of wind power has aggravated the problem of insufficient power supply. Actually, the wind turbine is in a hot standby state during standby/backup, and its grid-connected converter is still in a grid-connected state within four hours. Besides, the continuous running SVG in the wind farm booster station can still be used temporarily. The above devices can provide reactive power support to the power grid during the transient process. Therefore, this paper takes the southern Hunan region as an example, and quantified the reduced thermal power requirement reserve by analyzing the reactive power support effect of the grid-connected wind farms. In this way, the power supply capacity can be improved.

From the High Plains and Deserts: A new look at getting renewable energy from remote sources to load centers [View Point

This issue of <i>IEEE Electrification Magazine</i> is full of technology insights for the next generation of inverters to support the explosive growth of variable renewable energy sources. It is becoming widely understood that the electronic interfaces that enable modern wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generation radically alter the dynamic relationship among these resources and the living organism that is the bulk power grid.

Allocation of HV/MV Substations in Iraqi Power Grid Using Delaunay Triangulation

In provincial areas, allocation of the HV/MV substations aims to assign a proper set of numbers and locations of substations to supply loads spatially distributed over a large geographic area with continually emerging towns. This requires identifying the sparse load centers, the existing substations, and the new substations required to cover the potential extension. This paper proposes a method to allocate the main substations to the targeted area based on the lines’ length which are assigned by Delaunay triangulation and geographical coordinates. The proposed configuration is identified by a criterion that is tailored to the Iraqi sub-transmission system in which the standard distances among the substation follow specific patterns. The standard distances that are identified by the proposed methods are represented by the edges of Delaunay triangles. This paper aims to improve the voltage regulation of the distribution grid and avoid problems of overloaded feeders by assigning the proposed locations that reduce the lines’ lengths. The proposed method is verified using simulation tests on Diyala 9-bus system which is a part of the Iraqi 132 kV power system. The results show that the proposed configuration of the substations is reasonably valid and quite close to the real locations of the towns of the system with efficient lengths for the lines.

A Risk-Controllable Day-Ahead Transmission Schedule of Surplus Wind Power with Uncertainty in Sending Grids

Transmitting the surplus wind power (SWP) to load centers is necessary for grids which would reduce the wind curtailment. The reliability and sharpness of the existing estimation models of SWP are not enough to support the optimization of the transmission schedule. Besides, the existing optimization models for wind power scheduling are insufficient in controlling the high risk of SWP transmission. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a random fuzzy model (RFM) for SWP estimation and a risk-controllable optimization (RCSO) model for the SWP transmission schedule. In the RFM, a conditional probability of SWP is utilized to represent the actual probability distribution. The impacts of wind power consumption that cause the misalignment of existing models are considered in RFM by a fuzzy set. In RCSO, the economic and security risks of SWP transmission are quantified by the conditional value at risk (CVaR) theory. Transmission risks are controlled through automatic adjustment of the risk factor. An equivalent transformation method of the RCSO model is derived which can solve the nonlinear stochastic optimization problem with multi-objective. A case based on the historical data in Northeast China is studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed models.

Primary frequency regulation scheme applicable to LCC – VSC series hybrid HVDC considering AC voltage stability at receiving end

The penetration of high proportion renewable energy generation in the load center reduces the inertia of the power system and causes frequency stability problems. Series hybrid HVDC (e.g., BaiHeTan-JiangSu) with landing point at load center should play an important role in primary frequency regulation. Thus, this paper proposes a control scheme that coordinates line-commutated converter (LCC) and voltage-source converter (VSC) operation of the series hybrid HVDC (SHHVDC) and couples inertia emulation control with droop control (CIEDC). The CIEDC absorbs or releases the energy stored in the augmented capacitor of VSC for inertia emulation through regulating DC voltage. Then the DC voltage of LCC is coupled with the DC voltage of VSC through the voltage distribution coefficient. Meanwhile, the DC voltage of the inverter side is used to transmit the frequency information to the rectifier side to change the DC current order value without communication-based. Next, The equivalent DC input resistance based on communication-free is introduced to obtain the reactive power variation caused by LCC, which is transmitted to the reactive power control link in VSC to suppress the AC side converter bus voltage fluctuation. Finally, The CIEDC control scheme is verified by case studies in the event of slight AC fault and step load variation compared with the Fixed-Inertia Emulation Control Scheme (FIEC) and conventional droop control (CDC) in AC bus voltage stability, frequency deviation, rate of change of frequency (RoCoF).