Livelihood Diversification Research Articles

Household food-security strategies and migration in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Food security has continued to be a global concern despite progress in the international agenda to reduce food insecurity over the last decades. A considerable number of populations are facing difficulties in dealing with hunger globally. Ethiopia is among the countries that face persistent challenges to achieving food security. However, the subjective dimension of food security has not received much attention in the food-security literature. This study, therefore, aims to assess food security in Ethiopia's Tigray region, using self-reported parameters to apply a household food-insecurity access scale (HFIAS) score, and also recording people's coping behaviors in the context of migration. We assessed how different livelihoods contribute to household food security where migration is assessed as adaptive livelihood and short term means of coping strategy during food insufficiency. Since food security is an outcome of livelihood, the paper further examines the need to integrate livelihood-based approaches to assessing food security. A qualitative research approach was used for the study, with Participatory Research Approach (PRA) methods and household interviews being employed to acquire the data. Data transcription, cleaning, coding, and restructuring were performed on the datasets while descriptive statistics, including frequency and cross-tabulation, were used in the analyses. HFIAS results show that the reversible coping strategies applied when food crisis persists include consumption of foods of the same variety or cheaper or less-preferred foods, remittance, reduction of food portion size, selling of assets, daily labor and borrowing money or grain. The livelihoods of the households perused mainly included agriculture, migration, and off-farm and non-farm activities. The results further revealed that all the households engaged in agriculture, with 67% of them owning an average of 0.5 ha of land. The major finding reveals that households with diversified livelihoods including remittance income were found to be more food-secure; therefore, we concluded that the overall livelihood has to be addressed to ascertain rural households’ food security.

Determinants of nonfarm livelihood diversification: evidence from farmers in Ilu Abba Bora zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

Determinants of nonfarm livelihood diversification: evidence from farmers in Ilu Abba Bora zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

Rural farm households’ food security and the role of livelihood diversification in enhancing food security in Damot Woyde District, Southern Ethiopia

Rural farm households’ food security and the role of livelihood diversification in enhancing food security in Damot Woyde District, Southern Ethiopia

Escaping social–ecological traps through ecological restoration and socioeconomic development in China's Loess Plateau

Abstract The social–ecological trap is an emerging concept that describes situations in which self‐reinforcing social and ecological feedbacks maintain or push a social–ecological system towards an undesirable state and threaten the sustainability of human societies. Understanding a system's feedback loops and identifying the leading factors of such traps is essential to develop effective management strategies to warn, avoid and escape traps. To better understand the dynamics of social–ecological traps, we developed a quantitative diagnostic framework that combines the social–ecological network approach and composite system state index. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the framework by examining the rural social–ecological evolution in China's Loess Plateau (LP) from 1949 to 2020, an area once faced with severe social–ecological challenges such as soil erosion, land degradation and poverty. Our analysis identified three stages of trap dynamics in LP: locked in the trap (1949–1981), reacting to the trap (1981–2003) and escaping the trap (2003–2020). In the first stage, LP was locked into an undesirable trajectory where reinforcing feedback occurs between rapid population growth, limited livelihood opportunities, excessive reliance on agriculture and severe soil erosion. Our results also found that the LP has made significant progress in escaping this social–ecological trap during the 21st century through ecological restoration practices and socioeconomic development. Similar social–ecological traps are also observed in many other regions of the world, particularly in developing countries. Our analysis recommends three pathways for addressing social–ecological traps in the LP: (1) promoting urbanization and livelihood diversity, (2) implementing site‐specific engineering measures (e.g. terraces and check dams in the LP) and (3) investing in ecological restoration programs. Escaping the trap is not the end of the story, but could be an early stage of another trap. Policymakers and managers should keep assessing and monitoring the policy practices and outcomes to avoid entering new trap situations. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Development-Induced Impacts on the Livelihoods of Displaced Communities: The Case of Bole Lemi Industry Park, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Livelihood encompasses the resources and capabilities that individuals and households utilize to ensure their survival and to enhance their well-being. This study examined the impact of the Bole Lemi Industry Park on livelihood systems in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It focused on how the establishment of the industrial park affected the livelihoods of displaced communities. A survey was conducted on 379 household heads who were displaced by the industrial park, ensuring representation across various factors such as gender, marital status, education level, ethnic group, and religion. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts, mean values, standard deviations, and percentages, were used to analyze the data. Multiple linear regression models were employed to investigate how socioeconomic variables predicted the household heads’ annual income before and after the establishment of the park. The findings revealed that 84% of the household heads said that the BLIP has hurt their livelihoods. The majority of respondents (69%) became jobless as a result of the BLIP. Another 16% transitioned to urban lifestyles, while 7.3% shifted to semi-agrarian and 5.6% to trade and services. This study identified the balance gap between industrial development and the interests of local farming communities, and how it failed to ensure sustainable livelihoods. It is recommended that development projects in Addis Ababa prioritize the affected communities by offering compensation, support for resettlement, and opportunities for livelihood diversification. Taking a comprehensive and participatory approach to industrial park development is crucial for achieving sustainable and equitable economic growth while safeguarding the well-being of local communities.

Understanding the mediating role of labor out-migration in household income generation and distribution under a reforestation policy in rural China

Income inequality is a critical issue of socio-economic development, particularly in rural areas where forest-dependent people are often vulnerable to the intervention of forest policies. This paper aims to elucidate income distribution and inequality of rural households influenced by China's largest reforestation policy implemented in early 2000s. Drawing on socioeconomic and demographic data from household surveys in two rural sites, we applied the Gini coefficient to measure income inequality and used a regression-based approach to examine the underlying factors that are associated with income generation among households. We also performed a mediation analysis to test the role of labor out-migration in shaping household income distribution under the reforestation policy. Results show that remittances sent by rural out-migrants substantially contribute to household income but tend to worsen inequality, particularly for households having retired cropland for reforestation. The inequality in total income depends on capital accumulation for land endowment and labor availability that render diversified livelihoods possible. Such linkage reveals regional disparity, which, along with policy-implementing institutions (e.g., rules for tree species choice for reforestation), can influence income generation from a given source (e.g., agriculture). Rural out-migration of female labor significantly mediates the economic benefits of the policy delivered to the households with an estimated mediating share of 11.7%. These findings add value to the knowledge of poverty-environment interrelationships in a sense that supporting rural livelihoods of the more vulnerable and underrepresented groups is essential for securing and sustaining the stewardship of forests. Policymaking for such forest restoration programs needs to integrate strategies for targeted or precise poverty alleviation to strengthen the conservation effectiveness.

FROM ADAPTATION TO RESILIENCE: THE CAPABILITY OF WOMEN SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE NABDAM DISTRICT OF THE UPPER EAST REGION

The study discusses adaptation practices and the resilience of smallholder farmers to agriculture productivity. The study sampled 248 women smallholder farmers in the study communities. Purposive sampling techniques were used to gather data from women smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that drought, pest and disease infestation, reduced rainfall, and flooding were climate change occurrences that affect crop yields as farmers record low productive output. The findings also indicate that mixed cropping, mixed farming, integrated soil fertility management and forecasting were adaptation practices. Findings further show that livelihood diversification, climate-smart agriculture (CSA), dry season gardening and improved variety were also the major resilience strategies among women smallholder farmers. The study recommends that the Ministry of Food and Agriculture should prioritize a dry season gardening support scheme for women smallholder farmers to sustain their adaptative capacity to climate change; the Nabdam District Assembly should create an enabling environment for women smallholder farmers to effectively maximum livelihood diversification; and International Non- Governmental Organization (INGO) including Action Aid Ghana (AAG) should scale-up support to women smallholder farmers in their intervention programs focusing on dry season gardening.
 Keywords: Smallholder Farmer, Adaptation, Resilience, Climate Change, Climate-Smart Agriculture, Livelihood Diversification, Agriculture Productivity and Drought.

DYNAMICS OF THE RURAL INDIAN ECONOMY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY

This research article presents a comprehensive study on the dynamics of the rural Indian economy. With a focus on understanding the key sectors, evaluating government policies, exploring technology's role, and analyzing challenges and opportunities, this study aims to provide insights into the intricacies of rural economic development. Through an in-depth examination of the primary sectors driving the rural economy, including agriculture, livestock, forestry, handicrafts, and rural industries, the research uncovers their economic significance, interdependencies, and growth potential. The assessment of government policies and initiatives sheds light on their impact on income generation, employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and market access in rural areas. the study explores the transformative power of technology and innovation in rural economic development. It investigates successful models and interventions that leverage technology to enhance productivity, value chain integration, and market access in rural sectors. The research also addresses the challenges faced by the rural Indian economy, such as agrarian distress, limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, and climate change impacts. By identifying opportunities for sustainable development, such as diversification of rural livelihoods, promotion of entrepreneurship, and strengthening of rural-urban linkages, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of rural economic growth and prosperity.

Gas extraction operations and livelihood diversification in Tanzania: Rhetoric and reality

The lives and livelihoods of farming and fishing communities in rural Tanzania are highly susceptible to extractive investment operations. Livelihood diversification in communities beyond agriculture and fishing can be an effective way to cope with the adverse impacts of extractive investment operations. Gas extraction operations (GEOs) are expected to change and diversify communities’ livelihoods. Tanzania has new GEOs; thus, it is necessary to investigate how they have diversified livelihoods in Mtwara Rural District. This article addresses the associations between GEOs and diversifying livelihoods. The paper explores (i) livelihood diversification before and during GEOs, (ii) associations between GEOs and villagers' livelihoods diversification, and (iii) communities' perspectives on GEOs and livelihood diversification. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to obtain 260 respondents. A questionnaire-based survey, four (4) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and fifteen (15) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were used to collect data. IBM-SPSS version 25 was used to analyse quantitative data. The Chi-square test was employed to analyse livelihood diversification concerning GEOs. Content analysis was used for qualitative data. Near and distant communities saw farming decline by 81.5% and 83.5%, respectively. Also, fishing declined by 85.2% and 83.7%. On the other hand, GEOs enhanced motorbike transport by 160.0% and 300.0%, food vending improved by 166.7% and 236.4%, and seashell collection increased by 816.0% and 462.5%, respectively. GEOs diversified farming (p = 0.001), fishing (p = 0.008), agricultural wage labour (p = 0.000), and crop business (p = 0.036) with moderate strength of association. GEOs have diversified livelihoods in the study area. The study demonstrates that communities surrounding GEOs are highly socioeconomically vulnerable due to GEOs which caused declining agricultural and fish catches, thus negatively affecting their livelihoods. It is recommended that long-term programmes such as the building of diverse agro-based enterprises for job creation, training on income-generating occupations, agribusiness and technical training are required to increase earnings and enhance living standards. Both public and private entities should conduct a targeted and context-specific initiative to increase livelihood diversification among nearby and distant households, which can improve livelihood resilience.

Livelihood Resilience of Households Affected by The Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage Hydropower Development Project

This article examines the impact of the large-scale Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage Hydropower (UCPSH) development project, in West Java, Indonesia on household livelihoods. The process of land acquisition and resettlement has taken away land-based resources that are the source of livelihood for households in 4 villages around the project. This article discusses how the resilience of household livelihoods occurs 5 years after land acquisition and resettlement. This study was conducted by interviewing 134 households affected by land acquisition and resettlement living in the vicinity of the UCPSH project site. The level of severity is studied to see how the household can respond to disturbances. Livelihood resilience in affected households occurs when the household’s livelihood system can absorb disturbances, then responds by re-establishing livelihood capital and assets. Livelihood strategies are carried out based on the capacity possessed to maintain and improve the quality of life. As a result, there are two livelihood strategies carried out by the affected households, the agricultural intensification strategy has improved 9% of living conditions and the livelihood diversification strategy has improved 2.5% of living conditions.

Livelihood diversification strategies and determinants by smallholder farmers in the highland areas of North Shewa Ethiopia

Livelihood diversification strategies and determinants by smallholder farmers in the highland areas of North Shewa Ethiopia

Diversifikasi Mata Pencaharian di Objek Wisata Talang Indah Kabupaten Pringsewu

This research aims to find out the forms of diversification of people's livelihoods in Talang Indah Tourist Attractions pringsewu regency, as well as the economic classification of the community after the existence of Talang Indah Tourist Attractions Pringsewu Regency. The methods used in this study are qualitatively described with data collection techniques observation, documentation, literature, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. The results and discussion obtained by researchers are as follows: the community around Talang Indah Tourist Attraction has a variety of sources of income obtained from Talang Indah Attractions both from the agricultural and nonfarm sectors. The source of income of the community is not only from one source, but from several sources, which in this case it is said that the community has a diverse source of income and is commonly referred to as diversification of livelihoods.As for the form of diversification of livelihood after the existence of Talang Indah Tourist Attractions, namely Managers, janitors, security officers, counter guards and traders; as well as the classification of people's livelihoods in Talang Indah Tourist Attraction based on working hours, type of work and income level. The transformation of livelihoods for the community is due to new job opportunities related to Talang Indah Tourist Attractions.

Partial climatic risk screening, adaptation and livelihoods in a coastal urban area in Ghana

Coastal urban areas worldwide are increasingly becoming convergence points for climatic hazards, demographic shifts, and spatial development. However, the presence of societal demands that impact both livelihoods and urban planning in response to climatic hazards undermines the potential positive outcomes. This research, conducted in a coastal urban area of Ghana's Greater Accra Region, utilized the Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to analyze the experiences of climatic hazards and overall livelihoods of the population. The study employed Ghana's Census Sampling Frame for implementation, and Participatory Learning Approaches, to collect data which it identified floods, heavy storms, and heat stress as the most significant hazards. These hazards greatly influenced the population's physical, social, and financial livelihood assets, resulting in losses and damages caused by heavy rains, storms, and subsequent floods. Extreme heat also had a notable impact on human and financial resources. The local population prioritized human mobility and livelihood diversification as important adaptation strategies. The findings have important policy implications, highlighting the need to address barriers and disruptions in resilience-building and sustainability efforts, emphasizing the significance of prioritizing policy investment and considering climate change uncertainties in planning towards minimizing “urban climate policy inhibition” (Urban-CPI). The study also revealed valuable lessons, such as CRiSTAL's ability to bridge the gap between climatic risk and livelihood issues, bringing them closer to communities and enhancing preparedness to adapt to climatic risks and impacts on livelihoods.

Analysis of the Impact of Livelihood Capital on Livelihood Strategies of Leased-In Farmland Households: A Case Study of Jiangxi Province, China

In the context of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the industrialization of agriculture and rural areas is rapidly increasing, and more and more capable people in rural management are actively leasing land to develop modern agriculture, broaden diversified livelihood channels, and pursue sustainable development. We used leased-in farmland households as an entry point, focusing on the development of rural industries and the choice of livelihood strategies to fill a gap in the existing literature. Based on sustainable livelihood theory, we constructed a sustainable livelihood analysis framework for leased-in farmland households using the survey data of 283 leased-in farmland households in Yudu County. A livelihood capital indicator system was constructed, and the entropy value method and other measurement methods were used. Firstly, we analyzed and comprehensively evaluated the livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of leased-in farmland households in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province. We then used binary logistic regression models and polynomial logistic regression models to analyze the influence of the differentiation in leased-in farmland households’ livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies and their transformation and conducted robustness tests on the relevant findings. Different types of livelihood capital have different effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies. Natural capital and physical capital have significant positive effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies, but financial capital, human capital, and social capital have negative effects. Natural capital has a significant negative effect on the pluriactivity strategy, while physical, human, and social capital have insignificant effects on it. For off-farm livelihood strategies, natural capital and financial capital have insignificant effects, physical capital has a significant negative effect, and human capital and social capital have a significant positive contribution.

Threats from weather events, urbanization and resilience: A case study of a coastal geography in India

ABSTRACT Urbanized coastal geographies with high population density but with low adaptive capacity are more exposed to threats of both rapid and slow onset weather events. Altered coasts along the Bay of Bengal is one such geography where general urbanization trend coupled with new policy driven tourism activity promotion is increasing exposure to frequent and intense disaster events. Current study takes a deeper dive into a 17 km long coastal stretch along Digha-Shankarpur-Mandarmoni in the Bay of Bengal in India. Community consultation using questionnaire-based survey is the primary source of evidence for this study. Community’s perception about threats from changing weather events and risks perceived by the coastal community engaged in various livelihood categories have been used to assess their resilience status, awareness of various local adaptive interventions and measures undertaken for local resilience building. With already predominant traditional agricultural and fisheries practices, promotion of tourism is altering the natural ecosystem faster through hard infrastructure expansion. The prevalent threats from weather events in the region lead to the loss of ecosystem services with adverse impacts on the communities whose livelihood are closely linked to the ecosystem service flows. In this context, how to build the resilience is the major research question. Nine impact indicators are used to assess risk using qualitative and quantitative methods. The analysis shows that individual and the community scale resilience increases with livelihood diversification, inclusive community engagement, polycentric governance structure, maintenance of diversity in ecosystem service flows, access to science based information on threats and opportunities, inclusion of local knowledge available with the communities in various livelihood categories for designing appropriate social protection measures. The study comes up with policy recommendations. It is important to avoid lack of long-term vision in the policies, enhance local institutional capacity through sector specific associations to deal with multiple threats quickly, overcome lack of awareness about preventive and soft adaptation measures, restoration actions, increase interaction and involvement of local stakeholders for local knowledge. Additionally, it is an urgent need to involve multiple even if sometimes conflicting scientific views on solutions vis-à-vis community wisdom for strengthening resilience.

Livestock for Livelihoods: Role of Goats in Improving the Livelihood and Well-being of Women Pastoralists in Ethiopia and Uganda

Abstract Farm Africa worked with semi-nomadic pastoralist women living in the South Omo region of Ethiopia and Karamoja subregion in Uganda, thereby supporting them to set up sustainable, small-scale goat-rearing enterprises that contributed to increased household income, improved dietary diversity and nutritional status of their families. The project also supported community-based animal health service delivery as part of the integrated approach. Livestock is the main source of livelihood for the pastoralist communities in East Africa, though disease, drought and degraded grasslands make it unproductive. Rural women in pastoralist communities in Ethiopia and Uganda lack nutritional knowledge, financial skills, credit access and a voice in household decision making, which result in them having a low economic status and which contribute to malnutrition. Declining animal health services, due in part to reduced government capacity, exacerbate the challenge of increasing goat productivity. Farm Africa through the Livestock for Livelihoods project (March 2019–July 2021) supported 10,000 women to improve their socio-economic status and improve household nutrition. It supported women beneficiaries to be more economically empowered through access to finance provided by Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLAs) and facilitated them to be involved in profitable enterprises in the goat value chain (goat breeding, leather tanning and milk value addition). These activities stimulated livelihood diversification and trade, contributing to reduced levels of poverty and malnutrition. Some of the remarkable results include increased revenue that women acquired from the sale of live goats, meat, hides, skins and milk; improved dietary diversity in children under 5 years and women; and increased Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) scores. This project created and strengthened a network of Community-Based Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) linked to agro-input dealers to enhance pastoralists’ access to quality animal health services. A total of 155 CAHWs (127 men and 28 women) in the two countries were empowered to provide animal health services to the pastoralists across the project area. The logo of Farm Africa. Information © The Author 2023

Impact of the Grain for Green Project on the Well-Being of Farmer Households: A Case Study of the Mountainous Areas of Northern Hebei Province, China

There are close dynamic relationships among the livelihood, well-being, and ecological environment of farmer households. It is of great significance to scientifically clarify the impact of the Grain for Green policy on the livelihoods and well-being of farmer households in mountainous areas. Based on data from a survey of 392 farmer households in Zhangbei County, the system of indicators for livelihood assets and well-being of farmer households were constructed using the sustainable livelihood framework (SLF). The livelihood assets and well-being levels of different types of farmer households were measured, and a multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact of the Grain for Green policy implementation on the well-being levels of farmer households. The results showed that (1) the Grain for Green project caused changes in the livelihood of farmer households. The average livelihood diversity of farmer households was 3.008, and the returned farmland households (3.022) were higher than the nonreturned farmland households (2.975) in Zhangbei County. The level of natural assets among the total average livelihood assets of farmer households was the highest at 0.374, while the level of physical assets was the lowest at 0.018. The level of livelihood assets of returned farmland households (0.948) was lower than that of nonreturned farmland households (1.117). (2) The Grain for Green policy had an improving effect on the level of well-being of farmer households, but the effect was not significant. The level of well-being of all farmer households in Zhangbei County was 0.517, with the level of wealth contributing the most to the well-being of farmer households at 40.20% and the quality of the ecological environment contributing the least at 11.99%. The level of well-being of returned farmland households (0.518) was slightly higher than that of nonreturned farmland households (0.514). (3) The influencing degree of each factor on the level of well-being varied significantly. There are three main paths through which the Grain for Green policy affects the well-being of farmer households: by reallocating human assets, optimizing natural assets, and enhancing financial assets. The factor of household size had the highest degree, at 0.366, while educational attainment of household members, household labor capacity, annual household expenditure, livelihood diversity, number of large production tools, and total value of livestock were also important drivers of household well-being, and area of arable land was negatively associated with household well-being. There were also differences in the factors influencing the level of well-being of different types of farmer households.

Rainfall Shocks, Livelihood Diversification and Welfare: Evidence from Rural Togo

Abstract Theory suggests that rural farm households exposed to greater risk should diversify their income portfolios to reduce variation in welfare caused by adverse events such as rainfall shocks. Rainfall shocks, however, can also degrade asset stocks and make diversification more costly. Using a panel dataset of small-scale cattle farmers from rural Togo and long-term historical rainfall data, we first examine whether and in what direction rural portfolio diversification is related to historical rainfall shocks. Second, we test whether diversification is associated with stabilised welfare in the face of recent rainfall shocks. Our results show that historical rainfall shock exposure reduces income diversification. In terms of mitigation, we find that diversification is generally not effective in insulating against welfare losses. We conclude that there is a need to stimulate rural diversification as a means of building resilient livelihoods to cope with increasing weather variability by strengthening credit, agricultural and market institutions.

Centralized governance for food safety of non-timber forest products: Wild-simulated ginseng in the Republic of Korea

Global interest in non-timber forest products is increasing, owing to their contribution to the diversification of forest livelihoods. Wild-simulated ginseng (WSG) is a non-timber forest product that has received attention for promoting the livelihood of mountain villages and providing healthy foods in the Republic of Korea. The country's government policy for specializing the WSG with high commercial value was established and conducted according to the National Forest Plans. This study examined the policy changes for facilitating the WSG industry in the Republic of Korea for understanding innovation and governance of non-timber forest product industry, applying a policy arrangement approach with four dimensions; discourses, rules of the game, actors, and actors' resources or power. The results indicate that these four interconnected dimensions contributed to establishing and implementing policies for facilitating the WSG industry. The policy arrangement approach confirms two features in WSG industry policies; the transition of discourse of non-timber forest products from quantity-oriented to quality-oriented focusing on food safety and centralized governance mode. The innovative policy approach, focusing on food safety and governance mode, contributes to facilitating and revitalizing the non-timber forest product industry in the food market.

The role of responsive heterogeneity in sub-Saharan smallholder farming sustainability: socio-economic and biophysical determinants of mineral and organic fertilizers used in South Western Burkina Faso

ABSTRACTSustainable soil nutrient management (SNM) is important for improving soil resources and food security in sub-Saharan African countries. Inherent livelihood diversity may lead to differences in household behavior in the adoption of SNM practices, thus challenging policy interventions uniformly implemented. This study aims at exploring the responsive heterogeneity in household behavior in the adoption of fertilizer use by farmers. Determinants of fertilizer uses were analyzed across different farm types. These farm types were identified from farm-household data collected in six villages in the South Western of Burkina Faso using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. Using multilinear and binary logistic models, determinants of mineral, organic and combined mineral-organic fertilizer uses were analyzed. The results revealed that the determinants of SMN adoption include not only common determinants to whole sampled population (income, household size, access to roads and cereal areas), but also specific determinants to farm types (small ruminants, animal power, educational level and access to agro-training). This finding suggests that policy interventions will not be effective if the responsive heterogeneity in SNM adoption behavior is not taken into account. The study recommends the use of the presented framework, as an approach, to identify functional farm types to be considered in SNM policies.