Livestock Marketing Research Articles

Impact of Competition and Market Access Factors on the Performance of Secondary Livestock Markets in Turkana, Kenya

Globally, livestock farming is vital to the growth of economies. In the drylands of Africa, the scarcity of water and pasture significantly impacts livestock productivity and marketing, making local markets dominated by foreign stocks, products, and entrepreneurs. This study seeks to examine the effects of competition and market access factors on the performance of Turkana's secondary livestock markets. The strategic questions formulated to investigate the research problem were: what are the characteristics of livestock production and marketing in Turkana? what competition and market access challenges are outstanding in Turkana’s livestock production and marketing context? and how does competitive rivalry affect the performance of livestock enterprises and market performance in Turkana? From a sampling frame of 180, 168 livestock traders (primary participants) were statistically sampled from Kakuma, Lokichar, and Kalemngo'rok markets. In addition, 24 government and civil society livestock development experts were purposefully selected as secondary study participants. Study results show that competitive rivalry significantly affects livestock production and marketing in Turkana, making them unprogressive. Competition and market access are crucial aspects of livestock development, and identifying and managing their constituent features can aid in structuring, organizing, and commercializing livestock production. The influence of competition and market access factors on livestock development in Turkana is exacerbated by limited legislation and regulatory frameworks, limited research, the use of informal livestock marketing systems, inequalities in livestock production, insecurity, limited capital, rivalry in markets, the exploitation of low-capital traders, and climate change effects. Recommendations for application and future research emphasize the need for holistic programming of livestock developments in Turkana, with a focus on stakeholder capacity development, the use of systems-based approaches in programming, knowledge and technology transfer, legislation, and increasing competition and market access capabilities of local traders in the local and external markets.

Prevalence Of Ectoparasites in Cattle in The Payakumbuh Livestock Market

This study aims to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites infestation in cattle at the Payakumbuh Livestock Market. This research was conducted in August 2022. A total of 158 cows were randomly selected to be examined for ectoparasites at the Payakumbuh Livestock Market. Examination of ectoparasites using the permanent mounting method without staining. This study used a descriptive non-experimental design to obtain data on the incidence of ectoparasitic infestation in cattle at the Payakumbuh Livestock Market. Of the 158 cows examined, 85 of them were positive for ectoparasites on the outside of the body with a prevalence of 53.8%. Type of ectoparasites in the form of ticks Dermacentor sp. (50.63%) and Boophilus sp. (13.92%). Ectoparasites were found to be highest in cows with an infestation rate of 55.26% in the age group 8 years the prevalence reached 100% compared to the group of young cattle 56.36%.

Establishment of Multi-Institutional Model for the Delivery of Livestock Technology Needs in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya

This study was carried out in Isiolo and Kajiado counties. Livestock production and marketing have been hampered by the unavailability and accessibility to livestock technologies, and information sharing. The overall objective of this study was to assess a multi-institutional model for enhancing the uptake of livestock technologies in Isiolo and Kajiado counties. The key parameters assessed were priority livestock constraints; technology needs; stakeholder partnerships; and technology delivery platform. The data were collected from 451 households belonging to Kenya Climate Smart Agricultural Production KCSAP groups red meat value chain of pastoralists, Common Interest Groups and Most Vulnerable Groups (CIGs and VMGs) using semi-structured questionnaires, Focus group discussions with groups, key informant interviews with public and private sector actors.
 The results showed that in both Kajiado and Isiolo Counties, priority livestock production constraints in Kajiado County in Dalalekutuk ward were diseases, lack of feeds, limited access to water and inadequate veterinary services, and in Isiolo County were lack of feeds, limited access to water and diseases. Priority livestock diseases in Kajiado, County, Dalalekutuk ward were, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), anthrax; contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and cerebral coenurosis and enterotoxemia and cerebral coenurosis for the sheep. In Isiolo County, priority cattle diseases were FMD and trypanosomiasis,’ in the goats CCPP and cerebral coenurosis while in the sheep enterotoxemia and cerebral coenurosis. The reasons for persistent livestock production constraints were ranked and ranked as single organization interventions not sufficient to solve problems and lack of prioritization by stakeholders (water, pasture, diseases). The major livestock technology needs were: pasture, water, access to veterinary vaccines, capacity building of groups; training of para vets to support in the delivery of veterinary services; information sharing platform and market infrastructure. The multi-institutional technology exhibitions consisting of public and private sector actors were held in Kajiado and Isiolo Counties linking KCSAP pastoralist groups to technology and service providers. To enhance sharing of information, a mobile application(MITDP) was established linking CIGs and VMGs leaders with KALRO, KEVEVAPI, County Governments of Kajiado and Isiolo departments of livestock production and veterinary services; suppliers of drugs, vaccines and equipment; water technology suppliers; Agro-vets and Non-governmental organizations along the red meat value chain.

La commercialisation du betail dans le marché de N’Togonasso, Commune Rurale de Gouadjikao au Mali

The livestock market of N'Togonasso occupies an important place in the national economy of Mali in general and in the Rural Commune of Gouadjikao in particular. In addition to the importance of cattle, sheep and goat production, the cross-border marketing of livestock between Mali and certain countries in the sub-region, such as Burkina Faso, Niger, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, gives the livestock sector a sub-regional character. The marketing of cattle, sheep and goats in the market of N'Togonasso, Rural Commune of Gouadjikao, its dynamics as well as its economic profitability are flourishing nowadays. The objective of this paper is to analyze the marketing of livestock in the market of N'Togonasso, Rural Commune of Gouadjikao. The methodological approach was based on surveys conducted in 2020 with commercial actors in the sector. The literature review that preceded the field surveys helped to identify the dynamics of livestock marketing in a broad range. In total, the questionnaire was sent to 100 sellers, buyers and commercial intermediaries of livestock in the N'Togonasso market (see Table 1). The interview guide was also designed for resource persons. The study yielded a number of results. In the N'Togonasso market, in 20011, 1,567 large ruminants were presented and 1,270 were sold, representing 81.04% of sales. In 2020, 30,543 large ruminants were presented and 28,567 were sold, representing 93.53% of the sale rate. In 2011, 2,009 small ruminants presented at the market, 1,778 were sold or 88.50% of the sale rate. In 2020, 1, 1350 pet ruminants presented in the market, 10,908 were sold, or 96, 10% of the sales rate. From 2011 to 2020, in the market, 176,561 large ruminants were presented and 146,791 were sold. From 2011 to 2020, 74,671 small ruminants were presented in the market and 54,871 were sold, or 73, 48% of the sale rate.

Market structure, trader behaviour and performance of small ruminants marketing in Benin, West Africa

Livestock markets are characterised by imperfections, distortions, and efficiency problems that impact livestock marketing. The purpose of this research was to analyse the sheep and goat marketing system in Benin using the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) approach. Primary data were collected from 215 small ruminant traders selected from 21 markets to calculate the market concentration degree, marketing margin, and efficiency. The four largest traders’ concentration ratio (CR4) and Hirschman Herfindahl Index (HHI) show that small ruminant markets have an effective competition structure. These markets were unconcentrated, and barriers to entry were nonexistent, except for trading capital. Small ruminants sold in markets differed according to the animal’s body condition, ecotype, age, sex, and coat colour. These attributes and periods of sale are the main factors that influence pricing. Transport costs, animal feed and care costs, transport, and market taxes were the main transaction costs faced by the traders. The total transaction costs per sheep and goats were estimated at 742.7 ± 530.7 XOF and 663.2 ± 463.6 XOF respectively (XOF is a common and official currency of the eight member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union. 1 USD = 612,38 XOF). Average marketing margin was 5,869.2 ± 4,357.7 XOF per sheep and 3,851.2 ± 1,597.8 XOF per goat. The marketing efficiency was 78.8% for sheep and 78.9% for goats. This depended significantly on the type of trader, whereby wholesalers were the least efficient. Efficiency, including transaction costs and marketing margins, did not vary significantly between sheep and goats. To improve the efficiency of small ruminant marketing, attention needs to be given to improving the road infrastructure that serves markets and formulating new marketing policies on taxes.

Application of Phytogenic Liquid Supplementation in Soil Microbiome Restoration in Queensland Pasture Dieback.

Pasture production is vital in cattle farming as it provides animals with food and nutrients. Australia, as a significant global beef producer, has been experiencing pasture dieback, a syndrome of deteriorating grassland that results in the loss of grass and the expansion of weeds. Despite two decades of research and many remediation attempts, there has yet to be a breakthrough in understanding the causes or mechanisms involved. Suggested causes of this phenomenon include soil and plant microbial pathogens, insect infestation, extreme heat stress, radiation, and others. Plants produce a range of phytomolecules with antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, growth-promoting, and immunostimulant effects to protect themselves from a range of environmental stresses. These products are currently used more in human and veterinary health than in agronomy. In this study, we applied a phytogenic product containing citric acid, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, to investigate its ability to alleviate pasture dieback. The phytogenic liquid-based solution was sprayed twice, one week apart, at 5.4 L per hectare. The soil microbial community was investigated longitudinally to determine long-term effects, and pasture productivity and plant morphometric improvements were explored. The phytogenic liquid significantly improved post-drought recovery of alpha diversity and altered temporal and spatial change in the community. The phytogenic liquid reduced biomarker genera associated with poor and polluted soils and significantly promoted plant and soil beneficial bacteria associated with plant rhizosphere and a range of soil benefits. Phytogenic liquid application produced plant morphology improvements and a consistent enhancement of pasture productivity extending beyond 18 months post-application. Our data show that phytogenic products used in the livestock market as an alternative to antibiotics may also have a beneficial role in agriculture, especially in the light of climate change-related soil maintenance and remediation.

HoBi-like Pestivirus Is Highly Prevalent in Cattle Herds in the Amazon Region (Northern Brazil).

Pestiviruses are globally distributed and cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. In Brazil, the country with the world's largest cattle population, pestivirus infections are well described in some regions, such as in the south, where a high frequency of BVDV-2 is described and contrasts with the high prevalence of HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) in the northeast. However, there is a lack of information about pestiviruses in the Amazon Region, in northern Brazil, with a cattle population estimated at 55.7 million head, which has a significant impact on the international livestock market. Therefore, this study investigated the seroprevalence and genetic variability of ruminant pestiviruses in 944 bovine serum samples from four states in northern Brazil: Pará (PA), Amapá (AP), Roraima (RR), and Amazonas (AM). Our results showed that 45.4% of the samples were seropositive (19.8% for BVDV-1, 14.1% for BVDV-2, and 20.9% for HoBiPeV). All samples were tested by RT-qPCR, and three were positive and classified as HoBiPeV in a phylogenetic analysis. These serological and molecular results contrast with those from other regions of the world, suggesting that the northern Brazilian states have a high prevalence of all bovine pestiviruses including HoBiPeV.

Factors Influencing Participation in Self-Managed Livestock Markets in Rural Communities in the Republic of Benin

Livestock in West Africa is an example of regional value chain development. It is essentially based on the trade in livestock between production areas and consumption centers. The livestock trade is an important economic activity in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities as it is their source of income. The livestock trade in these regions takes place at several sites, the best known of which are the livestock markets. Two different types of livestock market are investigated in this study. Self-managed livestock markets (Marché à Bétail Autogéré: MBA), are new models for marketing livestock in the Republic of Benin. Unlike traditional livestock markets (Marché à Bétail traditionnel: MT), MBAs offer several advantages to its participants by creating a platform where sellers and buyers can meet to trade without intermediaries. The absence of the intermediary system in the operation of MBA markets makes them different from MT markets. Because of their important role in rural development, MBAs have become the focus of policy makers and international development organizations. The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors that affect farmers' participation in MBA markets. The study used primary data collected from face-to-face surveys of a random sample of 300 livestock farmers consisting of 150 respondents from the MBA and 150 respondents from the MT. Descriptive statistics and Binary Logistic Regression were used to analyze the data. The results of the Logistic Regression Analysis revealed that access to market information, payment type, cooperative partnership, beef cattle herd size, sheep herd size, goat herd size and farmland ownership have significant positive effects on MBA market participation, while distance to market has significant negative effects on MBA market participation. Improving these factors could increase the participation of livestock farmers in the MBAs in the Republic of Benin. This would increase their income and improve their living conditions. Knowledge of the factors influencing participation in MBA markets would also help stakeholders and policy makers in their decision making.

ASAS-NANP symposium: mathematical modeling in animal nutrition: agent-based modeling for livestock systems: the mechanics of development and application.

Over the last three decades, agent-based modeling/model (ABM) has been one of the most powerful and valuable simulation-based decision modeling techniques used to study the complex dynamic interactions between animals and their environment. ABM is a relatively new modeling technique in the animal research arena, with immense potential for routine decision-making in livestock systems. We describe ABM's fundamental characteristics for developing intelligent modeling systems, exemplify its use for livestock production, and describe commonly used software for designing and developing ABM. After that, we discuss several aspects of the developmental mechanics of an ABM, including (1) how livestock researchers can conceptualize and design a model, (2) the main components of an ABM, (3) different statistical methods of analyzing the outputs, and (4) verification, validation, and replication of an ABM. Then, we perform an overall analysis of the utilities of ABM in different subsystems of the livestock systems ranging from epidemiological prediction to nutritional management to livestock market dynamics. Finally, we discuss the concept of hybrid intelligent models (i.e., merging real-time data streams with intelligent ABM), which have applications in artificial intelligence-based decision-making for precision livestock farming. ABM captures individual agents' characteristics, interactions, and the emergent properties that arise from these interactions; thus, animal scientists can benefit from ABM in multiple ways, including understanding system-level outcomes, analyzing agent behaviors, exploring different scenarios, and evaluating policy interventions. Several platforms for building ABM exist (e.g., NetLogo, Repast J, and AnyLogic), but they have unique features making one more suitable for solving specific problems. The strengths of ABM can be combined with other modeling approaches, including artificial intelligence, allowing researchers to advance our understanding further and contribute to sustainable livestock management practices. There are many ways to develop and apply mathematical models in livestock production that might assist with sustainable development. However, users must be experienced when choosing the appropriate modeling technique and computer platform (i.e., modeling development tool) that will facilitate the adoption of mathematical models by certifying that the model is field-ready and versatile enough for untrained users.

Pastoral livestock market integration amidst improvements in physical and communication infrastructure: Evidence from northern Kenya

This article analyses the level of integration in pastoral markets in Kenya using high-frequency data generated through a crowdsourcing endeavour. The vector error-correction model framework was used to estimate the causal relationships between the short- and long-run market price. The results indicate that a higher proportion of price variation in larger markets in the region was due to market price shocks, while variation in the smaller markets originated from the larger markets. Weekly adjustments and the convergence of prices on a long-run equilibrium after experiencing shocks were also observed. Price transmission was also evident between markets operating along different trading routes. However, markets located close to production catchments exhibited lower price trends, despite being connected. These results suggest a strong influence of the recent infrastructural investments on price transmission between markets in the region. The findings imply that more investments would enhance the competitive trading environment and reduce unidirectional price transmission.

PEMBUATAN APLIKASI PENJUALAN BINATANG TERNAK BERBASIS ANDROID DI PETERNAKAN BEBEK ALFALAH DESA PADAULUN

ABSTRACT: In line with the rapid development of this technology, business actors are increasingly encouraged to use technology as a weapon to stay afloat and win the competition that is getting tougher and harder every day. Unlike the Bebek Alfalah livestock business which is still not effective and efficient because the buying and selling process is still carried out directly on the spot because the number of sales transactions is still relatively low because many businesses that are still doing promotions and sales still use brochures or billboards, so the author decided to design an e- commerce application for the livestock marketing business which can later facilitate the Alfalah Duck farm in conducting sales and promotions of duck and meat livestock that can be expected to make it easier for potential buyers to get information about the farm and duck meat. Then the design is implemented by using Laravel to build applications to be managed by admins and using fluter to build applications for use by customers in ordering products. Farm animal sales applications created using Laravel and fluter are ready to run as they function.

Enhancing Livestock Productivity in the Desert Ecologies of Pakistan: Setting the Development Priorities.

Livestock is now sharing by more than 53 percent of total agricultural value added in Pakistan. Identifying and developing the potential areas of livestock production is part of the overall development strategy for this sector while rural poverty alleviation is a major concern of Pakistan’s overall development policy. Our major livestock production systems are grazing, stall-fed and grazing-cum-stall-fed based. Grazing based livestock farming is economical and customary system in mountainous, rainfed, deserts and salinity affected areas. The livestock herders of desert areas deserve special attention of the policy-makers because of their most deprived living conditions as majority is living below poverty line by all poverty measuring standards. The present study is aimed to generate an updated synthesis based on empirical knowledge about status of livestock farming in desert ecologies of Pakistan. The results show that the average herd sizes maintained by the herders is fairly large to cover losses due to drought, disease and other epidemics. The human and physical capital endowments of the farmers are generally poor. Other common characteristics are: major dependence on natural vegetation with limited supply of fodder, more physical exertion of animals during grazing, poor animal health, practicing natural method of breeding, low milk and meat productivity, highly limited livestock and milk marketing opportunities, etc. The stall feeding is mainly composed of dry stalks and straws of different crops along with a small quantity of food grains. On marketing side, because of location and lack of infrastructure support, milk marketing opportunities are meager, therefore, it is converted into desi ghee—a value added and preserved form which is sold in nearby town markets. In marketing of live animals, the farmers are always exploited by beoparies. On average herd size, the net monthly income in Cholistan desert from cattle (for milk), sheep and goats farming (for meat purpose) was Rs 10128, Rs 990 and Rs 508, respectively; for Thal desert the corresponding estimates were Rs 457, Rs 359 and Rs 552, respectively; and for Tharparkar, the corresponding estimates are Rs 918, Rs 3221 and Rs 331, respectively. There is a strong need of prioritising development efforts for desert ecologies. High priority areas include efforts for increasing availability of rangeland vegetation and green fodder, improvement in the genetic potential of local livestock breeds, provision of more efficient livestock health coverage, and establishment of milk collection centres of milk processing plants. The low priority areas include designing regulatory framework for milk and livestock marketing, programs for human capacity building, facilitating through institutional credit, and different incentives for the veterinary staff posted in such areas. JEL classification: Q130, Q190, Q200 Keywords: Desert, Tharparkar, Thal, Cholistan, Livestock Farming, Livestock Feeding Patterns, Feed Composition, Livestock Trade Intensity, Priority Setting.

Assessment of animal health and production constraints: The case of three districts.

Animal production is an important tool for improving the living standard of humans and is the backbone of Ethiopia's agricultural development. The country is known for its high livestock potential, but it is not well exploited due to various hindering factors. The objective of the study is to assess the key issues related to animal health and production. The evaluation was carried out in three purposively selected districts of East Wollega zone, namely Gidda Ayana, Sibu Sire and Jimma Arjo by using well-designed and structured questionnaire surveys. During the study period, 200, 145 and 165 respondents were sampled from the animal owners in the districts of Gidda Ayana, Sibu Sire and Jimma Arjo, respectively. Of these, about 97.89%, 95.68% and 94.9% practice extensive management in Gidda Ayana, Jimma Arjo and Sibu Sire, respectively. The majority of respondents in Gidda Ayana (98.1%), Jimma Arjo (97.21%) and Sibu Sire (98.9%) use natural pastures. For cattle breeding, uncontrolled natural mating is used in Gidda Ayana (90.79%), Jimma Arjo (86.3%) and Sibu Sire (95.69%). The major constraints of animal health and production were also assessed. Accordingly, a lack of access to adequate animal production and health expert in Gidda Ayana (27.33%), Jimma Arjo (29.36%) and Sibu Sire (31.59%) was recorded, whereas the lack of sustainable and structured modern livestock market was observed in Gidda Ayana (25.94%), Jimma Arjo (21.31%) and Sibu Sire (19.80%). Livestock need improved animal health, management systems and breeding methods. The study revealed key issues related to animal health and production, such as poor management systems and breeding methods, limited coverage of veterinary services and a modern livestock market. Thus, it is indispensable to increase the coverage of veterinary services, animal extension services and alternative sources of animal feed.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Nagari Palangki dalam Mengatasi Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku (PMK)

Nagari Palangki, IV Koto District, Sinjunjung Regency, is one area that has the potential for beef cattle farming and a large livestock market. The Palangki cattle market is the largest cattle market in West Sumatra. The Palangki cattle market has become a supplier of beef cattle for the provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau and Bengkulu. The operation of the Palangki livestock market was closed due to cattle infected by mouth and nail disease (FMD). FMD is a contagious animal disease that attacks hoofed animals, especially livestock such as cattle, goats and sheep caused by viruses. This disease can cause huge economic losses because it can lead to a decrease in livestock productivity and even death. It is necessary to take action in dealing with FMD, therefore socialization of the handling and prevention of oral and nail diseases is carried out to the Basung Indah Palangki farmer group. FMD vaccination was carried out in collaboration with the Agriculture Service of Sijunjung Regency and 100 cows were vaccinated in District IV Nagari. The activity aimed to empower and provide insight to Nagari Palangki cattle farmers in overcoming oral and nail diseases.

Impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on livestock production in Kyrgyzstan

Livestock husbandry is a key indicator of economic development, environmental protection, and food security in the world, which is vulnerable to environmental changes and economic shocks. In our study on Kyrgyzstan, we quantified the effects of socio-economic and environmental factors on the dynamics of livestock sales, self-consumption, and inventory from 2006 to 2020 using a two-period livestock production model and spatial panel model. The results showed that from 2006 to 2020, more than 50% livestock were stocked annually, which means that herders in Kyrgyzstan preferred to preserve their animals as assets to deal with unknown risks. Additionally, to gain greater profit, Kyrgyz herdsmen would expand or downsize their livestock business, tailor self-consumption, and manage inventory based on the livestock market price, loan on livestock, non-herding income, and its current stock. Our study found that the development of animal husbandry in seven oblasts of Kyrgyzstan had spatial spillover effects, which indicated that the dynamics of the animal husbandry market and environment not only affected the scale of local animal husbandry but also had an important impact on adjacent oblasts. Our research contributes to ensuring the income for herdsmen and the sustainable development of animal husbandry, thereby promoting high-quality economic development in developing countries with animal husbandry as a pillar industry.

Effects of climate-change variability on livestock production and coping strategies in Maikona, Marsabit County, Kenya

Abstract. Wato M, Koech MK, Maraga JN. 2022. Effects of climate-change variability on livestock production and coping strategies in Maikona, Marsabit County, Kenya. Intl J Trop Drylands 6: 90-102. Climate change is viewed as one of humanity's greatest challenges. This study sought to investigate the coping mechanisms pastoral communities have employed in Maikona Location (Marsabit County, Kenya) and their sustainability. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods, targeting 145 respondents, including 127 household respondents, 14 Women and Youth group members in FGDs, and 4 technical/NGO representatives. Questionnaires, FGDs, and key informant checklists were the main tools. Data were analyzed both inferentially and descriptively. The study envisioned would give vital information to policy-makers and pastoral development stakeholders on the actual impacts facing the pastoralists and the existing and appropriate coping mechanisms while guiding the interventions and policy options. The study found that there had been real and perceived changes in temperature and rainfall patterns. Field inquiries indicated rainfall patterns significantly changed (94%) between 1980 and 2010, as well as a significantly declining trend of the data from the metrological department. These changes were established to negatively impact livestock production and the livelihood of the community in the study area. The local community was found to seek relief food, buy food on credit and sell livestock assets as common coping strategies. The sustainability of those strategies, however, is in immense doubt since most of the respondents were not even sure of their longevity, while others admitted they might not use them for long. Moreover, most (84%) of the respondents could not tell the consequences of their strategies on the environment. The external supports provided to the communities were largely in response to emergencies and were not viewed as sustainable in the long term. The study recommended constantly sharing rainfall data from the metrological department with the pastoralists to understand the dynamics of rainfall and temperature variations on livestock production and possible coping strategies customized for their situation and advise them on sustainability. The study further recommended the need for long-term support like establishing a livestock market, supporting education through sponsorship, and adopting policies that support mobility instead of sedentarization of the communities.

Perception of Stakeholders for Meat Qualities among Value Chain Actors in Ethiopia.

Perception is the knowledge of an individual/group gained from experience and impressions of the ideal situation. Ethiopian livestock marketing has a different stage and large actors. However, in the flow chain, there is less communication. Because they only perceive for their benefit rather than care for a quality product. This happened because the production mapping was not understood among them. The majority of producers fetch too old animals after being culled from production and those that might be abnormal due to disease and chronic stress. Traders transport mixed animals through nondedicated vehicles and long trekking without feeding and watering. Abattoir men worked with poor facilities. They perceived that the time stay animals in Lairage, breeding, bleeding, and carcass handling is the major problem in meat quality in Ethiopia. The slaughtering has been conducted in brutal ways of stunning using either a hammer or knife at the atlanto-occipital space of the animal on the floor side by side. The majority of butchers in Ethiopia are located on the main road for their products to be easily displayed to clients, and they hang meat on the open shelf without packing, which exposes the product to aerobic spoilage by bacteria and yeasts. Traders/brokers are promoting the product based on the commission they earn rather than the quality and health of the animals. However, as a principle, each actor has a responsibility to manage risk as they benefit socially and economically from firms. Government entities should play an important role in shaping actors' perceptions and understanding of biosecurity measures. Mainly, the interventions should focus on improving business models and technological adoption. This model is used for improving vertical relationships among operational actors, horizontal relationships with logistics providers, and market promotion measures to attract foreign direct investors and importers, transforming traditional practices of animal husbandry into commercial ones. Because a key activity for each value chain actor is availing of the final product safely at the right place and time. The review was designed to convey information to enhance the linkage between meat value chain actors and optimize management skills in Ethiopia.

Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Thailand from 2011 to 2018.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important animal diseases hindering livestock production in Thailand. In this study, a temporal and spatial analysis at the subdistrict level was performed on FMD outbreak reports in Thailand from 2011 to 2018. Risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks were furthermore investigated using generalized estimating equations. The results showed that the incidence of FMD outbreaks was the highest in 2016 and was affected by season, with a peak in FMD outbreaks occurring in the rainy-winter season, during October to December. FMDoutbreaks were mostly distributed in small clusters within a few subdistricts. Some high-risk areas with repeated outbreaks were detected in the central regions. Risk factors, including the increase of subdistrict's size of the dairy population, beef population or pig population, the low percentage of forest area, subdistricts in the provinces adjacent to Malaysia, the presence of a livestock market and the occurrence of an FMD outbreak in a neighbouring subdistrict in the previous month significantly increased the odds of having an FMD outbreak. The increase in proximity to the nearest subdistrict with an FMD outbreak in the previous month decreased the odds of having FMD outbreaks. This study helped to identify high-risk areas and periods of FMD outbreaks in Thailand. Together with the identified risk factors, its results can be used to optimize the FMD control programme in Thailand and in other countries having a similar livestock industry and FMD situation.

Incidence of dermatophillosis among one humped camel (camelus dromedarius) provided to tamboul livestock market, Sudan

The present study aimed to the determined incidence of Dermatophillosis among one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) provided to Tamboul livestock market, Sudan. Three hundred camels of different ages and sex that came from different parts of Sudan were studied in different season’s assessment of some factors on the incidence of Dermatophillosis, and haematological and biochemical values for infected camels were done. The results showed that the incidence rate of Dermatophilus infection in camels was 3%, visually; loss of hair and accumulation of necrotic white materials around the neck, forelimb, thorax and sometimes all parts of the body was shown; the necrotic white materials were deep and hard attachment with skin. Microscopically the Dermatophilus congolensis under the microscope revealed cocci was used 10% KOH and Giemsa stain. According to age, Chi-square revealed a significantly higher incidence rate in the age group less than 6 years (88.9%) followed by 6-12 years (11.1%) years and not noted in ages more than 13 years. Therefore, a high significance variation in sex and all infected camels were noticed in male. While the season factor showed an insignificant effect on Dermatophilus infection. In addition, the results showed that Dermatophilosis was an insignificant effect on the mean of hematological and biochemical parameters (p>0.05). Dermatophillosis mixed with dermatophytosis was detected in most examined samples. Direct examination using 10% KOH is a reliable technique to determine chronic Dermatophillosis and the Strategic application of anti-biotic drugs mixed with anti-fungal drugs for the treatment of camel Dermatophillosis is strongly recommended.

PSVII-16 Evaluation of the Population Profile of Methanogenic Microorganisms in Animals Treated with the Additive Fator P

Abstract The effects caused by climatic variations in the world, have been attributed to the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases and as a consequence of worsening global warming. The improper handling of animals can contribute to the emission of gases of enteric origin, which are harmful to the environment. The use of additives in the diet of animals tends to be more advantageous as it will equilibrate the ruminal microbial flora, modulate the ruminal metabolism, and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to environment. Fator P is a natural additive that was developed to attend the current needs of the livestock market, and make the management system more productive and sustainable, and reduce impacts on the environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the profile of methanogenic microorganisms by the method of relative quantification by qPCR in animals treated with the natural additive Fator P. The experiment was carried out in triplicate, with a total of six animals, in pasture, receiving 6 gr of the Fator P additive and control. Over 28 days of experiment, the ruminal liquid was collected in days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and the DNA was extracted using the Qiagem 51604 kit. The reaction of qPCR was realized using a primers sequence of total bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. The population profile of microorganisms over the days, Factor P showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0,05) on days 2 (55,7%; p = 0,0188), 7 (72,08%; p = 0,0445), 14 (56,31%, p = 0,0123), 21 (46,62%, p = 0,0049), 28 (53,28%, p = 0,0499). The result indicates that the reduction in the population of methanogens can reduce the emission of gases of enteric origin and shows the efficiency of the additive in management system more productive and sustainable.