Rat Liver Tissue Research Articles

Thymoquinone protects thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad3 axis in rats.

Chronic liver injury due to various etiological factors results in excess secretion and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to scarring of liver tissue and ultimately to hepatic fibrosis. If left untreated, fibrosis might progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymoquinone (TQ), an active compound of Nigella sativa, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Therefore, the effect of TQ against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis was assessed in rats. Fibrosis was induced with intraperitoneal administration of TAA (250 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week for 5 weeks. TQ (20 mg/kg b.w.) and silymarin (50 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered daily for 5 weeks separately in TAA administered groups. Liver dysfunction was reported by elevated liver enzymes, increased oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis upon TAA administration. Our study demonstrated that TQ inhibited the elevation of liver marker enzymes in serum. TQ administration significantly increased antioxidant markers, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue of rats. Further, TQ significantly attenuated liver fibrosis, as illustrated by the downregulation of TAA-induced interleukin-β, tumour necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and fibrosis markers like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), α-smooth muscle actin, collagen-1, Smad3 and 7. Therefore, these findings suggest that TQ has a promising hepatoprotective property, as indicated by its potential to effectively suppress TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via TGF-β/Smad signaling.

Effect of chronic intake of cadmium chloride on the transcriptional activity of metallothionein and zinc transporter genes

Introduction. Cadmium chloride is an inorganic compound containing cadmium, a heavy metal that is one of the active environmental pollutants today. Damage to organs in experimental animals due to cadmium poisoning is similar to that in humans. In this work, the activity of metallothionein and zinc transporters genes was studied in a chronic model of cadmium-induced poisoning in experimental animals.
 Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out using seventy two individuals of white inbred rats of both sexes, the average weight of which was 215 g. Animals from four groups were injected with a solution of cadmium chloride in four different doses, respectively, individuals of the fifth group, the control group, received an equimolar volume of pure water. The objects of the study were the kidneys and livers of rats, removed after the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. Next, the activity of the Mt1A, Mt2A, Mt3A, Zip1 and Znt1 genes was analyzed in organ samples using real-time PCR.
 Results. Significant increases in the expression multiplicity of Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A metallothionein genes in the kidneys at different doses of the toxicant were revealed. In liver samples, a decrease in the expression of the Mt2A gene was found in the experimental group exposed to cadmium chloride at a dose 
 of 0.1 mg/kg (p<0.05). For the Znt1 gene in rat liver tissue, there was a statistically significant decrease in expression at a dose of 0.001 mg/kg (p<0.05) 
 and, conversely, an increase at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Analysis of the level of transcripts of the Zip1 gene in the kidneys and liver after 6 months of inoculation with the toxicant in the presented doses did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups.
 Limitations. Laboratory animals of the only biological species were used for the experiment. Four doses of the cadmium salt alone were evaluated.
 Conclusion. The results obtained allow concluding that the level of expression of the Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A genes in the kidneys can play the role of a diagnostic marker in chronic poisoning with the toxicant under study.

Phytoremedial Effect Of Ocimum sanctum Against Arsenic Induced Toxicity In Charles Foster Rats

Globally, 300 million people worldwide are exposed to groundwater arsenic poisoning in the recent time, while an estimated 10 million population are exposed to arsenic poisoning in Bihar (India). The arsenic contamination in ground water has caused serious health hazards in the exposed population. The typical symptoms of arsenicosis are observed in the exposed population mostly skin manifestations such as hyperkeratosis, melanosis, loss of appetite, neuro-behavioral disorders etc. Hence, the present study aims to develop novel drug discovery against arsenic induced toxicity in rat models. In the present study treatment groups received sodium arsenite orally at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight daily for 90 days followed by administration of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) seed extract at the dose of 500 mg/ kg body weight daily by gavage method for 60 days. Their biochemical levels like liver and kidney function tests were assayed and were found with elevated levels. Furthermore, their free radical assessment such as lipid peroxidation levels were assayed which was also found to be many folds higher. Furthermore, the arsenic concentration in the tissue of liver and kidney was significantly very high. But, after the administration of ethanolic seed extract of Ocimum sanctum, there was significant restoration in the biochemical and lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, there was also reduction in the arsenic content in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. The phytoremedial effect of this novel plant (Ocimum sanctum) denotes that it possesses antidote effect against arsenic induced toxicity.

Carbonized Cellulose Aerogel Derived from Waste Pomelo Peel for Rapid Hemostasis of Trauma-Induced Bleeding.

Uncontrollable massive bleeding caused by trauma will cause the patient to lose a large amount of blood and drop body temperature quickly, resulting in hemorrhagic shock. This study aims to develop a hemostatic product for hemorrhage management. In this study, waste pomelo peel as raw material is chosen. It underwent processes of carbonization, purification, and freeze-drying. The obtained carbonized pomelo peel (CPP) is hydrophilic and exhibits a porous structure (nearly 80% porosity). The water/blood absorption ratio is significantly faster than the commercial Gelfoam and has a similar water/blood absorption capacity. In addition, the CPP showed a water-triggered shape-recoverable ability. Moreover, the CPP shows ideal cytocompatibility and blood compatibility in vitro and favorable tissue compatibility after long terms of subcutaneous implantation. Furthermore, CPP can absorb red blood cells and fibrin. It also can absorb platelets and activate platelets, and it is capable of achieving rapid hemostasis on the rat tail amputation and hepatectomized hemorrhage model. In addition, the CPP not only can quickly stop bleeding in the rat liver-perforation and rabbit heart uncontrolled hemorrhage models, but also promotes rat liver and rabbit heart tissue regeneration in situ. These results suggest the CPP has shown great potential for managing uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Assessing the toxicity of pesticides exposure on hepatic miRNA-target gene alterations in rat liver tissues via molecular and integrated network bioinformatics analysis

The prevalent use of pesticides, including pirimiphos-methyl (PPM) and bifenthrin (BF), poses a serious health risk, particularly to workers who encounter these chemicals daily. Despite the recognized hepatotoxic effects, the specific molecular mechanisms, especially those involving miRNAs in liver damage caused by PPM and BF, are not fully elucidated. Prior studies have not exhaustively analyzed the hepatic miRNA-target gene dynamics following exposure to these pesticides; thus, this research aims to fill that gap through an extensive miRNA analysis to discern their regulation in PPM or BF-induced hepatic toxicity. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to BF or PPM for 28 days through oral gavage, simulating the chronic exposure faced by humans. We conducted a thorough assessment of the hepatotoxicity induced by PPM and BF, employing multiple evaluation levels, including histological analysis, liver enzyme measurements, and real-time PCR to detect changes in hepatic miRNA-target gene expressions. Additionally, we utilized DIANA-miRPath prediction tools to delineate the functional implications of these hepatic miRNA target genes. Our findings reveal a significant modulation in the expression of rno-miR-155–5p and rno-miR-122–5p, along with their target genes, following PPM and BF treatment. In contrast, rno-miR-21–5p levels remained unaltered. These observations suggest potential utility of these specific hepatic miRNAs as biomarkers for liver injury resulting from pesticide exposure. Subsequent GO enrichment analysis linked target genes to functions like molecular activity, protein binding, and cellular processes. Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis showed these genes, influenced by varied miRNA expressions, play significant roles in metabolic and signaling pathways In conclusion, this study enhances our comprehension of the biological roles of miRNAs in hepatic toxicity induced by PPM and BF. The insights gained here not only shed light on molecular mechanisms but also open avenues for considering these miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers in conditions of pesticide-induced hepatotoxicity, thereby guiding future therapeutic strategies.

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine as a Novel Matrix for Enhanced MALDI Imaging of Tissue Metabolites.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), which is a label-free imaging technique, determines the spatial distribution and relative abundance of versatile endogenous metabolites in tissues. Meanwhile, matrix selection is generally regarded as a pivotal step in MALDI tissue imaging. This study presents the first report of a novel MALDI matrix, 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (HNTP), for the in situ detection and imaging of endogenous metabolites in rat liver and brain tissues by MALDI-MS in positive-ion mode. The HNTP matrix exhibits excellent characteristics, including strong ultraviolet absorption, μm-scale matrix crystals, high chemical stability, low background ion interference, and high metabolite ionization efficiency. Notably, the HNTP matrix also shows superior detection capabilities, successfully showing 185 detectable metabolites in rat liver tissue sections. This outperforms the commonly used matrices of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, which detect 145 and 120 metabolites from the rat liver, respectively. Furthermore, a total of 152 metabolites are effectively detected and imaged in rat brain tissue using the HNTP matrix, and the spatial distribution of these compounds clearly shows the heterogeneity of the rat brain. The results demonstrate that HNTP is a new and powerful positive-ion mode matrix to enhance the analysis of metabolites in biological tissues by MALDI-MSI.

Analysis of polyphenols, anthocyanins and toxic elements in Açaí Juice (Euterpe oleracea Mart.): Quantification and in vivo assessment of the antioxidant capacity of clarified Açaí juice

This study aims to measure the concentration of total polyphenols, anthocyanins and inorganic contaminants (Al, Pb and Ni) in samples of açaí juice collected in the municipalities of Pará and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant capacity of purified açaí juice. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, while inorganic contaminants were measured using Graphite Furnace Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS) after microwave-assisted digestion. The in vivo study lasted five days and involved 16 rats divided into four groups. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the formation of peroxyl free radicals (ACAP) in rat liver tissue. The average concentrations (mg GAE/DE) of total phenolic compounds averaged 27.34, with individual values ranging from 13.28 to 56.58. The average concentration (mg ANTO/g) of anthocyanins was 7.6, with individual concentrations ranging from 5.52 to 9.75. Contaminant concentrations (mg/kg) ranged from 1.82 to 11.74 for Al, 0.04 to 0.53 for Pb and 0.18 to 0.78 for Ni. The levels of Pb found in the samples may represent a concern to health. Al and Pb induced oxidative stress in the liver tissue, but Euterpe oleracea clarified juice (EOCJ) led to significant antioxidant protection. Animals treated with the highest dose of EOCJ (2.07 g/kg body weight) experienced an approximately five-fold reduction in ACAP compared to the group exposed to the metals (Al and Pb). The findings suggest the need to monitor inorganic contaminants in açaí products as well as the potential benefits of antioxidant compounds against the liver toxicity of Al and Pb.

Therapeutic Effects of Pimpinella anisum Fruit Extract on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Rat Model: Emerging Role of Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrine disorder. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum) fruit on pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and ovarian tissue structure in a rat model of PCOS. After inducing PCOS, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and PCOS groups. They orally received daily doses of normal saline or hydro-alcoholic extract of P. anisum at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, ovarian and liver tissues were collected to measure lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, TNF-α, IL-6 mRNA expression, and its content. Additionally, histopathological examinations of the ovarian tissue were conducted. Our findings revealed a dose-dependent change in the biochemical and histopathological parameters. Treatment with P. anisum resulted in a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression levels and their content in the ovarian and liver tissues. It also reduced MDA levels while increasing SOD and GPx activity in both ovarian and liver tissues of PCOS rats. Furthermore, the number of follicular cysts in the PCOS rat model was significantly reduced. The beneficial effects of P. anisum in PCOS rats are partly attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ovarian tissue. These findings suggest that P. anisum could be a potential candidate for the treatment of PCOS disorders.

Tanshinone Ⅱ_A inhibits ferroptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway to protect liver in rats of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

This study investigated the protective effect of tanshinone Ⅱ_A(TSⅡ_A) on the liver in the rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and the mechanism of TSⅡ_A in regulating ferroptosis via the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2) signaling pathway. The rat model of NAFLD was established with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The successfully modeled rats were assigned into model group, low-and high-dose TSⅡ_A groups, and inhibitor group, and normal control group was set. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the content of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in the serum of rats in each group. A biochemical analyzer was used to measure the content of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alaninl aminotransferase(ALT), total cholesterol(TC), and triglycerides(TG). Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to detect pathological damage in liver tissue. Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling(TUNEL) was employed to examine the apoptosis of the liver tissue. Oil red O staining, MitoSOX staining, and Prussian blue staining were conducted to reveal lipid deposition, the content of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and iron deposition in liver tissue. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1), B cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), and Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax) in the liver tissue. The result showed that TSⅡ_A significantly reduced the content of MDA, AST, ALT, TC, and TG in the serum, increased the activity of SOD, decreased the apoptosis rate, lipid deposition, ROS, and iron deposition in the liver tissue, up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, FSP1, GPX, and Bcl-2, and inhibited the expression of Bax in the liver tissue of NAFLD rats. However, ML385 partially reversed the protective effect of TSⅡ_A on the liver tissue. In conclusion, TSⅡ_A could inhibit ferroptosis in the hepatocytes and decrease the ROS and lipid accumulation in the liver tissue of NAFLD rats by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb against bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis.

Cholestasis is caused by a malfunction of the biliary liver system. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the progression of cholestasis. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb (JE) fruits on hepatic impairment induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; sham control + vehicle (SC), BDL + vehicle (BDL), BDL + JE extract (BDL + JE), and SC + extract (SC + JE). One day after surgery, the animals were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extract of JE (500 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Finally, the blood was taken for biochemical and oxidative stress analysis. Furthermore, the liver tissue of rats was removed for histological examination. Treatment with the extract of JE decreased the ALP level, whereas it enhanced total protein content compared to the BDL group. Also, JE increased the activity of SOD and GPx, as well as FRAP content compared to the BDL group; while it did not significantly affect the levels of MDA and inflammation markers. However, JE could not improve BDL-induced histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue. This study demonstrated that JE may be useful as an adjuvant therapy by attenuating ALP activity, increasing serum total protein and FRAP content, as well as improving the antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD and GPx. However, further research is warranted to explore the other underlying mechanisms of action.

Free radical processes in the liver mitochondria of rats exposed to diethyl phthalate

Diethyl phthalate (DEF) is a synthetic chemical widely used as plasticizer and additive in personal care and pharmaceutical products. Low-dose exposure to this xenobiotic over a long period contributes to its intake into the human body in a high doses. To date, studies of DEF influence on free radical processes in liver cells, in which it is not only metabolized but can also have a prooxidant effect, remain limited. The aim of our research was to determine ROS formation, the intensity of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) and proteolytic activity in the mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue of rats exposed to diethyl phtalate. The experimental white outbred rats were divided into three groups: I – intact animals (control), II and III – rats administered DEF orally for three weeks at a doses that reflect the dose levels received by humans, namely 2.5 and 5.4 mg/kg b.w. respectively. The animals were euthanized on the 14th and 21st day after xenobiotic administration. The mitochondrial fraction from the rat liver was isolated and the level of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, protein carbonyl derivatives, SH-groups and Schiff bases was determined. Proteolytic activity was assessed in the test of hemoglobin cleavage. It was shown that administration of DEF in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg initiated ROS generation and OMP intensification in the rat liver mitochondria only with prolonged administration for 21 days, whereas its administration in a dose of 5.4 mg/kg led to intensification of these processes already on day 14th followed by further amplification on day 21st. The activity of proteolytic enzymes in the mitochondrial fraction was found to be depended on the degree of DEF–induced OMP and was increased with minor OMP intensification but decreased with significant intensification of proteins free radical oxidation. Keywords: carbonyl derivatives, diethyl phthalate, liver, mitochondrial fraction, proteolytic enzymes, ROS, SH-groups

The “Sweat Soaking Method”-processed Radix Wikstroemia indica Extracts Attenuate Liver Toxicity and its Effect on Cytochrome P450 Protein

Background: Radix Wikstroemia indica (RWI) is one of the most commonly used drugs in Miao medicine. However, RWI is characterized by high toxicity. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to observe the effect of the “sweat soaking method” processed on reducing the hepatotoxicity of RWI and on cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein expression. Materials and Methods: The study focused on investigating the impact of both RWI raw products and RWI processed products on the proliferation of L-02 cells. To assess this, a cell counting kit-8 was employed. After the administration of RWI through oral gavage for a duration of 15 days in rats, the corresponding kits were utilized to determine the serum levels of the liver index factor. Furthermore, both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and western blot analysis were conducted to analyze the liver tissues. Results: Both the raw RWI and the processed RWI at high doses inhibited the proliferation of L-02 cells, but the cell viability of the concoction group was higher than that of the raw group. The liver tissues of rats in the control and processed product groups were normal, while those in the raw product groups showed different degrees of liver damage. Additionally, compared with the control group, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the raw product groups was notably increased in a dose-dependent manner; the three enzyme activities of the processed group were lower than those of the raw product group. In addition, the expression levels of CYP3A4, 2C19, 2C9, 1A2, and 2E1 in the liver tissue of rats in the processed group were lower than those in the raw group, while the protein expression trend of CYP2D6 was irregular. Conclusion: The detoxication mechanism of RWI, after undergoing processing, appears to be associated with reduced protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, ultimately leading to decreased liver injury.

The Hepato and Reno Protective Role of Curcumin against the Alterations in Some Biochemical Parameter and Histological Damage Induced by Monosodium Glutamate in Male Albino Rats

The main objective of current research was to investigate toxicity effect of Monosodium glutamate and protective role of Curcumin on some blood biochemical parameters, body weight gain, relative organ weight and histopathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues in male albino rats. Twenty animals of male rats (Rattus norvegicus), their weight ranged from 111 to 165 gm. The animals were divided into four groups: Each animal group contained five rat, first group was control negative (-ve) administrated distilled water, the second group was control positive (+ve) administrated curcumin, third group was administrated by Monosodium glutamate (MSG) at dose 20 mg per one Kg and the forth group was administrated by Monosodium glutamate (MSG) at dose 20mg/Kg of body weight + curcumin at dose 100 mg per one Kg of body weight. All animal groups were administrated orally about 30 days. The study recorded significant p≥0.05 increment in liver and kidney function parameters included [Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Urea and creatinine] after oral administration of animals with MSG and MSG + Curcumin as a comparison with control groups. The study recorded significant decrement p≥0.05 in liver and kidney function parameters included ALT, AST, Urea and creatinine) in group was administrated MSG + Curcumin in comparison with group was administrated MSG only. Additionally, current study revealed histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue in groups were administrated MSG and MSG+ curcumin compared with + curcumin compared with control groups. Furthermore, the study revealed that curcumin had protective effect and result in slight histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue by reducing the damage and in group was treated by MSG+ curcumin for 30 days compared with MSG treated group.

Real-Time Tissue Classification Using a Novel Optical Needle Probe for Biopsy.

Core needle biopsy is a part of the histopathological process, which is required for cancerous tissue examination. The most common method to guide the needle inside of the body is ultrasound screening, which in greater part is also the only guidance method. Ultrasound screening requires user experience. Furthermore, patient involuntary movements such as breathing might introduce artifacts and blur the screen. Optically enhanced core needle biopsy probe could potentially aid interventional radiologists during this procedure, providing real-time information on tissue properties close to the needle tip, while it is advancing inside of the body. In this study, we used diffuse optical spectroscopy in a custom-made core needle probe for real-time tissue classification. Our aim was to provide initial characteristics of the smart needle probe in the differentiation of tissues and validate the basic purpose of the probe of informing about breaking into a desired organ. We collected optical spectra from rat blood, fat, heart, kidney, liver, lungs, and muscle tissues. Gathered data were analyzed for feature extraction and evaluation of two machine learning-based classifiers: support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors. Their performances on training data were compared using subject-independent k-fold cross-validation. The best classifier model was chosen and its feasibility for real-time automated tissue recognition and classification was then evaluated. The final model reached nearly 80% of correct real-time classification of rat organs when using the needle probe during real-time classification.

Noise and silver nanoparticles induce hepatotoxicity via CYP450/NF-Kappa B 2 and p53 signaling pathways in a rat model.

Co-exposure to noise and nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles (Silver-NPs), is a common occurrence in today's industries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to noise and the administration of silver-NPs on the liver tissue of rats. Thirty-six adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: a control group (administered saline intraperitoneally), two groups administered different doses of Silver-NPs (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg, 5days a week for 28days), two groups exposed to noise in addition to Silver-NPs (at the same doses as mentioned before), and a group exposed only to noise (104dB, 6hours a day, 5days a week for 4weeks). Blood samples were taken to assess hepatic-functional alterations, such as serum ALP, ALT, and AST levels. Additionally, biochemical parameters (MDA, GPX, and CAT) and the silver concentration in the liver were measured. Histopathological analysis, mRNA expression (P53 and NF-κB), protein expression (CYP450), and liver weight changes in rats were also documented. The study found that the administration of Silver-NPs and exposure to noise resulted in elevated levels of ALP, ALT, AST, and MDA (p < .01). Conversely, GPX and CAT levels decreased in all groups compared with the control group (p < .0001). There was a significant increase (p < .05) in liver weight and silver concentration in the liver tissues of groups administered Silver-NPs (50mg/kg) plus noise exposure, Silver-NPs (100mg/kg), and Silver-NPs (100mg/kg) plus noise exposure, respectively. The expression rate of P53, NF-κB, and cytochromes P450 (CYPs-450) was increased in the experimental groups (p < .05). These findings were further confirmed by histopathological changes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that exposure to noise and the administration of Silver-NPs exacerbated liver damage by increasing protein and gene expression, causing hepatic necrosis, altering biochemical parameters, and affecting liver weight.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in streptozotocin-induced acute and subacute toxicity response

Streptozotocin (STZ) is used as a diabetes-inducing agent in experimental animal studies. However, it is known that STZ-induced diabetic animals show significant increases in oxidative stress parameters and neurodegeneration besides their blood glucose level. In this study, the acute and subacute toxic effects of STZ on the liver, sciatic nerve, and brain tissues were investigated in vivo rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups; while 50 mg/kg STZ was administered ip to the STZ group, only saline was administered to the control group. After STZ administration, three units (100 U/mL) of subcutaneous insulin glargine were applied daily to prevent the formation of diabetes. At 24 h, 1,2, and 4 weeks after applications, rats from each group were sacrificed and tissues were removed under anesthesia. At the end of the study, compared to the control, a significant decrease in SOD and GST activity and an increase in lipid peroxidation were detected in the liver and sciatic tissues of rats in the STZ-treated group in the first 24h. Considering the TUNEL, NFκB, and NOS2 expressions, it was noted that while the effects of STZ on the liver were observed in the acute stage (24h), it had subacute effects on the brain. When apoptosis-related gene expression (Bcl-2, Bax, CASP3, CASP8, CASP9, TNF-α) and immunohistochemistry were evaluated, the apoptotic effect of STZ was observed mostly in sciatic nerve tissues. Within the scope of the study, it was revealed that STZ did not only show selective toxicity to pancreatic β cells but also very toxic to other tissues and organs.

Hydrophilic extract of Pistacia vera pericarp protects against phenylhydrazine-induced hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia.

Pistacia vera is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders. This study aims to investigate the anti-anemia and hepatoprotective effects of Pistacia vera pericarp extract (PVPE) in a rat model of phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia. PVPE was prepared using the maceration method. The extract was administered at doses of 20, 80, and 160 mg/kg for 28 days to normal and PHZ-treated rats. The effects of PVPE were evaluated in terms of changes in biochemical, histological, hematological, and molecular biomarkers in the liver and blood. Administration of PVPE to the anemic animals significantly restored these deleterious effects on hematological parameters compared to the anemic group. Kupffer cell activation was seen in the liver tissue of the anemic rats. Administration of PVPE mitigated these deleterious effects. PVPE has potent antioxidant activity and may represent a promising treatment for anemia and liver protection in clinical settings.

A primary study of ethanol production in postmortem liver and muscle tissue of rats

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of postmortem ethanol production and its relation with alcohol congeners in postmortem rat liver and muscle tissues. MethodPostmortem liver and muscle tissues in Sprague–Dawley rats, from postmortem time interval (PMI) day 0–20, were analyzed via headspace gas chromatograph flame ionization detection to observe production of postmortem ethanol and 5 selected alcohol congeners. Result1. Putrid ethanol production increased gradually to a peak and then decreased with the prolongation of PMI; 2. Acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde were produced along with postmortem ethanol; 1-butanol was only detected from day 11–20; 3. The concentrations of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde was related with ethanol production. Fifteen mathematical models were constructed for putrid ethanol production based on acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde. ConclusionA peak in postmortem ethanol production was identified. The production trends of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde in the liver, and of 1-propanol in muscle, were consistent with those of ethanol, and could potentially to be used as biomarkers of postmortem ethanol production. Further human samples and data analysis are needed to verify this.

Effects of an energy drink on myonectin in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of exercised rats

ABSTRACT Myonectin is a hormone that is produced mainly by skeletal muscle. We investigated the effects of exercise and energy drink (ED) administration on myonectin expression in skeletal muscle, liver and kidney tissue in rats; myonectin is produced by all three tissues. We used 28 male albino rats in four groups: untreated control (C), exercise (E), energy drink (ED) and exercise + energy drink (E + ED). The E and E + ED groups were exercised using a treadmill for 4 weeks. We also administered 3.5 ml/kg/day ED during week 1, 7 ml/kg/day during week 2 and 10 ml/kg/day during weeks 3 and 4 in the E and E + ED groups. We used ELISA to measure the levels of myonectin in skeletal muscle, liver and kidney tissues. We used immunohistochemical staining to investigate the localization and intensity of myonectin in these tissues. The amount of myonectin in skeletal muscle tissue was increased significantly in all experimental groups compared to group C. The amount of myonectin in the ED group was significantly greater than group E. No significant difference was observed in liver tissue; however, the amount of myonectin in the liver of group C was the greatest among all groups. The amount of myonectin in kidney tissue exhibited no significant difference among groups. Consumption of ED during exercise increased the amount of myonectin in kidney and skeletal muscle tissues and decreased it in liver tissue. We suggest that consumption of ED might adapt metabolism to incresed exercise by controling synthesis of myonectin in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the blood and liver of rats of different age groups with experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus and skeletal muscle injury

According to 2022 statistics from the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Russia is 92.4% (4.49 million) of patients, and every tenth inhabitant of the Earth already suffers from diabetes mellitus.Purpose of the study: to analyze the dynamics of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity at the systemic and local levels in rats of different ages when modeling type 2 diabetes followed by mechanical injury to skeletal muscle.Object and methods. The study was conducted on white outbred healthy male rats 24 months old (120 individuals) and 6 months old (120 individuals). All old and young animals were divided into four subgroups within their group, 30 animals in each. Animals of the first subgroup in groups of old and young rats are intact rats. Animals of the second subgroup of the group in each group had a mechanical dissection in the area of the middle third of the gastrocnemius muscle of the hind limb. Animals of the third and fourth subgroups of each group were subjected to modeling type 2 diabetes mellitus.After the specified time, the animals of the fourth subgroup of both groups were injured in the middle third of the gastrocnemius muscle of the hind limb.Conclusions. Mechanical injury to the gastrocnemius muscle in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an intensification of lipid peroxidation and leads to an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in the liver tissue and blood serum of rats, and in young animals the increase in superoxide dismutase activity is more intense than in old ones.