Litmus Research Articles

Evaluation of the Changes of Salivary pH among Dental Students Depending on Their Anxiety Level.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the state of anxiety (S-anxiety and T-anxiety based on the state–trait anxiety inventory [STAI] test) and the manifestation of dentophobia with changes in salivary pH. Materials and Methods The data of 105 patients, aged 18 to 23 were considered. The student’s anxiety levels were evaluated by the STAI test and they were distributed into three groups. To determine dental anxiety, Corah’s dental anxiety scale (CDAS) testing was performed. To determine the changes in salivary pH, samples were obtained, and pH level of the collected whole saliva was evaluated immediately using pHSCAN 5.4–10.0 litmus paper and a scale in 0.1 to 0.4 increments. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results Group I experienced a low level of anxiety and included 33 students (31.4%). Group II comprised of 32 (30.5%) students presenting with a moderate level of anxiety. In group III, 40 students (38.1%) were having a high level of anxiety. Out of the 105 participants, 85% of students showed low level of dentophobia, 27% of them showed a low level of anxiety, 29% showed moderate level of anxiety, and 28% showed high level of anxiety. The average salivary pH value among all the participants (105 students) at rest was 6.79 and in a state of anxiety 6.43. Conclusion within the limits of this study, a correlation was found between the anxiety level and the salivary pH level. Furthermore, a change in the salivary pH toward acidity was registered in each group of students when in a stressful situation.

Sihirli Dokunuştan Temassız Sağaltıma Hasta-Hekim İlişkisinin Dönüşümü: Robotik Cerrahinin İnsani Sonuçları

The new order of relationships financial capitalism brought about by circulating abstract values has fluidized the basic logic of social action. As a result, while social identification has become ambiguous, the constantly reconstructed interactions have replaced solid structures. The field technology occupies in social life is gradually expanding, and the sociality established by fluid relations becomes possible only with the quantitative diffusion and qualitative development of technology. This process relates not just to technical, material, and structural elements but also signifies a deeper moral transformation and change in human relationships. Professions feel the direct consequences of technologization. The transformation of professions that deal with vital issues and that are obliged to adapt themselves to the innovations by their very nature can be treated sociologically as a kind of litmus paper. In this way, both the direction of social change can be determined and the factors affecting it can be analyzed. In this field study, we examine the process of robotic surgery by conducting in-depth interviews with 15 physicians using Da Vinci surgical systems and robotics. We found robotic surgery to be able to substantially transform both materially and spiritually the phenomenon of touch, which is intrinsic to the nature of healing as the main function of medicine. By claiming the privilege of the magic touch that had been attributed to physicians since ancient times to have been replaced by contactless relationships established through interfaces, we argue that this change in medicine can in fact be treated as a sign and an ideal type of a more general social-moral transformation. In this article, we examine the characteristics of touch; how surgeons perceive their professions, themselves, and their patients in this technologized process; and how they experience the conceptual results of Da Vinci.

Global cyclic transition – 2020: theory and methodology

100 years have passed (taking into account the number of days in the lunar month) since the collapseof the largest companies stocks on world exchanges marked the beginning of the Great Depression(1929-1933). Stock markets are a kind of litmus paper showing changes in the world. The events of thoseyears revealed the inability of the market to maintain a political economic equilibrium in the long run andthe inevitability of world cyclical crises. The beginning of a new cycle is evidenced by the events of thebeginning of 2020 in global stock markets.The reason for the beginning of the modern world crisis was COVID-19, which erupted at the end of2019 in China and spread throughout the world, connected by the threads of global population mobility.But that is not the reason.The purpose of the study is to identify the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the modernglobal cyclic transition. The main reason lies in the escalating contradictions that hinder the implementationof the new technologies achievements born by the information revolution in the end of 20th century.The methodological basis of the study is the main provisions of the scientific heritage and evolutionarychanges in the theory of cyclicality and crises; observation, unity of historical and logical, comparisonand extrapolation methods used.The results of the study can be traced in the following. Dynamic economic equilibrium is determinedby the balance of the resource support system: informational, social, environmental, spiritual, material.Disturbances in the system are manifested in cyclical recessions. In this aspect, Kazakhstan remainsamong the most vulnerable countries, due to a number of objective and subjective factors.

The effect of using biopore on soil fertility in karst area, District of Besuki, Tulungagung Regency

The District of Besuki is one of the regions in Tulungagung Regency which has karst morphology. The karst area is identical to the condition of the land that is infertile. The use of biopore by incorporating organic waste into the biopore hole is expected to add nutrients in the soil so that it can increase soil fertility. This study aims to determine the use of biopore in improving soil fertility in Gambiran, Besole Village, district of Besuki, Tulungagung Regency. This type of research is an experiment. The level of soil fertility was measured by field observations and laboratory trials, such as pH meters, distilled water, and litmus paper. The results showed that the use of biopore could increased soil fertility in karst topographic areas. This is evidenced by a change in the soili.e.1) to turn soil color into dark brown; 2) to turn the texture of the soil into wet, clay, lots of leaf litter; 3) to increase Soil pH into balanced or neutral pH; and 4) to initiate land biota.

The WTO Reform Through the Prism of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement – to – Be

Actively ongoing discussions shaping the WTO reform are aimed at solving urgent and systemic issues impeding both the functioning and the progress of the Organization and ensuring the relevance of the multilateral trading system in future. While a number of procedural and substantive suggestions were already accumulated, no big institutional decision has provided a reality check to the talks so far. A Doha Development Round issue, the dilemma of fisheries subsidization is a long-timer on the WTO agenda. Following certain reinforcement in Hong Kong (2005), yet stagnating thereafter, the subject made a return in Buenos Aires (2017). This time - largely due to the SDG 14.6, calling for the prohibition and/or elimination of certain forms of fisheries subsidies before 2020. Even though this deadline was extended [at least] till MC12, the fisheries subsidies agreement remains an only multilateral outcome expected for prospective delivery. The treaty-to-be could be viewed as a litmus paper for the WTO reform in several important respects, since the negotiators would have to find at least situation-specific solutions to the issues topping the agenda of the latter in order to reach a deal. As with other WTO subsidies disciplines, elaboration and implementation of the rules would heavily depend on transparency, which, so far, is crippled in the area, with notifications of trade-related effects of the fisheries subsidies being sporadic and, allegedly, incomplete. In the light of the ongoing discussions related to re-definition of development, it might be expected that a specific SDT approach would be espoused relying, to one extent or the other, on the fishing capacity or other indicators (national history of fishing subsidization; current volumes of subsidies granted; characteristics of the existent fishing fleet, etc.) or ability to implement particular disciplines, rather than on the development status as is. Particular ways towards implementing the SDT decided on should also be carefully considered. While discussions on the institutional aspects are not yet advanced, potential enforceability of the agreement via the WTO dispute settlement or, in alternative, ensuring its performance through other means, for instance, via a combination of transparency and deliberative mechanisms at the WTO, is to be established in the face of the recent AB demise. Finally, if reached, the agreement would explicitly open the door for the affirmative introduction of non-trade (in the present case – mostly environmental) concerns into the WTO Rule book, by shaping those as obligations, rather than exceptions.

Bacterial vaginosis and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of asymptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital, Visakhaptn, India

The association between bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women is at a greater risk comparatively than patients with bacterial vaginosis or UTI. Bacterial vaginosis and asymptomatic UTI both pose risk for mother and fetus. Early diagnosis and treatment can save the life of both. The present investigation was aimed to find out the magnitude of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women with noticeable bacterial vaginitis attending antenatal outpatient and inpatient of a tertiary care hospital and to identify the organisms causing it. A total of 117 antenatal women from different age and parity groups with different gestational ages were included in the study. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques for identification of microorganisms. While performing Per speculum examination, vaginal secretions were collected from the posterior fornix. Swabs from the posterior fornix were tested for pH using litmus paper. A wet mount and Gram smear was made and examined for the presence of bacteria, polymorphs and clue cells indicating bacterial vaginosis. Amsel's criteria and Nugent scoring system were applied for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. Bacterial vaginosis infection rate (62.3%) was common in the present study followed by asymptomatic UTI (n=60, 51%). It was also observed that asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) with Bacterial vaginosis prevalent rate was 49 (41.8%) in the current study. Bacterial vaginosis was more common than asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. It is recommended that antenatal health care facilities should incorporate screening of vaginitis among pregnant women to prevent the complications of pregnancy. And those women with Bacterial vaginosis should be screened for UTI. Proper use of antibiotics should be encouraged, abuse of antibiotics should be in check.

A fast and cost-efficient method to detect ethanol as adulterant in gasoline

Adulteration of fuel is a global problem that needs to be curbed. Studies have proved that no technically easy solution has been developed and easily accessible to the Oil and gas industry to detect adulterated gasoline. The need therefore arises for adequate and substantial methods for easy detection of adulterated gasoline.•This study developed an effective and cost-efficient method to detect adulterated gasoline at the point of sales of Petroleum Product through the means of piece of litmus paper testing.•The method provides the marketers and gasoline users to easily detect adulterated fuel at the point of sales of Petroleum Product, to avoid damage to the combustion engine.•This method of developing a paper indicator is however efficient and meets the requirements of the issue of detection of gasoline adulteration.

JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS ON JOZEF TISO AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1946 – 1947

Мета статті – дослідити перебіг судового процесу над Йозефом Тісо та розкрити його вплив на суспільно-політичне життя в Чехословаччині 1946 – 1947 рр. Методологія дослідження спирається на загальнонаукові принципи історизму, об’єктивності, системного підходу, дослідження подій, зокрема їх виникнення та розвитку, взаємозв’язку, взаємозалежності та комплексності. Реалізація цих принципів дозволила уникнути у роботі непослідовності, неконкретності, відірваності від об’єктивного історичного процесу під час дослідження. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що автор висвітлює вплив судового процесу над колишнім президентом Словацької держави Й. Тісо на загострення політичної боротьби в державі, ставлення громадськості та католицької церкви до цих подій. Судовий процес над Й. Тісо в грудні 1946 р. – квітні 1947 р. став важливою подією в житті словацького суспільства. Він викрив комплекс існуючих у чесько-словацьких відносинах проблем та протиріч, а також загострив політичну боротьбу в Словаччині, передусім між Комуністичною та Демократичною партіями. Суд над Й. Тісо став лакмусовим папірцем, що розділив словацьке суспільство на два табори: для одних він був зрадником та військовим злочинцем, а для інших, переважно католиків за віросповіданням, залишався національним героєм. Смертний вирок Й. Тісо відповідав інтересам чехословацької влади, оскільки в його особі засуджувався не лише президент самопроголошеної Словацької держави, але й людацтво з його ідеями незалежності Словаччини в цілому. Судовий процес над Й. Тісо вплинув на послаблення позицій Демократичної партії в державі, чим досить вдало скористалися комуністи на шляху до монополії влади в Чехословаччині.

Comparison of enzymatic properties of production strains of microorganisms used in the bakery industry with those of reference strains

The article deals with the results of the comparative analysis of the enzymatic properties of the production strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida milleri and Lactobacillus plantarum,which were isolated from the ferment used in the production facilities of the Kiev region with the properties of the reference strains purchased in the Russian Federation. There were investigated the properties of two production strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida milleri and one strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. The isolation of the production strains was carried out by generally accepted methods in microbiology, and their identification was carried out on the basis of the results of the investigation of morphological features and cultural and enzymatic properties according to the determinant of bacteria Burge (1997). The biochemical properties of the bacteria were studied by the indicators of their relation to oxygen, the ability to break down carbohydrates with the accumulation of certain products of metabolism. To determine the ability to ferment carbohydrates and alcohols used short and long “colored” series of Giss. The short series included environments with glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose and mannitol, and in the long – additionally introduced environments with arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, galactose, as well as inulin, starch, dextrin and glycerol, dulcite and inositol. The incubation was carried out in a thermostat at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, and the results were evaluated in 2–4 days, taking into account the change whether there is no change in the color of the indicator and the environment, the appearance or absence of gas in the float, etc. Proteolytic activity was investigated for the ability of microorganisms to dilute gelatin and peptone milk, catalase – by interaction with a 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide, the ability to synthesize indole – Morel method, and ammonia and hydrogen by changing the color of the strip of litmus paper impregnated with the Andrade reagent and lead acetate solution, respectively. It is installed, that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae production strains used at the production facilities of the Kyiv region, as well as the reference strain purchased from the Russian Federation, they fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, melibiosis, raffinose, melecitosis and ethanol and did not ferment cellobiose, rhamnose, lactose and insulin. However, unlike the reference strains, the production strains did not have the ability to ferment xylose. Candida milleri strains, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, do not have the ability to ferment maltose and, unlike reference strains, their production strains do not ferment xylose. The searches have found no differences in the enzymatic properties of the reference and production strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. Both microorganisms fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, mannitol and did not ferment rhamnose, arabinose and xylose. Based on the results of microbiological searches of production strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermenti, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida milleri, in particular the search of their enzymatic properties by means of the standardized colorimetric identification system KB009 TM HiCarburgate Kit, at the Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Product Safety at the AIC of the National University of Bioresources and nature management of Ukraine were certified the following strains: Lactobacillus plantarum LPR-2018/5; Lactobacillus fermenti LLF-2018/5, Saccharomyces cerevisiae SLC-2017/5, Candida milleri CLM-2017/7.

The map - "evergreen" in geography education

The geographic map is a diagrammatic symbolic depiction of the earth's surface or a part of it, typically represented on a flat surface. The maps are widely used in geography science as a model of the studied territories and phenomena. At the same time, the importance of maps as a learning tool in geography education is immense. The maps are labeled as "the second language of geography", "alpha and omega of geography"; "litmus paper that shows what is geographic" The map for geography is what is the microscope for biology. So why and what is it all about? What is so special about the geographic map? The current paper will try to find the answers of these difficult questions. It will be presented an up-to-date interpretation and the most general didactical and methodological characterization of the geographic map as a "special source" of information in geography education. Also the author explores map essence, its meaning and peculiarities, and the place of map in regard to the goals, content and methodology of geography training. In the paper is presented an open for discussion model of cartographic competence achieved by pupils in the training process. Consequently, the stages of cultivation of cartographic competence are explored: reading the map - decoding the graphic images and map description; map interpretation – reading and evaluation of the map.

Maria Lednicka-Szczytt – kariera polskiej rzeźbiarki we Włoszech, 1924–1934

Twórczość Marii Lednickiej-Szczytt (Maryli Lednickiej), uczennicy Antoine’a Bourdelle’a, uważanej w okresie międzywojennym za jedną z najbardziej znanych polskich artystek za granicą, jest dziś w zasadzie nieznana. W rekonstrukcji artystycznej biografii, skupiam się na okresie włoskim jako najbardziej owocnym w jej karierze. Za daty graniczne tego okresu przyjęłam 1924 – rok pierwszej indywidualnej wystawy artystki w mediolańskiej Galerii Pesaro, za końcowy, rok 1934 – datę pierwszej indywidualnej wystawy w nowojorskiej Wildenstein Galleries, inicjującej przenosiny pracowni artystki za ocean.
 Urodzona w Moskwie, córka jednego z najważniejszych polskich polityków w carskiej Rosji Aleksandra Lednickiego, została wcześnie dostrzeżona jako sprawna organizatorka i aktywna uczestniczka polskiego życia artystycznego nad Sekwaną. Zyskała dowody oficjalnego uznania w postaci życzliwych recenzji popularnych krytyków (jak Woroniecki czy Vauxcelles) oraz przyjęcia w 1921 roku w poczet członków Salon d’Automne, a w 1925 roku członka warszawskiego TZSP. W początku lat 20. rozpoczęła współpracę z Adrianną Górską (Adrienne Gorską), siostrą Tamary Łempickiej, z którą wykonała projekty fontann i małej architektury, a także nagrobek rodziny Lednickich na cmentarzu Powązkowskim w Warszawie (1923–1925).
 Okres włoski, w którym Lednicka stworzyła wiele portretów osobistości ze świata sztuki, arystokracji i polityki, upłynął pod znakiem ówczesnych protektorów rzeźbiarki – małżeństwa Teoplitzów. Józef (Giuseppe), pochodzący z warszawskiego rodu żydowskiej burżuazji, wpływowy prezes Banca Commerciale Italiana, oraz jego żona – gwiazda scen krakowskich ok. 1900 roku i podróżniczka – Jadwiga Mrozowska, prowadzili w Mediolanie artystyczny salon, promujący młodych artystów. Zaprzyjaźnieni z d’Annunziem i czołowymi postaciami ówczesnych Włoch, ułatwiali sukcesy swej podopiecznej, a także promowali związane z nią uzdolnione kobiety (Adrienne Gorska, Tamara de Lempicka).
 Współpracując w latach 30. przy dekoracji kilku włoskich transatlantyków, Lednicka biegle opanowała technologię prac w różnych materiałach – od ulubionego drewna, po rozmaite gatunki kamienia, płaskorzeźbę i panele dekoracyjne. Dorobek artystki dziś zupełnie rozproszony (w Polsce w zbiorach muzealnych zaledwie 3 rzeźby) i zapo mniany, byłby dziś niemożliwy do odtworzenia gdyby nie materiały archiwalne przekazane w latach 60. XX wieku przez brata artystki – Wacława, do Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie.
 Funkcjonując w różnych krajach i środowiskach, była Lednicka zawsze ambasadorką polskiej kultury, organizatorką wystaw i uczestniczką wydarzeń, W 1932 roku na pokładzie statku – Conte di Savoia – na który wykonała popiersie żony następcy tronu, Księżnej Piemontu, odbyła pierwszą podróż do Ameryki, która wzbudziła fascynację tym krajem i decyzję o przeprowadzce za ocean. Wybuch drugiej wojny światowej, zmieniający radykalnie oblicze świata, w którym Lednicka miała uznaną pozycję, stał się przyczyną załamania zdrowia, depresji i samobójczej śmierci w roku 1947.
 Choć szczątkowe zachowanie twórczości Lednickiej, utrudnia dziś przywrócenie jej trwałego miejsca w historii polskiej rzeźby dwudziestolecia, rekonstrukcja artystycznej biografii rzeźbiarki zdaje się dopełniać w wielu aspektach obraz epoki, w której funkcjonowała. Wydobywa z mroku powiazania i nieoczekiwane związki, wzbogacając obraz polskiego międzywojnia. Niczym papierek lakmusowy lub brakujący kawałek układanki, przywrócona obecność Lednickiej pozwala odczytać ukryte sensy większej struktury.

THE GENESIS OF THE PUBLIC LAW ENTITIES

Public law entities currently play an important role in the social and economic life of our country. The activity of local government, professional and business self-governments, as well as public law entities such as the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Bank Guarantee Fund, significantly contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in Poland. It is difficult to imagine effective state functioning without the existence of this category of legal entities. Being independent in their actions, they are at the same time a part of the state apparatus, whose activity is based on the systemic principle of decentral-ization and the participation of citizens in the exercise of public authority. It can be said that their existence and conditions of operation constitute a kind of litmus paper test of realizing the idea of a democratic legal state. This article presents considerations regarding the genesis of public law entities. It presents the views of the legal doctrine concerning entities governed by public law, starting from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, through the 19th centuryand XX century, ending with the contemporary times.

Effectiveness of Calotropis Gigantean Linn Flower Extract as Indicator for Acid-Base Titration and Development of Litmus Paper

Effectiveness of Calotropis Gigantean Linn Flower Extract as Indicator for Acid-Base Titration and Development of Litmus Paper

A facile hydrothermal method for preparation of fluorescent carbon dots on application of Fe3+ and fingerprint detection

The carbon dots (CDs) was prepared by a facile hydrothermal treatment of citric acid and glycine at 180 °C. The CDs at around 3.2 nm was collected after filtration and dialysis. The sample displayed green fluorescence (G-CDs) with a quantum yield of 3.7% in high concentration and the strongest emission peak was at 545 nm under the excitation wavelength of 480 nm; the blue fluorescence CDs (B-CDs) with a quantum yield of 29.8% was obtained after diluted either in solution or in powder, the strongest emission peak was located at 475 nm under the excitation wavelength of 380 nm. The G-CDs possessed a high selectivity to Fe3+, which was in a linear range of 0–3.5 μM with the detection limit of 0.21 μM. The CDs powder with blue fluorescence at a relative low content was obtained and adaptable for the fingerprint detection on substrates of litmus paper, resin tabletop, glass, and orange plastic ruler.

The first student building units in the everyday life of Ukrainian students

The history of everyday life is becoming increasingly relevant in our time. Studies of the life of an ordinary person, a social group, their way of life, and life stances allows to understand better the peculiarities of one or another historical epoch. The history of the students, their role in the socio-political and economic development of the state has always been relevant in historical science. Scientific interest in this problem is due to the fact that the younger generation has always been hoping for humanity. The quality of life of students, their professional and moral preparation as litmus paper shows the level of development of the state.The purpose of the research is to find out the processes of formation of building units, motivation of youth; to identify the peculiarities of the students' work, the difficulties they encountered and the peculiarities of the process of socialization in the middle of the students collective. The author involves archival sources, namely protocols of meetings of student units, reports on the work of virgin units, certificates, etc.The history of student construction units is a tradition, experience and reservations. Of particular interest to historical science is the everyday life of the Buddhists, because it has become part of the spiritual culture of many generations of students, in some sense determined their future. Together with the students' building detachments the whole epoch has definitely gone.Student building units - labor collectives of students who voluntarily unite during the summer holidays for participation in the construction of national economic objects and propaganda, cultural-mass and other chess work among the population.The tasks of communist socialization demanded that students during their studies in higher educational institutions acquire not only deep knowledge of the chosen specialty, but also prepare themselves for active participation in the social and political life of Soviet society.The analysis of sources and literature suggests that during the early 1960s the birth and formalization of student construction units took place. The initiative of young people to help build their country was well used and bureaucratized by the Soviet-party bodies. But despite this, the movement of young people has become more widespread and enthusiastic, as evidenced by the memories of the participants in the third semester.

ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-АНАЛІТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БАНКІВ НА ДЕРЖАВНОМУ РІВНІ

For twenty years of independence of Ukraine, the category of bank has evolved from a purely institutional economic category into a socio-political category, and in the context of the financial crisis on litmus paper, the definition of the stability of socio-political and economic independence of Ukraine. Recall that the main thing in the essence of the bank, its basis is the organization of the monetary process and simulation of banknotes. Unfortunately, the banking system in the conditions of political instability has evolved from an instrument of financial transformation into an instrument of social influence and social conflicts. According to the criteria of American economic science, we have a collapse of the monetary and financial system, because, firstly, population savings are not transformed into investment and, secondly, our banking system does not lend its own production. Proceeding from the notion of a market economy, our banking system is anti-market, as it destroys the main part of the market system, destroys its own production through artificially created crisis of payments, implementation of the policy of solid monetarism, indirect lending to foreign firms through speculative operations, and facilitates the flight of capital abroad. In order to create a market economy in Ukraine, it is necessary to solve the problem of creating a banking system that reflects the interests of Ukraine, rather than the interests of the countries of elitism - regarding the gaining of the Ukrainian market and its financial sovereignty, which is much more important and more complicated than solution, for example the problem of total privatization. It is worth pointing out that the world enters a new era, which will be characterized by a significant increase in the unpredictability and uncertainty of development, when different crises will constantly arise and disappear in various local processors of the world economy, periodically combining in the chain and forming a global crisis. In these global fluctuations, only social development that is based on a competitive economy can be sustainable; developed domestic market; a national production complex that fully utilizes the potential of transnational capital and guarantees the country's economic security; a balanced social structure and an effective political system.

A Study of Meat Freshness Detection using Embedded-based pH Sensor

<p>For the past few years, food safety incidents often occur as a result of food poisoning from various food sources such as in schools, hospitals, night markets, street stalls and the like. When the quality of food is reduced due to the low level of freshness, cleanliness factor, safety and nutrition, it can contribute to health risks. According to World Health Organization, food poisoning ailment is a global problem and almost 1 in 10 people fall ill every year from eating degraded food and 420 000 die as a result. Factors such as cost savings, low awareness on food freshness and busy routine lifestyle aggravate the food poisoning problem. Hence it is important to at least maintain the freshness of the food mainly at the prominent area such as school and hospital. There are many methods used to test the freshness food, such as visual appearance, and also classical olfaction including normal olfactory and Scentometer, which requires trained panels to taste or smell the food samples to ensure the quality or strength of the odor. However, this method is rather subjective, because the human sense of smell and taste is different and may be influenced by the weather and experience. Conventional pH and litmus paper also are the alternatives, however the material itself is easily damaged and not suitable for the color blind person. In this paper, we presented raw meat examination using pH sensor based on food acidity. Examination of food freshness level is much easier using pH sensor since it is more practical to be used by consumers at home since it can be mobile, long lived, and accurate embedded-based application. Some testing has been conducted on sensor capability reacting with several buffer solutions on meat samples left at room temperature at various periods of time. Generally, the embedded pH sensor developed has successfully tested raw meat freshness level based on acidity level of meat.</p>

Measurement of Salivary pH Using Litmus Paper as a Screening Tool of Smoking Behavior in Adolescents

Background: Cigarettes are the biggest threat in the world, including Indonesia. According to The Health Ministry of Indonesia 2017 , Indonesia is one the country with the highest number of smokers. More than one-third (36.3%) of Indonesia's population, 20% are adolescents aged 13-15 years old. In Indonesia, cigarettes caused more than 200,000 deaths per year. It has been recorded that the amount of cigarettes consumed in Indonesia increases from 182 billion in 2001 to 260.8 billion in 2009. In addition to the increasing number of the smokers and the age of smoking, there is another factor which is adolescents deceit for their smoking behavior, therefore screening is necessary to prevent the complications from smoking. Aim: To find out changes in salivary pH as a smoking behavior screening tool in adolescents. Methods: : Results: Distribution of data in 85 samples with 50 nonsmokers and 35 smokers, got the youngest age of smoking is in fourth year of elementary school, with the highest number of cigarettes consumed per day is more than 2 boxes. The salivary pH in smokers was significantly ( P < 0.005) lower than nonsmokers. This can be seen also through since the smoke, the last time smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed per day. The younger age of smoking, the last time smoking (<24 hour) and the more the number of cigarettes consumed per day, that all can significantly decrease salivary pH. Conclusion: Salivary pH measurement using litmus paper is a potential screening for smoking behavior in adolescents.

Girl power! Femvertising jako nowy trend w komunikacji marketingowej. Analiza zjawiska na podstawie wybranych kampanii

Girl power! Femvertising as a new trend in marketing communications. Analysis based on selected campaignsBrands are a litmus paper of cultural and social changes that happen all around us. Not only must they follow the trends, they have to create them and adapt their personality and identity accordingly. One of vital questions are growing ambitions of women — and with them a frustration that has arisen from facing a reality full of limiting stereotypes. Third-wave feminism grows stronger and marketing, inherent in the social reality, forecasts new tendencies and proposes a new type of message. That’s how the femvertising was born — marketing communication aimed at women, which presents them as separate from stereotyped social roles. It focuses on real problems women face when trying to pursue self-development. The article presents the results of semiotic analysis of marketing messages of brands: Dove and Always, based on a model which allows to analyze the message on the several interconnected levels of meaning. The purpose of this text is to verify what image of the world and the feminity results from the femvertising type of communication, and what challenges the femvertising faces as a fairly new type of communication.

Persona liryczna w wierszach Cypriana Norwida i Emily Dickinson

The study is devoted to personological analysis of the one-hundred-poem collection entitled Vade-mecum by Cyprian Norwid in the light of advanced and, above all, multidimensional research on the personology of the subject of creative activities of Emily Dickinson’s poems. Based to a large extent on Robert Weisbuch’s complex terminology from the canonical volume Emily Dickinson’s Poetry, using his typology of lyrical personas, the researcher on Norwid gains important, additional comparative literature tool allowing, e.g. the juxtaposition alongside each other of the types of poetry written by Norwid, Dickinson and Baudelaire (Norwid’s and Dickinson’s lyrical persona is – it seems – a mixture of a “wounded dialectician” and “engaging sufferer”, Baudelaire’s persona is, in turn, the marriage of features of an “engaging sufferer” and “withdrawn bard”). This is how the premodernist “theatre of personas” is created, the stronger that – which I am trying to emphasize in this text – despite appearances, it is possible to find similarities in the poetic language between the works of Norwid and Dickinson. In the same way, Norwid and Dickinson – in order to build their lyric – use a poetic function in the Jakobsonian sense: on the one hand, they strengthen and intensify its impact, on the other hand, they use it to “cover up” the phenomenon of linguistic disintegration of the world for which Modernist lyric poetry served in a special way as a detector, a kind of litmus paper.