Lipid Peroxidation In Rat Liver Research Articles

Characterization of polyphenolic constituents and radical scavenging ability of ripe tomato and red pepper fruits

Objective: Characterization of polyphenolic contents and the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits on the sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and iron(II) (Fe2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver were examined in this study. Materials and Methods: Various experimental models such as the ABTS• (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) scavenging ability and ferric reducing power were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extracts. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic content of the extracts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a measure of oxidative stress in the rat’s liver tissue. Results: The ABTS• scavenging ability and ferric reducing power of the aqueous extract of ripe red pepper were significantly higher than that of ripe tomato. Ripe red pepper and tomato fruits extracts inhibited NO• in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, the introduction of extracts of ripe red pepper and tomato caused a significant concentration-dependent decrease in the MDA content of the SNP and Fe2+-stressed liver homogenates. In addition, HPLC analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of different phenolic compounds. Conclusion: With respect to the results of the current study, ripe tomato, and red pepper could be considered to be potential sources of natural antioxidants.

In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Streptomyces lavendulae strain SCA5.

BackgroundActinomycetes are Gram-positive, often filamentous, bacteria known for their unsurpassed capacity for the production of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of Streptomyces lavendulae strain SCA5.ResultsThe ethyl acetate extract of SCA5 broth (EA-SCA5) showed antimicrobial activity with MIC value of 31.25 μg/ml. EA-SCA5 showed good antioxidant potential by scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 507.61 ± 0.66 μg/ml), hydroxyl radical (IC50 617.84 ± 0.57 μg/ml), nitric oxide (IC50 730.92 ± 0.81 μg/ml) and superoxide anion radical (IC50 864.71 ± 1.15 μg/ml). The EA-SCA5 also showed strong suppressive effect on rat liver lipid peroxidation (IC50 838.83 ± 1.18 μg/ml). The total phenolic content of SCA5 was 577.12 mg of GAE equivalents/gram extract. EA-SCA5 exhibited cytotoxic activity on A549 adenocarcinoma lung cancer cell line. It showed 84.9% activity at 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 200 μg/ml. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of one major bioactive compound actinomycin C2.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the EA-SCA5 could be probed further for isolating some medically useful compounds.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0291-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Litopenaeus vannamei muscle carotenoids versus astaxanthin: A comparison of antioxidant activity and in vitro protective effects against lipid peroxidation

Abstract The carotenoid astaxanthin possess higher antioxidant activity compared to other carotenoids. Here, we aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of total carotenoids obtained from shrimp, which is the main source of astaxanthin in the humam diet. Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) were reared on standard feed, as control (CS), and on feed supplemented with the algae Haematococcus pluvialis as a carotenoid source (SS). Total carotenoids extracted from shrimp muscle were compared for in vitro antioxidant activity through a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay, free radical scavenging activity 2,2-diphenil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the co-oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid. In addition, the ability of total carotenoids in preventing in vitro lipid peroxidation in the serum and liver of rats was evaluated. The results were compared with synthetic astaxanthin. Supplemented shrimp had higher content of astaxanthin than the CS group (4.55 mg/kg vs. 2.82 mg/kg of shrimp). Total carotenoids of the CS group presented a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, that was similar to the synthetic astaxanthin, while total carotenoids of the CS showed lower antioxidant ability ( P in vitro rat serum and liver lipid peroxidation, and scavengers the DPPH. The results suggest that astaxanthin, the major carotenoid present in shrimp, may have a protective antioxidant effect in the crustacean. The beneficial effects of the consumption of food containing astaxanthin as the major carotenoid seem apparent. Further in vivo studies are required.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Vitamin E Against Malathion-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rat Liver

Background: Malathion is an insecticide of the grouping of organophosphate pesticides (OPs), which shows strong insecticidal effects. In addition, vitamin E reacting to cell membrane site may prevent OP-induced oxidative injury. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the protective function of vitamin E on toxicity of malathion, by measuring the activities of liver and liver mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in rats. Materials and Methods: The mitochondrial viability was determined in liver. Effective doses of malathion (200 mg/kg/day) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherylacetate [AT]; 15 mg/kg/day) were administered alone or in combination for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the liver tissue and liver mitochondria of the animals were harvested and examined. Results: In liver tissue, the activity of LPO and CAT was higher in the malathion group in comparison to controls. AT reduced malathion-induced LPO, SOD, CAT, and GPx in rat liver. Coadministration of AT with malathion improved LPO, SOD, and CAT levels in liver as well as CAT and GPx in liver mitochondria. Malathion-induced mitochondria toxicity was recovered by AT. Conclusions: In conclusion, AT measurement can be beneficial for the safety or recovery of malathion-induced toxic injury in liver tissue and liver mitochondria.

A Comparative In Vitro Study on the Antioxidant and Anti-acetylcholinesterase Properties of Aerial Parts of Strophanthus preusii Engl & Pax.

To evaluate and compare the antioxidant and acetylcholinestrase (AChE)-inhibitory properties of aerial parts of Strophanthus preussii (leaves, stem and root named as SPL, SPS and SPR, respectively) while catechin served as standard. The antioxidant and AchE-inhibitory properties of the methanol extracts of SP were evaluated by standard in vitro methods viz: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radical (OH-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assays as well as reducing power, Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) and AChE inhibition assays. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were also estimated. High phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the aerial parts of Strophanthus preussii. The amount of phenolic and flavonoids contents followed the order SPL > SPR > SPS at 250─1000 µg/ml. The results revealed that all the extracts showed antioxidant activities in vitro. However, SPL had the highest DPPH, H2O2 and OH radical scavenging abilitie, while the reducing power of the extracts followed the order SPR > SPL > SPS at 1000 µg/ml. In addition, SPL, SPS and SPR significantly inhibited LPO in rat liver by 42%, 23%, 35% and in rat brain by 68%, 31% and 51%, respectively. The LPO inhibitory activities of SPL were statistically similar to the standard. Only SPS produced significant NO scavenging effects among the extracts. The percentage inhibition of AChE activity was significant for SPL and SPR at 750 and 1000 µg/ml. The leaves and root of Strophanthus preusii proved to be potent natural antioxidants and could justify their traditional use in the management of stress-related diseases.

방사선 돌연변이 블랙베리 추출물의 사염화탄소(Carbon Tetrachloride, CCl4) 투여에 의한 흰쥐의 간 손상에 대한 보호 효과

The objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of anthocyanin-enriched extract from radiation-induced blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) mutant (γ-B201) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in Spargue-Dawley (SD) rats. The in vivo results show that γ-B201 attenuated the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and liver lipid peroxidation in CCl4-treated SD rats. Histopathological examination of rat livers showed that γ-B201 reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl4. Moreover, γ-B201 prevented DNA damage in CCl4-treated SD rats. Furthermore, administration of γ-B201 significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), in CCl4-treated rat livers. In conclusion, the present study suggests that γ-B201 blackberry extract protects the liver from CCl4-induced hepatic damage through an antioxidant mechanism. Therefore, γ-B201 blackberry may be functional food material for human health.

Metabolic regulation in meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801): Study of gene-diet interactions on lipid metabolism

Metabolic regulation in meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801): Study of gene-diet interactions on lipid metabolism

Metabolism of Salvianolic Acid A and Antioxidant Activities of Its Methylated Metabolites

This study investigated the metabolism of salvianolic acid A (SAA) both in vivo and in vitro. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of drug-containing rat bile samples and bile samples hydrolyzed by glucuronidase revealed a series of methylated conjugates of SAA and its glucuronides, as well as the predominance of the methylation pathway of SAA in rats. For the first time, four major methylated metabolites present in vivo were prepared for structure characterization and bioactivity evaluation using in vitro coincubation systems with rat hepatic cytosol protein as the enzyme donor. By using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and other spectroscopic methods, these metabolites were unambiguously elucidated as 3-O-methyl-SAA (M1), 3'-O-methyl-SAA (M2), 3,3″-O-dimethyl-SAA (M3), and 3',3″-O-dimethyl-SAA (M4), respectively. Along with results from the enzyme inhibition study, selective formation of these meta-O-methylated derivatives indicated that catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is responsible for methylated transformation of SAA. All of these metabolites displayed fairly high antioxidant potency against in vitro rat liver lipid peroxidation with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations that were much lower than those of the positive controls and even SAA. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate that SAA is a metabolically unstable compound that undergoes rapid methylation metabolism catalyzed by COMT, and these generated O-methylated metabolites may be largely responsible for its in vivo pharmacological effects.

Response of oxidative stress and isoflavone treatment on superoxide dismutase enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rat’s liver

Oxidative stress is defined as over-production of free radicals which lead to cells damage, pathological condition and cell death. The objective of this study was to analyze respond of oxidative stress and isoflavone treatment on superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rat liver. A total of fifteen male Spraque Dawley rats were used in this study. They were sub-divided into three groups; (1) a negative control group, (2) a stress oxidative group, and (3) treatment by stress condition followed by treatment with isoflavone. Stress condition was achieved by five days fasting together with swimming for 5 mins/day and only drinking water ad libitum. Isoflavone was orally administrated on a dose of 1 mg/200g bw/day for five days. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by anesthesia. Liver was collected for analysis of SOD enzyme activities, SOD immunohistochemical analysis, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Result showed that stress condition increase free radicals that showed by decreased SOD activity, and increased MDA level. Isoflavone treatment could get over reduction of SOD and prevented increase of MDA level in the liver of rats under stress conditions. Key Words: Oxidative Stress, Isoflavone, Rat, Superoxide Dismutase, Malondialdehyde

<i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> Mill (Umbelliferae) Attenuates Stress and Improves Memory in Wister Rats

Purpose : To evaluate the anti-stress and memory-enhancing properties of F. vulgare extract in experimental rats. Methods: F. vulgare plant extract was obtained using Soxhlet extraction technique. The extract, at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, was administered orally with an orogastric tube. Urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and ascorbic acid in rats were used to evaluate anti-stress activity. Conditioned avoidance response was measured in normal and scopolamine-induced amnesic rats to study the memory-enhancing effects. Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay in liver and brain homogenates of rats was used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Results : Daily administration of F. vulgare extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) 1 h prior to induction of stress significantly (p < 0.05) altered the stress-induced urinary biochemical levels of VMA from 395.79 ± 11.23 to 347.12 ± 12.28, 311.21 ± 12.48 and 258.86 ± 10.26 μg/kg, respectively, in 24 h, as well as ascorbic acid excretion levels from 65.74 ± 9.42 to 78.59 ± 8.44, 108.41 ± 15.62 and 125.82 ± 16.94 μg/kg also within the same period, respectively. These changes occurred in a dose-dependent fashion, and the levels in the control groups were unchanged within the same period. The memory deficits induced by scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) in rats was reversed by F. vulgare dose-dependently. The extract also exhibited potent antioxidant effect by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in both rat liver and brain homogenates to a greater extent than the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Conclusion: F. vulgare may be useful in the management of stress and stress-related disorders on account of its multiple actions such as anti-stress, memory-enhancing and antioxidant effects. Keywords: Foeniculum vulgare, Stress, Vanillyl mandelate, Memory, Antioxidant, Ascorbic acid

Anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities and HPLC-MS analysis of polyphenol from extracts of Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng.

ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities and to evaluate the major polyphenolic compounds of Nelsonia canescens extracts. MethodsThe anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was assessed using a kinetic inhibition standard method. Two methods, ABTS and lipid peroxidation, were used to estimate the antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols profile of the plant extract has been determined with a HPLC-MS method. Results: The results showed that butanol extract exhibited the best anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with inhibition percentage of (55.62±1.49)%. The best 3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate radical cation scavenging capacity was found for ethyl acetate extract with a value of (56.20±0.77) mg equivalent trolox/g while the crude extract showed the highest inhibition of the rat liver lipid peroxidation (52.57±1.20)%. Polyphenols profile revealed the presence of five phenol acids (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and gentisic acid) and three flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, quercetin). ConclusionsAll the extracts of Nelsonia canescens exhibited antioxidant and AChE inhibition capacities. The active compounds identified and quantified in this species are mainly responsible for these in vitro biological activities and allow to justify its widely use in Burkina Faso traditional medicine.

In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antioxidative Potential of an Endophyte Species (Streptomyces sp. Loyola UGC) Isolated from Datura stramonium L

Endophytic actinomycetes isolated from Datura stramonium L. was evaluated for its effects against in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities. Based on microbial cultural characteristic and 16S rRNA sequencing, it was identified as Streptomyces sp. loyola UGC. The methanolic extract of endophytic actinomycetes (MeEA) shows remarkable inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 730.21±1.33μg/ml), scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 435.31±1.79μg/ml), hydroxyl radical (IC50 350.21±1.02μg/ml), nitric oxide scavenging (IC50 800.12±1.05μg/ml), superoxide anion radical (IC50 220.31±1.47μg/ml), as well as a high and dose-dependent reducing power. The MeEA also showed a strong suppressive effect on rat liver lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants of β-carotene linoleate model system revels significantly lower than BHA. The total phenolic content of the extract was 176mg of catechol equivalents/gram extract. Perusal of this study indicates MeEA can be used as natural resource of α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidants.

Evaluation of diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity and protective effects of crocin

Diazinon (DZN) is one of the most widely used insecticides in agricultural pest control. Previous studies have shown that DZN may induce hepatotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species and apoptosis pathways are involved in the toxicity of DZN. Crocin, a constituent of saffron, has hepatoprotective effects due to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we examined the effects of subacute DZN exposure and ameliorating effect of crocin on lipid peroxidation and pathological changes in rat liver. Moreover, protein levels of activated and total caspases-3 and -9 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were measured. Five groups of rats were used in the experiment. Corn oil (control), DZN (15mg/kg per day, orally) and crocin (12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally in combination with DZN) were given to male Wistar rats (n=6) for 4weeks. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in DZN group compared with the control group (p<0.05). MDA level decreased significantly in the group that received DZN plus 25mg crocin (p<0.001). No gross or histological evidence of treatment-related damage to the liver after oral exposure to DZN was observed. DZN also induced apoptosis through activation of caspases-9 and -3 and increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Crocin attenuated the activation of caspases and reduced the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. It is concluded that subacute exposure to DZN induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and crocin may reduce DZN-induced hepatotoxicity.

Effect of Cordyceps polysaccharide on lipid peroxidation of rats with dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis

To observe the pharmacological effect of Cordyceps polysaccharide on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. DMN rat liver fibrosis model was established and divided into the normal group (N, n = 6), the model group (M, n = 11), the Cordyceps polysaccharide group (C, n = 8) and the colchicine group (Q, n = 9). During the modeling for four weeks, Cordyceps polysaccharide (60 mg x kg(-1)) and colchicine (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) were orally administered for three weeks, while the model and normal groups were given disinfected water of the same amount. serum ALT, AST, GGT and Alb, TBil content; content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in liver tissues; liver pathology and collagen staining; SOD activity and MDA, GSH, GSH-Px in liver tissues; protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in liver tissues. Serum ALT, AST, GGT, TBil significantly increased, and A1b decreased significantly in the model group. Hepatic Hyp significantly increased in the model group, whereas the index remarkably decreased in the Cordyceps polysaccharide group and the colchicine group. HE staining: the structure of normal hepatic lobules was damaged, with hepatocytes tumefaction and proliferation of connective tissues in portal tracts in the model group, while the Cordyceps polysaccharide group and the colchicine group recorded notable reduction in above pathological changes. Collagen staining: the model group showed hepatic lobule fibrous septum and many intact pseudolobules; while the Cordyceps polysaccharide group and the colchicine group witnessed decrease in collagen deposition. The model group showed significant decrease in SOD, GSH-Px and GSH and increase in MDA, whereas the Cordyceps polysaccharide group and the colchicine group recorded notable growth in GSH and GSH-Px. The model group showed significant decrease in protein expression of PCNA in liver tissues, while the Cordyceps polysaccharide group and the colchicine group showed significant reduction. Cordyceps polysaccharide can significantly inhibit DMN-induced liver fibrosis and lipid peroxidation in rats.

Stem-bark of Terminalia arjuna attenuates human monocytic (THP-1) and aortic endothelial cell activation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTerminalia arjuna – stem bark extract is traditionally used as cardiotonic in Ayurvedic medicine. Aim of the studyThe present study was aimed to evaluate the molecular basis for cardioprotective potential of Terminalia arjuna (TA) stem bark, using cell cultures of human monocytic (THP-1) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Materials and methodsInhibitory effect of alcoholic (TAAE) and aqueous (TAWE) extracts of TA-stem bark was assessed on human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and lipid peroxidation in rat (wistar) liver and heart homogenates. The patterns of H2O2 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were observed by confocal microscopy. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and reducing power of the cells were measured in a microplate reader. Gene transcripts of proinflammatory markers in THP-1 and HAECs were assayed by real time PCR and levels of inflammatory protein markers by ELISA or flow cytometry. Phytochemical analyses of TAAE and TAWE were done using liquid chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ResultsTAAE and TAWE inhibited the lipid peroxidation and HMG-CoA reductase but had no effect on LpL. Both the extracts attenuated H2O2 mediated ROS generation in THP-1 cells by promoting catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and by sustaining cellular reducing power. TAAE was highly effective in attenuating proinflammatory gene transcripts in THP-1 cells and HAECs, whereas the response to TAWE depended on the type of transcript and cell type. Both extracts decreased the levels of typical inflammatory marker proteins, viz. LPS induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secreted by THP-1 cells and TNF-α induced cell surface adhesion molecules on HAECs, namely vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin. Phytochemical analyses indicated the richness in phenolic compounds and terpenes of TAAE and TAWE, while revealing variability in their metabolite profile. ConclusionOur study scientifically validates the antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties of Terminalia arjuna stem bark. The marked effects on cultured human monocytic and aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) provide the biochemical and molecular basis for therapeutic potential of TA-stem bark against cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Safranal ameliorates antioxidant enzymes and suppresses lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide formation in aged male rat liver

Free radical production and oxidative stress are known to increase in liver during aging, and may contribute to oxidative damage. The objective of this study was to observe the changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase), lipid peroxidation levels and serum nitric oxide occurring in livers of rats of 2, 10 and 20 months old, and to see whether these changes are restored to those of the two month old control levels rats after administration of safranal. The aged rats (10 and 20 months) were given intraperitoneal injections of safranal (0.5 mg/kg day) daily for one month. The results obtained in the present work revealed that normal aging was associated with a significant decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and an increase in lipid peroxidation in livers and nitric oxide content in serum of aging rats. The results of the present study demonstrate that safranal could be a candidate to suppress the development of age-induced damage by protecting against oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant defenses. A likely mode of action of safranal can be its activity as a hormetin by inducing mild oxidative damage which leads to the activation of antioxidative enzymes.

Hepatoprotective effect of 2,3-dehydrosilybin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. Administration of DHS significantly attenuated the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and liver lipid peroxidation in CCl4-treated rats. Moreover, we showed that DHS prevented DNA damage and decreased the protein levels of γ-H2AX, which is a specific DNA damage marker, in CCl4-treated rat livers. DHS also markedly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in CCl4-treated rat livers. Furthermore, we found that DHS significantly inhibited the production of serum nitric oxide as well as the levels of serum IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in CCl4-treated rats. Additionally, DHS significantly suppressed iNOS expression on the protein levels in CCl4-treated rat livers. Collectively, the present study suggests that DHS protects the liver from CCl4-induced hepatic damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Melatonin administration differentially affects age-induced alterations in daily rhythms of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in male rat liver

A central clock/pacemaker, suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus coordinates and entrains circadian oscillations in the peripheral tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, lungs etc. called peripheral clocks. These also have endogenous circadian oscillations. The circadian rhythms of antioxidants present in cytosol signify redox state of the cell during day/night cycle. The liver has a major impact on homeostasis through its control on serum protein composition and plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of nutrients, drugs, hormones, and metabolic waste products and undergoes substantial changes in structure and function upon aging. In present study, the temporal patterns of oxidative stress indicators in liver were studied. Daily rhythms of lipid peroxidation end products, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were studied in liver at variable time points (Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 0, 6, 12 and 18) in three age groups: 3 (adult), 12 and 24months old male Wistar rats. There was increase in oxidative stress in 12 and 24months old rats indicated through a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzyme activities. In 3months old rats, lipid peroxidation was maximum at ZT-12 whereas GSH, SOD and CAT activities were minimum at ZT-12. The maximum level in 24h i.e., acrophases of lipid peroxidation, GPx, SOD and CAT activities in liver cell free extracts altered upon aging. As melatonin, messenger of darkness, an endogenous synchronizer of rhythm, an antioxidant and an antiaging drug, declines with aging we studied the effects of melatonin on activities of these antioxidant enzymes in aging rats. Melatonin administration resulted in differential restoration of acrophases, amplitude, mean as well as daily rhythms of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in liver of 12 and 24months old rats.

숙성된 3종 인삼추출물의 항산화 및 주름개선 효과

Steamed ginseng is well known as a tonic medicine for restoring and enhancing human health. Steamed ginseng had more pharmacologically activity than white ginseng. The effects of steamed ginseng on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidation and antiwrinkle effects of three ginseng extracts. Raw ginseng (RGS) and dried ginseng (DGS) mature like red ginseng in addition to the ready-made red ginseng (GS) purchased in the market, were steamed and extracted by red ginseng extractor. Three extracts of steamed ginseng were investigated to determine effects of superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, autooxidation inhibition of linoleic acid, collagenase inhibition and collagen synthesis in normal fibroblast. RGS showed not only the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 100 ug/mL but also the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity higher than vitamin C. Also RGS showed the highest activity in inhibition of autooxidation of linolic acid, collagen synthesis, and collagenase inhibition.

Antioxidant properties of β-seleno amines against lipid peroxidation in rat brain and liver

β-Seleno amines were screened for in vitro antioxidant activity. The compounds (C1–C4) were tested against lipid peroxidation induced by iron and sodium nitroprusside in rat brain and liver homogenates. The compounds showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by different pro-oxidants (10μM FeSO4 and 5μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in rat brain and liver homogenates. The compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and phosphomolybdenum assays. The IC50 values revealed that the β-seleno amines in which the amino group was protected with protecting groups tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and Tosyl (Ts) groups showed better antioxidant profiles compared to the free monoselenides. The total antioxidant activity of C1, C2, C3 and C4 were found to be 85.2±11.5, 114±7.9, 138±8.5, 125.81±5.2μM/ml of ascorbic acid respectively. Therefore, these compounds may be used as synthetic antioxidants.