Load-bearing Capacity Research Articles

Evolution of Confinement Stress in Axially Loaded Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Stub Columns: Study on Enhancing Urban Building Efficiency

In the context of green building and sustainable urban development, understanding the mechanical behavior of structural components like concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns is crucial due to their improved load-bearing capacity, energy efficiency, and optimized material usage, which enhance structural resilience and sustainability. This research addresses the complex development of confining stress and its impact on the concrete core (CC) behavior within these columns, which are essential for urban infrastructure. Through extensive numerical studies, this study proposes a model to estimate the confining stress in axially loaded CFST short columns. Study findings reveal that the confinement effectiveness is influenced by variables such as compressive strength (CS) of the concrete, cross-sectional shape, and depth-to-wall thickness percentage. Additionally, the confinement is also significantly affected by the yield strain of steel εy/εc to the peak strain of unconfined concrete εc. A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was built for the simulation of the columns’ nonlinear behavior and was rigorously validated against experimental data. This model aids in the design and implementation of more efficient and resilient urban structures, supporting the principles of sustainable construction. The study underscores the importance of structural integrity in sustainable urban development and provides valuable insights for improving the design of green building materials.

Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Performance of Heat-Resistant, High-Strength and Printable Al-Si Alloy Antisymmetric Lattice Structure.

The unsatisfactory mechanical performance at high temperatures limits the broad application of 3D-printed aluminum alloy structures in extreme environments. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of 4 different lattice cell structures in high-temperature environments using AlSi12Fe2.5Ni3Mn4, a newly developed, heat-resistant, high-strength, and printable alloy. A novel Antisymmetric anti-Buckling Lattice Cell (ASLC-B) based on a unique rotation reflection multistage design is developed. Micro-CT (Computed Tomography)and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analyses revealed a smooth surface and dense interior with an average porosity of less than 0.454%. Quasi-static compression tests at 25, 100, and 200°C showed that ASLC-B outperformed the other 3 lattice types in load-bearing capacity, energy absorption, and heat transfer efficiency. Specifically, the ASLC-B demonstrated a 51.56% and 44.14% increase in compression load-bearing capacity at 100 and 200°C compared to ASLC-B(AlSi10Mg), highlighting its excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. A numerical model based on the Johnson-Cook constitutive relationship revealed the damage failure mechanisms, showing ASLC-B's effectiveness in preventing buckling, enhancing load-transfer efficiency, and reducing stress concentrations. This study emphasizes the importance of improving energy absorption and mechanical performance for structural optimization in extreme conditions. The ASLC-B design offers significant advancements in maintaining structural integrity and performance under high temperatures.

Pull-out strength of thin perfobond connectors and C-ties in steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures

Due to the remarkable mechanical property, short construction period, and labor-saving features, steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite structures are widely used in assembled buildings, modularized immersed tunnels, and bridge cable pylons. In SCS sandwich structures, sufficient pull-out resistance in connectors is necessary to effectively prevent outward buckling of the outer steel faceplates. However, the existing connectors remain deficient in terms of load bearing capacity, ductility, and construction convenience. A novel type of connector named thin perfobond connector and C-tie (PBL-CT) was proposed to address these problems in this paper. While retaining the superior shear performance of traditional perfobond connectors (PBLs), the addition of C-ties in PBL-CTs enhances structural shear resistance. Through 18 monotonic pull-out tests, the pull-out performance of shallow-embedded thin PBL-CTs was investigated. Test results revealed that the primary failure mode of shallow-embedded thin PBLs was cracking of the surrounding concrete, with C-ties significantly improving the pull-out performance and shifting the failure mode to a combination of concrete breakout and perforated rib rupture. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated to conduct parameter analyses on concrete strength, embedment depth, and perforated rib parameters. This led to the establishment of a mixed failure model for shallow-embedded thin PBL-CTs. The ultimate pull-out bearing capacity was found to comprise two components: the pull-out resistance of the concrete cone and the shear resistance of the perforated rib. A regression-based prediction formula was derived, providing accurate and conservative predictions of the ultimate pull-out bearing capacity of shallow-embedded thin PBL-CTs.

Cyclic loading experiments on seismic performance of precast concrete superposed shear walls with CFST end columns

The seismic performance of precast concrete shear walls is a major concern when considering their application in earthquake-prone regions. To improve the seismic performance and constructability of conventional precast concrete superposed shear walls, an innovative design, termed Precast Concrete Superposed Shear Walls with CFST End Columns (PCSSWEC), has been proposed. Given the limited research on the seismic performance of PCSSWECs, cyclic loading experiments were conducted on three full-scale PCSSWEC specimens and one monolithic RC shear wall specimen. The design axial compression ratio (ACR) and the thickness of the steel tube were employed as research variables. Experimental observations and results gave a comprehensive view of the hysteretic behavior of PCSSWECs, reflecting a favorable seismic performance (in terms of failure modes, global and local damage, force-displacement responses, load-bearing capacity, stiffness and strength degradation, deformability, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity). The experiment also revealed significant differences between PCSSWECs and monolithic RC shear walls in concrete crack development and deformation characteristics, confirming that the CFST columns and the wall panel could work together until the failure phase. Moderately increasing the ACR (0.3–0.5) was beneficial for PCSSWECs. However, increasing the steel tube thickness (3.5 mm–5.0 mm) could lead to unfavorable degradation in strength and stiffness and weaken ductility. In addition, a simplified method was proposed to evaluate the flexural strength of PCSSWECs.

Thermo-mechanical behavior of steel pipe energy piles under thermal imbalance cycles

There is an effect on the thermo-mechanical behavior of the energy pile from the thermal imbalance conditions (heating with different amplitude than cooling). In this study, 5 cycles with a heating amplitude of 25℃ and a cooling amplitude of 15℃ were performed on ordinary concrete energy piles (OCEP), steel pipe concrete energy piles (SPEP), and steel pipe phase change energy piles (SCEP), respectively. The results show that imbalanced heating and cooling conditions alter the temperature distribution of the energy pile, causing irreversible displacement accumulation. However, including steel tubes reduces the loss of load bearing capacity caused by the heating and cooling cycles. The maximum increase in pile temperature was 6.7℃ for OCEP, 7.9℃ for SPEP, and 7.1℃ for SCEP. The final normalized displacement rates were −0.462 %, −0.558 %, and −0.515 %, respectively. The ultimate bearing capacity of the piles was reduced by 10 %, 9.1 %, and 9.1 %, respectively. The heat exchange efficiency of the 5th heating and cooling phases of SCEP increased by 67.4 % and 65 % compared to OCEP and by 26.3 % and 20 % compared to SPEP, finally stabilizing at 72 W/m and −66 W/m, respectively. This study provides a qualitative analysis of energy piles operating under heating and cooling imbalance conditions.

Probabilistic resistance predictions of laterally restrained cellular steel beams by natural gradient boosting

Accurate and reliable cellular steel beam resistance predictions are essential for economical and safe designs of steel-framed buildings with such beams. This paper proposes a new machine-learning (ML) model based on the natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) algorithm to predict probabilistic load-bearing capacities of laterally restrained cellular beams subjected to uniformly distributed loads, considering all possible failure modes and their interactions. The NGBoost model was developed based on a database with 14,094 numerical simulation results and interpreted using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method commonly used for ML model explanation and interpretation. The resistance reduction factors required for the NGBoost model to meet the reliability requirements of the European and US design frameworks were determined via reliability analyses using the methods given in the respective standards and the improved Hasofer–Lind–Rackwitz–Fiessler (iHL-RF) method. Comparisons of the developed NGBoost model with other ML models and existing design provisions indicate that the former is as accurate as other ML models (while offering probabilistic predictions) and significantly outperforms the existing design provisions. A web application was developed and deployed online to predict the ultimate uniform loads of laterally restrained cellular beams with the developed NGBoost model. The proposed NGBoost model can facilitate preliminary cellular steel beam designs and investigating parameters affecting their resistance.

Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with ECC and FRP grid reinforcement

To prevent premature delamination of FRP sheets in strengthened concrete structures, this study explores a novel method of laying a composite layer of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) grid reinforced with engineering cementitious composite (ECC), designated as FGRE, and applied at the soffit of reinforced concrete (RC) beams to improve its flexural performance. Experimental studies were conducted on RC beams with different strengthening configurations to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening method. In addition, analysis on the working mechanism and a parametric analysis were performed for the composite strengthened beam using nonlinear finite element modeling. The experimental results showed that FGRE composite layers can significantly improve the bearing capacity of RC beams. Compared with the control RC beam, the FGRE composite strengthening technique significantly increased the cracking load, yield load, and ultimate load of the beam specimens up to 28, 11, and 12 %, respectively. The ECC grout layer maintained a good bonding performance with the concrete substrate until beam failure. The flexural capacity of RC beams with the proposed FGRE strengthening systems is determined by the thickness of the ECC layer. In addition, the effect of strengthening on the flexural capacity was more significant when the yield and tensile strength of the steel reinforcement were lower. Moreover, the prediction deviation from the experimental data of the FE models and analytical models for the ultimate load-bearing capacity were less than 2 and 7 %, respectively. It can be concluded that the proposed FGRE system is a viable solution to enhance the flexural capacity of RC beams.

Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined square CFST columns reinforced with internal latticed steel angles for marine structures

This paper investigates the mechanical response of axially loaded FRP-confined square CFST columns strengthened with internal latticed angles (F-SRCFST) through experimental and analytical methods. The influence of three parameters on the performance is examined, including dimensions of the specimens, configuration of latticed steel angles, and number of CFRP layers. Experimental results demonstrate that concrete crushing in the specimens confined by CFRP exhibits a higher degree of uniformity, with cracks appearing more densely. The latticed steel angles can prevent the development of concrete cracks into the core concrete, while noticeable local buckling of the steel angle between the battens is observed. The enhancement coefficient of steel angles on the load-bearing capacity and energy dissipation ability of F-SRCFST columns is more pronounced when compared to CFRP. The utilization of CFRP and latticed steel angles can effectively improve the problem of inconsistency in square steel tube deformation under axial loading, and both parts exhibit similar effects on the dilation behavior of square CFST columns. A composite confined model was developed to consider the triple constraints of CFRP, external steel tube, and latticed steel angles, and a predictive formula was developed to estimate the load-carrying capability of F-SRCFST columns. The comparative study shows that the predictive formula agrees well with the ultimate axial strengths of F-SRCFST columns.

Structural Improvement in Crane Boom Rest

Crane boom rests are critical components that endure both static and dynamic loads, leading to deformation and a shortened lifespan. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a redesigned model with enhanced stiffness and load-bearing capacity. The new design incorporates gussets and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) sheets. A series of trials were conducted to analyze various stiffener configurations, with results showing a significant reduction in deformation. The optimal configuration, consisting of three L-shaped stiffeners placed at specific intervals, reduced deformation from 17.2 mm to 2.2 mm. Additionally , the integration of SBR rubber sheets further minimized deformation to 0.15 mm. These modifications demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed improvements in enhancing the durability and performance of crane boom rests. The findings provide a robust solution for extending the operational life of crane boom rests under dynamic loading conditions. Future research can explore different rubber materials and stiffener designs to further enhance structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.

Structural Improvement in Crane Boom Rest

Crane boom rests are critical components that endure both static and dynamic loads, leading to deformation and a shortened lifespan. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a redesigned model with enhanced stiffness and load-bearing capacity. The new design incorporates gussets and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) sheets. A series of trials were conducted to analyze various stiffener configurations, with results showing a significant reduction in deformation. The optimal configuration, consisting of three L-shaped stiffeners placed at specific intervals, reduced deformation from 17.2 mm to 2.2 mm. Additionally , the integration of SBR rubber sheets further minimized deformation to 0.15 mm. These modifications demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed improvements in enhancing the durability and performance of crane boom rests. The findings provide a robust solution for extending the operational life of crane boom rests under dynamic loading conditions. Future research can explore different rubber materials and stiffener designs to further enhance structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.

Mechanical properties of a novel negative Poisson's ratio gradient structure

A novel cellular structure is proposed based on bionic structure with negative Poisson's ratio characteristic, and the cell is periodically expanded in the in-plane direction to create a new honeycomb structure. The influence of gradient changes of the structural parameters on the load-bearing capacity and damping characteristics of the structure is investigated through a combination method of finite element numerical simulations and experiments. The results indicate that the concentric gradient arrangement of cell wall thickness and angle parameters, and the symmetrical gradient arrangement of cell height, wall thickness and angle parameters have the most significant influence on the static bearing capacity of the structure. In contrast, the gradient arrangement under the corner circle diameter has minimal effect on the static bearing capacity of the structure. Under the same conditions, the peak values of the transmissibility of C2 (large angle at constraint end and loading end, and smaller angle in the middle) and C3 structures (angle gradually increases from the loading end to the constraint end) are significantly reduced between the frequency 2 Hz and 1024 Hz. The peak values of the transmissibility of the structures C2 and C3 are respectively decreased by 20% and 25% compared to that of the non-gradient structure. This shows that the vibration damping effect of these two structures is better. The structure with the gradient change and the structure without the gradient change of the new honeycomb structure can both achieve certain vibration reduction and isolation from the middle to high frequency range.

Research on topology optimization strut-and-tie model and prestress construction for cable-pylon anchorage zone of Fengshuba Bridge

To address the challenges associated with accurate load-bearing capacity calculation and prestress design for the cable-pylon anchorage zone of cable-stayed bridges, a case study focusing on the Fengshuba Bridge is conducted. Utilizing the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) variable density topology optimization method, a strut-and-tie model (STM) is constructed for the cable-pylon anchorage zone. This model is subsequently employed to verify load-bearing capacity of the struts and nodes within the cable-pylon anchorage zone, as well as to calculate the required quantity of circumferential prestressing tendons. Additionally, a spatial segmental finite element model is established for the cable-pylon anchorage zone to perform a detailed analysis of prestressed structural optimization. This analysis determines various structural details, including the arrangement of prestressing tendons along the height, the design for prestressing blind zones, and the quantity of prestressing tendons. Subsequently, the optimized model is subjected to stress verification. The research results indicate that the adoption of dispersed tendon arrangement results in reduced principal tensile stress within the cable-pylon anchorage zone, in contrast to the concentrated tendon arrangement. The introduction of short prestressing steel bundles within the conduit of prestressing blind zones uniformly enhances the pre-compressive stress on the cable-pylon side wall. Due to the Poisson effect of materials, it is necessary to arrange prestressing tendons appropriately within the cable-pylon anchorage zone. Arranging prestressing steel bundles according to the proposed STM and structural optimization method adequately fulfills the structural force requirements of the cable-pylon anchorage zone.

Effect of fiber content on flexural properties of jute fiber reinforced perlite/gypsum composite core-based sandwich structures

In this work, two types of sandwich structures were fabricated to develop sustainable building materials using renewable and waste resources. The chopped jute fiber reinforced perlite-filled gypsum composite was used as the core and the brown paper and the woven jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite (JFRC) were used as skins to manufacture the sandwiches. The effect of jute fiber content (10 g - 20 g) in the core on the flexural properties was studied. The flexural test was conducted to determine the flexural strength, modulus, energy absorption, and the load-bearing capacity of brown paper skin-based sandwiches (BPSS) and JFRC skin-based sandwiches (JFSS). The results of this study show that the flexural properties of both BPSSs and JFSSs are improved significantly with increasing jute fiber content up to 17.5 g indicating the optimum fiber content. The flexural strength and modulus of BPSS at 17.5 g jute fiber content are respectively 8.44 % and 30.16 % greater than those at 10 g jute fiber content. On the other hand, the JFSSs show 30.24 % and 60.36 % increase in flexural strength and modulus respectively at 17.5 g jute fiber content compared to those at 10 g fiber content. The flexural energy absorptions of BPSS and JFSS are also increased by 45.40 % and 22.90 % respectively when jute fiber content in the core is increased from 10 g to 17.5 g. The specific load-bearing capacity of JFSSs is 130.38 % - 216.56 % greater than BPSSs depending on the fiber content in the core.

Optimisation of Parameters and Application of Green Recyclable Precast Hollow Steel Pipe Concrete Supports

Underground space development is a crucial approach to addressing traffic congestion in China’s cities, especially through underground construction. However, the traditional pit internal support system, particularly the concrete internal support system, has significant drawbacks. These include high energy consumption and carbon emissions, which are increasingly prominent issues. In this paper, a hollow precast concrete-filled steel tube (H-CFST) internal support system is proposed and a node connection scheme is designed. Through numerical simulation, the load-bearing characteristics of H-CFST with different aspect ratios, hollow ratios, hoop thicknesses, and hoop lengths are investigated, and the optimal design parameters are obtained. Finally, following a field application, monitoring data reveal that the precast H-CFST internal support demonstrates superior load-bearing capacity compared to the concrete internal support, successfully meeting the criteria for replacement of the concrete support.

Investigating the Effect of Perforations on the Load-Bearing Capacity of Cardboard Packaging.

The impact of perforation patterns on the compressive strength of cardboard packaging is a critical concern in the packaging industry, where optimizing material usage without compromising structural integrity is essential. This study aims to investigate how different perforation designs affect the load-bearing capacity of cardboard boxes. Utilizing finite element method (FEM) simulations, we assessed the compressive strength of packaging made of various types of corrugated cardboards, including E, B, C, EB, and BC flutes with different heights. Mechanical testing was conducted to obtain accurate material properties for the simulations. Packaging dimensions were varied to generalize the findings across different sizes. Results showed that perforation patterns significantly influenced the compressive strength, with reductions ranging from 14% to 43%, compared to non-perforated packaging. Notably, perforations on multiple walls resulted in the highest strength reductions. The study concludes that while perforations are necessary for functionality and aesthetics, their design must be carefully considered to minimize negative impacts on structural integrity. These findings provide valuable insights for designing more efficient and sustainable packaging solutions in the industry.

Design-oriented method for the load-bearing capacity of RC columns jacketed by octagonal and spiral stirrups under axial and eccentric compression

The purpose of this study was to develop the design-oriented calculation method for the load-bearing capacity of RC columns jacketed by octagonal and spiral stirrups under axial and eccentric compression load. Based on the result of sixteen full-scale jacketed concrete columns which subjected to axial compression load, the judging method for the axial load-bearing capacity ultimate state of jacketed RC columns was determined. Then the design-oriented method for the axial load-bearing capacity of jacketed columns was proposed according to the axial load-bearing capacity ultimate state of jacketed RC columns. In addition, based on the six full-scale jacketed concrete columns which subjected to lateral cyclic load, the design-oriented calculation model for the relative compression zone height of jacketed RC columns under eccentric compression was proposed. And the calculation methods for evaluating the load-bearing capacity of jacketed RC columns with large eccentricity and small eccentricity were proposed, respectively. Furthermore, the predicted results from proposed method fitted well with the test results, which indicated that the proposed design-oriented methods were suitable for evaluating the load-bearing capacity of jacketed RC columns under axial and eccentric compression.

Insights into the microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms of friction stir spot welded advanced high strength ultrafine bainitic steel

Unlocking the full potential of advanced high-strength bainitic steels in spot-welding is a pivotal endeavor for harnessing their extraordinary mechanical properties in the automotive industry. This study suggests a shift in paradigm to address the inferior fusion weldability of this type of steel because of the formation of coarse martensite within the welded zone of weldments obtained by liquid-state welding, through the strategy of refining the martensite within the weld zone using the solid-state friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process. This paper delves into an in-depth investigation of the microstructural evolution and load-bearing capacity of a Fe-0.25C-3Cr-1.63Mn-1.5Si (wt%) ultrafine bainitic steel, having a remarkable tensile strength of 1.7 GPa, during the intriguing process of FSSW at rotational speeds of 600 to 2000 rpm. The research uncovers that the stir zone (SZ) undergoes dynamic recrystallization, resulting in a significantly refined microstructure. Regardless of the rotational speed employed, the high hardenability of the steel and rapid cooling during the process inevitably results in martensite formation within this region. However, a comprehensive microstructural characterization conducted by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis proves that the different thermal cycles induced by different rotational speeds lead into various prior austenite grain sizes, martensitic/bainitic packets and blocks attributes, and density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). Through the evaluation of strengthening mechanisms in different weld zones, the study sheds light on the key factors influencing strength. Block boundaries emerge as the primary contributor to SZ hardening, surpassing the role of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and solid solution strengthening. The load-bearing capacity observed during the tensile-shear test is governed by a delicate interplay between bonding width and crystallographic features (block size and HAGBs density) of the martensite formed within the SZ. The highest peak load was achieved under optimal welding conditions (rotational speed of 1000 rpm), which enabled the production of a sufficiently large bonding width, providing ample bonding area for load-bearing, along with an abundance of blocks and HAGBs to effectively impeding crack propagation.

Dynamic Covalent Polymer–Nanoparticle Networks as High-Performance Green Lubricants: Synergetic Effect in Load-Bearing Capacity

Dynamic Covalent Polymer–Nanoparticle Networks as High-Performance Green Lubricants: Synergetic Effect in Load-Bearing Capacity

Flexural mechanical properties of H-shaped steel-bamboo scrimber composite beams

To improve the torsional buckling resistance and enhance the load-bearing capacity and ductility of H-shaped steel beams with carbon reduction materials, the concept of combining H-shaped steel with bamboo scrimber has been proposed, in which the bamboo scrimber, an eco-friendly, lightweight, and high-strength material, promises significant structural benefits. Five full-scale specimens were designed and tested, including one H-shaped steel, two bamboo scrimber beams, and two composite beams. Additionally, further simulation tests were conducted using the verified finite element model (FEM). The experimental results revealed a remarkable increase in the ultimate bearing capacity of the composite beams by 96.5 % compared to bamboo scrimber-only beams and 72.7 % compared to steel-only beams. Meanwhile, distinct from the brittle fracture characteristics of the bamboo scrimber beams, which include instantaneous crack propagation and interlaminar cracking, the composite beams exhibited localized vertical cracks within the beam's tensile zone, effectively avoiding the torsional buckling issue of the H-shaped steel beam. The results further demonstrated that increasing the cross-sectional size of the composite beams can significantly enhance their flexural stiffness (up to 669 %), and reduce the deflection at the ultimate flexural moment. When the area of the bamboo scrimber in the cross-section was reduced with an unchanged steel profile, the initial stiffness dropped to 79 % without incurring any structural instability. Furthermore, by integrating the experimental and simulation results, a fiber element model for this composite beam structure is proposed to predict the maximum flexural moment value in the ultimate state. A corresponding calculation program was developed, and it is found that the calculated predicted ultimate flexural moment values exhibited negligible deviation from both experimental and FEM results, with AV of 1.0001, AAE of 2.21 %, and COV of 3.28 %.

Multiscale experimental characterization and physical-based constitutive modeling of silicone adhesive

Silicone adhesive has been widely used in assembly glass curtain walls which leads to its mechanical behaviors under heavy investigation. Due to its complexity, the microstructure of silicone adhesive stays unclear. A detailed description of microstructures of silicone adhesive is the basis to obtain an in-depth understanding of its mechanical behavior and the related mechanisms. In this work, series of multiscale experiments, uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, simple shear and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, were conducted to characterize mechanical behaviors and microstructure features of silicone adhesive. Stress-strain curves obtained through macroscale experiments were presented. Morphology and dispersion of filler clusters in silicone adhesive were analyzed using Gaussian mixed models. A modification of molecular chain spatial distribution was made to non-affine network model to consider anisotropic damage evolution of polymer matrix. A simplified term was further introduced to account for load-bearing capacity of filler clusters based on fractal theory where fractal dimensions of clusters work as a connection between microscale and macroscale. The modified model was further extended to describe Mullins effect combined with network alteration theory. The results of model validation and comparison demonstrated that due to the consideration of polymer chain anisotropic evolution and filler cluster microscopic features, the proposed model can predict the mechanical behavior of silicone adhesive under different loading conditions as well as the stress softening and permanent set of Mullins effect more accurately.