Liver Of Albino Rats Research Articles

Sunset Yellow and Allura Red modulate Bcl2 and COX2 expression levels and confer oxidative stress-mediated renal and hepatic toxicity in male rats.

Studies on the adverse health effects caused by azo dyes are insufficient and quite contradictory. This work aims to investigate the possible toxic effect of two types of widely used food additives, Sunset Yellow and Allura Red, by assessing the physiological, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the liver and kidney. Also, we investigated the genotoxic effect of both dyes on white blood cells. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: control (received water), Sunset Yellow-treated (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and Allura Red-treated (seven mg/kg body weight). The doses were orally applied for 4 weeks. Our results indicated an increase in the biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function (Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, uric acid and creatinine) in animals administered with the azo dyes. We also observed a noticeable increase in MDA and a marked decrease in total antioxidant levels in azo dye-treated animals compared to controls. Conversely, both dyes adversely affected the liver and kidney of albino rats and altered their histological and fine structure, with downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of COX2 expression. Our comet assay results showed a significant elevation in the fold change of tail moment in response to application of Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red. Collectively, we show that Sunset Yellow and Allura Red cause histopathological and physiological aberrations in the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats. Moreover, Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red induces a potential genotoxic effect.

Comparative studies on the effect of aspartame (artificial sweetener) and stevia (natural sweetener) on liver of male albino rat

Caloric sweetener sucrose is an essential component of modern diet. However sucrose diet has an adverse effect on body weight and is associated with medical complications. So, substituting sucrose with low calorie sweeteners either synthetic as aspartame or natural as stevia is an efficacious weight management strategy. In the present investigation, total numbers of 64 albino rats were divided into four groups: the first group served as control receiving distilled water. The second group represented the sucrose group receiving 10 % sucrose solution (weight by volume). The third group served as aspartame group receiving aspartame (75 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group represented stevia group and received stevia (40 mg/kg body weight). Rats were subjected to different experimental regimens for two durations, short duration (30 days) and long duration (90 days). Histological investigation of liver sections from aspartame treated rats revealed fatty degeneration, necrosis of hepatic cells, dilatation and congestion of the central blood vessels with distortion of normal lobular architecture with increase in collagenous fibers while stevia treatment illustrated preserved normal hepatic pattern. Histochemical staining of Best Carmine stain and bromophenol blue in liver tissue revealed significant decrease in glycogen content and protein content respectively in liver aspartame group followed by sucrose group. On the other hand, image analysis of liver sections stained with Sudan III demonstrated significant elevation in fat content in sections from aspartame treated group followed by sucrose group when compared to control group. Stevia administration revealed no histological or histochemical changes in the liver tissue sections compared to control group.

Potential Protective Role of Selenium on Acrylamide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats: A Biochemical, Histopathological Study

Acrylamide (ACR) is an essential chemical which is extensively used in many industries and also in laboratories such as treatment of drinking water, waste water and soil, production of paper, and polishes, used as an additive in some cosmetics, used in electrophoresis and in dentistry for preparation of alloys; it is known as possible carcinogenic compound. French fries, commercially common chips and all carbohydrate containing diet are rich in acrylamide. In this study when Acrylamide is taken into the body, we investigated its toxic effect on body organs and investigated the protective role of selenium. Aim: The aim of this work is to detect acrylamide effects on liver and kidney of adult male albino rats and assess the protective role of selenium. Material and methods: Acrylamide was administrated orally at dose of (15 mg/kg body weight) (1/10 LD 50) daily for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters in serum were studied: aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), total protiens, Albumin, Globulin, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Liver and kidneys will be examined by light microscope to evaluate histopathological changes. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) was done. Results: The results after being statistically analyzed and tabulated revealed that oral Acrylamide adminstration showed a highly significant (P<0.001) elevation in aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), a highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in serum total protiens, albumin, globulin and highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels comparing to control group. Light microscope examination of the hepatic tissue in acrylamide treated group showed obvious congestion associated with wide spread marked vacuolar degeneration as well as foci of spotty necrosis and kidneys showed marked congestion, marked hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelium and focal prominent tubular necrosis. There was a highly significant (P<0.001) increase in malondialdehyde level in acrylamide treated group comparing to control group. Selenium administration in addition to acrylamide showed significant decrease in aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), significant elevation in serum total protiens, albumin, globulin and significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels comparing to acrylamide treated group. There was significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in acrylamide+sodium selenite treated group comparing to acrylamide treated group

A histological assessment of effects of sucralose on liver of albino rats

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener freely available under different brand names over the counter. This study is aimed at evaluating the histopathological changes in the liver after administration of sub lethal dose of pure sucralose. Inbred adult Wistar albino rats weighing about 150-200g of either sex, were divided into 6 control rats and 6 experimental rats. Experimental rats were given sucralose orally by gavage in the dose of 3g/kg/day dissolved in distilled water for 30 days whereas Control rats received equal quantity of distilled water by the same route. The animals were anesthetized with anesthetic ether and then perfused with 10% formal saline. Livers were dissected out. Pieces each having thickness 5mm were taken for paraffin sectioning. 5 micron thick sections were cut using a rotary microtome. Hundred slides were made from each liver and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome stain. Slides were evaluated for histomorphological changes. Experimental rats showed features of patchy degeneration of hepatocytes along with Kupffer cells hyperplasia, lymphocytic infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation and fibrosis indicating a definite hepatic damage on regular ingestion of sucralose. Sinusoidal width was also found to be increased in experimental animals as compared to controls. It is suggestive that sucralose should be taken with caution to avoid hepatic damage. Effects of ingestion of sucralose on human subjects should be investigated further.

Antagonistic effects of Spirulina platensis on diazinon-induced hemato-biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in rats.

Spirulina platensis (SP) is a traditionally used microalga for a wide range of pharmacological activities, including amelioration of heavy metals and pesticides toxicity. This study evaluated the antioxidant and organoprotective effects of SP against diazinon (DZN)-induced subacute toxicity on the blood, heart, liver, and kidneys of male Wistar albino rats. Diazinon (20mg/kg, subcutaneous) was administered to animals either alone or along with an oral pure SP powder at doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg. Alterations in hematological and serum biochemical parameters, as well as oxidative stress markers in the hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues were evaluated, using colorimetric spectrophotometric techniques. The obtained results revealed that in comparison to the control group, DZN-treated rats exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05) red blood cells and platelets counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, and activities of serum acetylcholinesterase and tissue antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Meanwhile, biochemical analysis showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) white blood cells count, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and cardiac [creatine kinase (CK) and CK-muscle/brain fraction], hepatic [transaminases and alkaline phosphatase], and renal [uric acid, urea and creatinine] injury markers, and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) in theDZN-intoxicated group, compared to normal controls. Interestingly, the administration of SP significantly ameliorated the previous hemato-biochemical alterations and mitigated DZN-induced organ injuries and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the natural antioxidant microalga (SP) effectively alleviated the DZN-induced hematologic alterations and organ injuries, probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

A Study of Subacute Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Liver and Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats.

A Study of Subacute Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Liver and Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats.

Hepatotoxicity evaluation of geophagic clay soil from Uzola, Edo State, Nigeria in albino rats

The effect of oral administration of geophagic soil from Uzola on the liver of albino rats was evaluated in this study. Major oxides composition analysis showed the presence of SiO 2 (55.70%), MnO (0.01%), Al 2 O 3 (23.81%), Fe 2 O 3 (3.03%) etc. Forty-five elements were detected and quantified. Zirconium had highest concentration (344.4ppm) followed by Barium (287ppm) while Molybdenum, Silver, Cadmium and Antimony had the lowest concentration of <0.1ppm. Rats were divided into 4 groups (i.e. A, B, C and D). Group, A which served as the control, was orally administered with distilled water while groups B, C and D were orally administered with 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight dose of the soil solution respectively. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after soil solution administration for 1, 7 and 21 days. Liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and concentrations of serum total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, total protein and albumin were determined. There was a significant increase (p< 0.05) in liver alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and serum alanine aminotransferase activities in the experimental animals. Serum total protein concentration also increased significantly (p< 0.05) in the experimental animals when compared to the control group but was reversed to control levels after 21 days administration. Available results show that geophagic clay soil from Uzola, Edo State, Nigeria may have a deleterious effect on liver synthetic functions and may also cause an overproduction of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the liver at the doses considered. Keywords: Geophagy; Major oxides; Liver function; Aminotransferases; Hepatotoxic; Uzola

Protective effects of Syzygium aromaticum oil (Clove) against acrylamide induced hepatic, renal, and testicular toxicity in rats

This study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of clove oil against acrylamide induced oxidative damage and impairment of liver, kidney, and testicular functions in albino rats. The apparent oxidative damage was associated with evident hepatic, renal, and testicular dysfunction, which was confirmed in histopathological lesions, and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Acrylamide decreased serum total protein and albumin contents; increased urea and creatinine contents. Acrylamide also reduced testosterone concentration. Treatment of acrylamide intoxicated rats with clove oil minimized liver, kidney, and testicular histopathological changes and normalized their functions. Our findings demonstrate that acrylamide is not only associated with hepatotoxicity but also nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. Clove oil administration provided substantial organ protection against hepatic, renal, and testicular dysfunction induced by acrylamide, which was possibly mediated through their antioxidant activities.  Â

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study on the Toxic Effects of Anthracene on the lung and liver of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Ocimum gratissimum Extract

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study on the Toxic Effects of Anthracene on the lung and liver of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Ocimum gratissimum Extract

Comparative investigations of the effects of Kanwa (Trona) and Tokansenyi (plant potash) on liver and kidney of albino rats

Kanwa (Trona) and Tokansenyi (Plant potash) are food tenderizers that are commonly used in developing countries especially. Their advantage in improving texture of food and in health cannot be over emphasized.However, long-term consumption of these salts has some health implications. Therefore this study is to compare the effects of these two salts onalbino rats so as to determine which one is safer. Albino rats were grouped into three groups, with the first group as control, second group contains water with three grams of Tokansenyi and the third group contains water with three grams of Kanwa. Blood samples for liver and kidney function test were collected after six weeks. Organs (liver and kidney) were also collected for histological studies. The salts element composition were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). At end of the period of treatments no mortality was recorded and no any visible sign of toxicity. The results obtained for liver and kidney enzymes concentration AST, ALT and ALP; for both treatments shows significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) as compared with the control.The total bilirubin concentration for blood of albino rats treated with Kanwa shows significant difference (P &lt; 0.05). The concentration of urea in both treatments also shows significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) as compared with control. The histological results for liver treated with kanwa revealed a sinusoid with bodies stained with deep red colouration, enlarged nuclei and distorted cord-like arrangement of hepatocytes. The histological results for kidney treated with Kanwaalso revealed a degenerated collecting duct and inflammated glomeruloid. The elemental composition of both salts showed similar concentration for most of the elements including the toxic ones. However, some elements like Mo, Mn and Co showed higher concentration in Tokansenyi as compared to Kanwa. The study revealed that Tokansenyi is safer for the liver and kidney as compared with Kanwa (Trona). The study has shown that Tokansenyi and relatively safer than Kanwa.Keywords: Kanwa (Trona), Tokansenyi (Plant Potash), albino rats, liver, kidney.

Free Radical Scavenging, Antimicrobial Activities and Effect of Sub-Acute Exposure to Nigerian Xylopia aethiopica Seed Extract on Liver and Kidney Functional Indices of Albino Rat

Background: Xylopia aethiopica is highly reputed for its numerous medicinal properties. In the present study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicity profile of methanol seed extract of Nigerian X. aethiopica in rat were evaluated. Methods: Phytochemical compositions were evaluated using standard procedures. The antibacterial study was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. Twenty-five rats (5 each) were given 0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg bwt of the extract orally for 28 days. Results: The extract had total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 15.98±0.03mg GAE/g and 2.29±0.02 mg/g CE respectively. The extract had IC50 values of 52.45±3.05 µg/mL and 73.45±3.89 μg/mL in DPPH and FRAP assay respectively. The E. coli showed the highest susceptibility (20.27±0.90mm) while P. aeuruginisa showed the least (15.08±0.20mm). The MIC ranged from 25-50 µg/mL while MBC ranged between 50µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. In comparison with the control rats, the levels of serum creatinine, bicarbonate total proteins, albumin, and ALP were significantly higher in rat dosed 600 mg/kg bwt while urea decreases in rat dose 300 and 600 mg/kg. However, serum concentration of ALT, AST, bilirubin, Na+, K+ and Cl- compared favorably (P&gt;0.05) with control at all doses. Conclusion: The study revealed the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Nigerian X. aethiopica, the extract at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg/b.wt did not provoke toxic effects to the animals’ liver and kidney; however, caution should be exercised when using as a prolonged oral remedy at high doses.

Effects of aqueous extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves and Piper guineense seeds on liver and kidney biomarkers of albino rats

Effects of aqueous extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves and Piper guineense seeds on liver and kidney biomarkers of albino rats

Ultrastructural, histochemical and biochemical effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on adult male albino rat liver and possible prophylactic effects of milk thistle seeds

Introduction: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Tio2 NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO2 NPs proved to damage liver function and induce an oxidative stress attack leading to liver toxicity. Milk thistle is an herbal supplement used to treat liver and biliary disorders. Silymarin, an active ingredient of milk thistle, is a strong antioxidant that promotes liver cell regeneration and stabilizes cell membranes.Aim: To investigate the biochemical, the histological and the histochemical changes in the liver after administration of different doses of Tio2 NPs and to evaluate the possible protective role of Milk thistle against these effects.Materials and Methods: Fifty adult male rats were divided into five groups; group I control, groups IIa and IIIa injected IP by 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg TiO2 for 2 weeks, respectively and groups IIb and 111b treated by oral milk thistle 4 weeks; one week prior, 2 weeks concomitant with IP 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg TiO2, respectively and the forth week after injection. Thereafter, rats were sacrificed and liver as well as blood samples were collected for estimation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPs). Liver samples were processed for examination by TEM and immunohistochemical staining with P53 and PCNA antibodies counted statistically positive cells.Results: There was an increase in ALT and ALPs activities. Groups 11a and 111a treated by TiO2 showed signs of apoptosis and degeneration in the hepatocytes with nuclear changes and a significant increase in P53 and PCNA antibodies positive cells. These changes were ameliorated by concomitant injection with milk thistle with TiO2 in groups IIb and IIIb.Conclusion: The alterations observed might be an indication of hepatocyte injury due to TiO2 NPs toxicity that interacts with proteins and enzymes in hepatic tissue leading to generation of reactive oxygen species induce hepatocytes apoptosis. Milk thistle, has a hepatoprotective effect probably by its antioxidant effect.

Alterations of Antioxidant Status and Mitochondrial Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity in the Liver of Wistar Strain Albino Rats Treated with by Ethanol Extracts of Annona senegalensis Pers (Annonaceae) Stem Bark

Numerous ethnomedicinal uses have been attributed to different parts of Annona senegalensis (ASE), including its uses as food and food additives. The present study investigated toxicological and antioxidant effects of 28 days administration of ethanol extracts of ASE stem bark to Wistar strain albino rats. Acute toxicity test was done to determine lethal dose in Wistar rats while sub- acute toxicity test was conducted on rats divided into four groups (A - control, B - 50 mg/kg, C - 100 mg/kg, D - 150 mg/kg, respectively and treated for 28 days. Oxidative stress markers in liver and kidney as well as hepatic succinate dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondrial and post mitochondrial fractions (PMF) were evaluated. The LD50 value of ASE was > 2,000 mg/kg. White blood cell counts gradually increased, but red blood cell counts and haematocrits level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by about 50%. Liver enzymes in the serum and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities also increased in liver mitochondria and PMF while malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione levels increased only in the PMF. Furthermore, only MDA levels increased significantly in the kidney after 28 days extract administration. Histopathological examination showed hepatic necrosis and no obvious signs of nephrotoxicity. Anona senegalensis is relatively safe, but prolonged ingestion could induce oxidative stress and impair ATP synthesis through the modulation of the activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Green Tea Extract against Cyclophosphamide Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats

Background: Green tea intake is accompanied with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders; hence green tea extract has been included as dietary supplement along with other supplements and multivitamins. Aim of the Work: Studying the effect of cyclophosphamide administration on the liver of adult male albino rats and the possible protective role of green tea extract. Material and Methods: The current study was carried out on 45 adult male albino rats. They were divided into three equal groups (each included 15 rats). Group I (control group) was injected intraperitoneally with normal saline at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight twice weekly for 9 weeks. Group II was injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CP) (150 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. Group III: rats received green tea extracts orally (50 mg/kg/day) for three weeks, and then continued for further two weeks concomitantly with intraperitoneally cyclophosphamide (CP) injected (150 mg/kg/day). Results: Rats exposed to cyclophosphamide (CP) showed several histological and histochemical changes in their liver. These changes were improved by using green tea. Conclusion: The present work showed that green tea had preventive and therapeutic effect upon livers of albino rats after they were exposed to CP.

Histopathological and Biochemical Studies on The Effect of Green Tea Extract and vitamin C Against Fenitrothion Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) and vitamin C as antioxidants on the biochemical oxidative stress parameters and histopathological changes induced by fenitrothion pesticide in liver and kidney of albino rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups; group one (control), group two received 10 mg/kg b.wt. of FNT orally, group three received FNT daily plus green tea extract at a concentration of 3% w/v and group four received FNT daily plus vitamin C at a concentration of 2 g ascorbic acid/l water. The experiment was conducted for six weeks. Blood samples were taken for biochemical parameters, but the histopathological studies were carried out on liver and kidney tissues at the end of the experiment. Damage in the tissue samples was observed and confirmed with elevation of oxidative stress marker (MDA). Exposure of rats to fenitrothion induced significant increase of MDA and decrease in the values of SOD, GSH, CAT, TAC compared to control one in both serum and tissues samples. However, administration of green tea and vitamin C to FNT treated group decreased in the values of MDA and improved the values of SOD,GSH and CAT toward the control values in both serum and tissues but could not normalize it. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level showed a significant increase with FNT plus vitamin C and the FNT plus GTE treated groups compared to the FNT group. Green tea and vitamin C, probably due to their strong antioxidant properties could improve and partially counteracts the toxic effect of FNT on oxidative stress parameters and repair the destructive effects of its damage in rat's liver and kidney tissues especially with GTE treated groups.

Effect of subchronic intake of green tea extract on liver of albino rat histomorphometric, ultrastructural and biochemical study.

There are conflicting reports on the effect of green tea extract (GTE) on the liver of animals. Some studies failed to show any adverse hepatic effects following administration of GTE to mice, rats, and dogs. Others reported severe hepatic necrosis, resulting in death in female Swiss-Webster mice following its administration. The aim of the study was to examine the subchronic toxicity of GTE on the liver of the adult male albino rats. Forty male adult Wistar albino rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into four groups; group I (control), group II (low-dose green tea), group III (medium-dose green tea) and group IV (high-dose green tea). Histological, biochemical and histomorphometric analyses were done. Mild hepatic affections were observed in group II. The affections were severe in groups III and IV. The central veins and hepatic sinusoids were congested. The hepatocytes were degenerated. Hypertrophy of the hepatic arteries, dilation of the bile ducts and cellular infiltration were clearly observed in the last two groups. Mild degenerative changes were observed in the hepatocytes in rat's group II; the cytoplasm was rarefied and vacuolated. Some mitochondria were ruptured. The blood sinusoids were congested. The rough endoplasmic retinaculum was fragmented in group III. More degenerative changes were observed in group IV; the hepatic architectures were lost with disruption of cell membranes. Most of the cell organelles were degenerated and most of mitochondria were ballooned. As compared to that of the control groups: the total serum protein values in groups II, III and IV showed a statistically significant decrease (12%, 20% and 21%, respectively), the mean area per cent of collagen fibres in groups III and IV increased 5 and 7 folds. Subchronic administration of GTE resulted in structural and functional affection of the rats' liver. The dose of 250 mg/kg/day seemed to be safe, while the doses of 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day had deleterious effect being more evident in the latter dose.

Expression of VEGF and Nestin in Chronic Restraint-Induced Stress in the Livers of Male Albino Rats.

Background and Aim of work: Stress and its related comorbid diseases are responsible for many liver pathologies. Nestin, a protein detected in a wide range of progenitor cells, was implicated in hepatic remodeling. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in vessel repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrain stress (CRS) on expression of hepatic VEGF and Nestin. Materials and methods: Twelve male rats were divided into two groups; negative control and CRS. Animals of CRS were restrained individually in ventilated glass tube restrainers daily for 6 hours/day for 3 weeks. The liver samples were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical staining for Nestin and VEGF with morphometric analysis. Results: Exposure to chronic restraint stress for 3 weeks caused hepatic inflammation, deposition of collagen. Immunohistochemical staining showed a coinciding significantly higher positive reaction for VEGF and Nestin in the CRS group. Conclusion: Vascular endothelial growth factor and Nestin immunohistochemical staining were both increased in chronic restraint-induced hepatic stress coinciding with the induced increase in hepatic inflammation, deposition of collagen. Nestin & VEGF

Destructive effects of 4-methylimidazole on histomorphology of liver

Abstract Background &amp; aims: Food coloring is being done commercially in the food products industry these days which include large number of food dyes including caramel colors. 4-Methylimidazole (4-MEI) is a component of various caramel colored food products such as bakery products, beer, soy sauces, gravy, colas and other soft drinks which are consumed daily. Humans can be exposed to 4-MEI by ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Ingestion is the most common route of exposure. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 4-MEI consumption on liver in albino rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200 grams were procured for the study and were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental animals were given 4-MEI orally by gavage at a dose of 250mg/kg body weight daily for a period of one month while the control animals received distilled water. The animals were euthanized under ether anesthesia at the end of experiment within 24 hours of last dose by perfusion with formal saline. The liver was dissected out and processed for histopathological examination. Results: The histopathological observations of liver in experimental rats showed features of focal hepatocellular degeneration with mononuclear cell infiltration, kupffer cell hyperplasia, increased polyploidy and hepatocytic vacuolation. The findings in the present study strongly suggest hepatocellular damage caused by ingestion of 4-methylimidazole which is found in caramel colorants used routinely in food industry.

Toxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Liver of Albino Rat and the Beneficial Effect of Calcium in Reversing Fluoride Toxicity : Histological, Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Studies

Background: fluoride (F) is an essential element for human being from health point of view. Its intake in high doses caused toxic effects on various organs. The liver is a target organ for Ftoxicity. Using natural supplements is a modern approach in treatment. Aim of the Study: this study aimedto investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) onliver tissue in adult male albino rats and also to determine whether calcium(Ca) co-treatment has an ameliorative role in reversing F toxicity or not. Material and Methods: eighteen adult albino male rats were categorized into three groups (each of six animals): Group I (Control): were given distilled water and fedbalanced diet, Group II (NaF treated): were given NaF at a dose of 30 mg /kg/day and Group III (NaF and Ca treated): were received NaF (similar previous dose) and 20 mg /kg/day calcium chloride (Cacl). After six weeks, under anesthesia, the livers were rapidly delivered, dissected out carefully, prepared and examined by light and electron microscopy, biochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometeric studies. Results: the results showed that F induced severe histopathological changes in the liver tissue, significantly increased apoptosis and hepatic marker enzymes as compared to the control group. The histopathological changes induced by NaF included hepatocytic vacuolization, pyknosis and necrosis, vascular dilatation and congestion, Kupffer cell proliferation and periportal inflammatory cell infiltration. The ultra structural changes of hepatocytes included nuclear disorganization (Being heterochromatic, pyknotic nuclei or disintegrated chromatin), vague mitochondria ridges , fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, dispersed ribosomes, disruption of hepatocytes microvilli, ill defined space of Disse , Kupffer cell activation and bile canalicular dilatation. Co-treatment withCa failed to improve liver tissue damages induced by NaF treatment. Conclusion: results of this study suggested that NaF treatment caused severe damages to liver tissue. Ca co- administration failed to reset NaF induced hepatotoxicity.