Lithuanian Translation Research Articles

Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study

BackgroundHaematological malignancies and their treatments are likely to affect SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy. We aimed to evaluate serological response to BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with haematological malignancies by type of treatment.MethodsOur national prospective cohort study was done in Lithuania and assessed serological response to one and two BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine doses in healthy health-care workers and in patients with haematological malignancies. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, had received both vaccine doses, and had available biobanked blood samples from before vaccination and after the second dose. Biobanked samples and health data were obtained from Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos Biobank. Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quant II chemiluminescent microparticle assay was used to quantify serum anti-SARS-CoV-2-S1 IgG antibody (anti-S1 IgG antibody) concentrations 0–10 days before the first BNT162b2 vaccine, on the day of second immunisation (around day 21), and 7 to 21 days after the second immunisation. Adverse events were assessed by a standardised questionnaire. Breakthrough infections were characterised clinically and by SARS-CoV-2 genotyping whenever possible. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04871165.FindingsBetween Jan 8 and April 21, 2021, 885 participants with haematological malignancies were included in the study. 857 patients were anti-S1 IgG seronegative at timepoint 0 and constituted the main analysis cohort. The age-matched comparison was made between 315 patients with haematological malignancies who were aged 18–60 years and 67 healthy health-care workers in the same age group. Patients aged 18–60 years with haematological malignancies had lower median anti-S1 IgG antibody responses after two BNT162b2 vaccine doses than did health-care workers of the same age group (median 6961 AU/mL [IQR 1292–20 672] vs 21 395 AU/mL [14 831–33 553]; p<0·0001). Compared with untreated patients with haematological malignancies (n=53; median 5761 AU/mL [629–16 141]), patients actively treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKIs; n=44; 0 AU/mL [0–7]; p<0·0001), ruxolitinib (n=16; 10 AU/mL [0–45]; p<0·0001), venetoclax (n=10; 4 AU/mL [0–1218]; p=0·0005), or anti-CD20 antibody therapy (n=87; 17 AU/mL [1–2319]; p<0·0001) showed particularly poor anti-S1 IgG antibody responses following two BNT162b2 doses. Patients being treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n=41; 10 537 AU/mL [IQR 2335–19 388]) or patients who received autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT; n=192; 6203 AU/mL [1451–16 834]) or allogeneic HSCT (n=122; 6304 AU/mL [1120–16 913]) were among the subgroups with the highest numerical responses. Nine SARS-CoV-2 infections and three COVID-19 deaths were observed among fully vaccinated patients with haematological malignancies.InterpretationPatients with haematological malignancies mount blunted and heterogeneous antibody responses to the full course of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Patients who are actively treated with BTKIs, ruxolitinib, venetoclax, or anti-CD20 antibody therapies seem to be the most negatively affected and might be left unprotected from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Breakthrough severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated patients with haematological malignancies emphasise the importance of ongoing strict adherence to non-pharmacological interventions and household vaccination while SARS-CoV-2 is circulating in the community.FundingVilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos.TranslationFor the Lithuanian translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Culture-Specific Items’ Translation Into Lithuanian: “One Hundred Years of Solitude” By Gabriel García Márquez

Summary Growing interest in Spanish-speaking countries in Lithuania leads to the increased number of translations of Spanish and Latin American literature. Therefore, it is important to analyse translations from Spanish into Lithuanian and vice versa to improve the quality of translation work. One of the most difficult elements to translate are culture-specific items that reveal cultural uniqueness. The novel “One Hundred Years of Solitude” by Gabriel García Márquez contains many culture-specific items related to Colombia, that could be difficult to translate. This article aims to analyse and compare translation strategies of culture-specific items from Spanish into Lithuanian, which were used in 1972 by Elena Treinienė and in 2017 by Valdas V. Petrauskas, to translate the novel “One Hundred Years of Solitude”. Firstly, this article defines the concepts of cultural elements and culture-specific items. It also discusses the classification of culture-specific items based on the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmark, Sergej Vlahov, Sider Florin and Laura Santamaria Guinot. Furthermore, this article describes translation strategies of culture-specific items emphasized by Amparo Hurtado Albir, Eirlys Davies, Georges L. Bastin and Pekka Kujamäki. In this research, culture-specific items are counted and described using Santamaria Guinot’s classification, which allows to claim that there are 69 different culture-specific items in “One Hundred Years of Solitude” and they are reflected by 252 examples in the text. These culture-specific items are related with concepts of ecology, social structures, cultural institutions, social universe and material culture. The most common ones are culture-specific items from the category of ‘material culture’. The results of the research allow distinguishing six translation strategies, used in different frequency: transcription, equivalence of situations, actualisation, usage of exoticism, extension and explication, and omission. Both Lithuanian translators Treinienė and Petrauskas mainly used strategies of transcription and equivalence of situations. The analysis of the translation of culture-specific items was performed using the methods of quantitative, comparative, and descriptive translation analysis.

Selected sociocultural aspects of receiver-oriented adaptation (based upon the analysis of Lithuanian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s „Szkice węglem“)

The present article analyses the Lithuanian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Szkice węglem (1876), published in 1890 by „Ukinįkas” („Ūkininkas”) magazine. Themes covered: historical and cultural as well as social and pragmatic contexts of Paisziniai anglimis; the scope of adaptation work in order to create a simplified version for less educated/culturally developed readers; translation authorship identification, strategies, techniques and selections used by the translators. The characteristic of translation process and the final lexical, grammatical and semantical structure of the translation is concluded by considering the role of this translation in Lithuanian historical-literary process at the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th century from a theoretical perspective.

IMPACTS OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC ON TRANSLATOR’S CAREER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINING

The translation market as well as many other businesses and activities have been affected by the lockdown of economies in the whole world since the beginning of 2019. Under the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic, translator’s career has undergone some major and minor transformations. Some recent research papers have focused on crisis-related situations and emphasised the fact that translators need to be ready to ensure an effective communication between all stakeholders in disaster settings (Rodriguez Vazquez &amp; Silvia Torres del Rey, 2020). Therefore, the methods and approaches in translation training have to be re- examined in order to provide language support in crises (Federici &amp; O’Brien, 2019). This research was designed to examine and depict the effects of the global pandemic and the lockdown on the translator’s profession and translator training in graduate and postgraduate education. The paper analyses the insights and attitudes expressed in surveys by different players in the Lithuanian translation market, including freelance translators and interpreters, language service providers and translation students. The results highlight different opinions of reelance translators and translation students about the future of their career, trust of freelance translators towards the state support and translation agencies at which they are hired, and anxiety of language service providers towards the stability of the industry in crises situations. The results of the research further indicate the necessity to develop translation study programmes focussing on a wider skillset so that future translators would be well equipped to contribute to communication and well-being of different members of society in crisis settings. Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, translator training, translation industry, language service providers, LSPs.

Unexpected Laureate: Louise Glück in Lithuania

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the work of the American poet, Louise Glück, winner of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, with a discussion of what kinds of challenges her poetry might pose for translators. Very few people knew of her work in Lithuania prior to the Nobel Committee’s announcement. Her poems were only published in Lithuanian translation for the first time in July, 2020, and only a handful at that. This paper argues that her work has important similarities and differences to Lithuanian poetry of the twentieth century, and that despite her free-verse lyrics written in rather plain diction, there are still many challenges to rendering her work in another language. The Lithuanian translations reveal stumbling points over ambivalent word choices, surreal imagery caused by ambiguous syntax, and the need for careful attention to the tone of the narrative voice (the lyrical subject) of the poems.

Frau Ava’s Antichrist: Its Composition and Translation into Lithuanian

The present article explores Frau Ava’s (1060–1127) apocalyptic poem Antichrist, in which, for the first time in German literature, the opponent of Christ is the protagonist. Antichrist will be Frau Ava’s second poem translated into Lithuanian. By drawing on canonic and apocryphal texts of the Scripture as well as on patristic literature, the article aims to identify traces of written and oral forms of Christian apocalyptic tradition found in the poem. The main focus will be on Adso Dervensis’ (circa 910–992) text De ortu et tempore Antichristi. The analysis of the composition of Antichrist suggests that Ava did not only translate and compile well-known narratives and motifs but also displayed a variety of artistic expressions unattested in apocalyptic tradition. Moreover, the article provides a Lithuanian translation of 118 lines of the poem.

The Roman Virtue of Pietas and the Glorification of the Deceased Wife (CIL VI, 1527 “Laudatio Turiae”)

The subject of this paper is the multiplicity of meaning of the word pietas as it is used in the famous inscription CIL VI, 1527 called Laudatio Turiae. In revealing traditional and innovative aspects of this notion, the author tries to see the ideology of relations in the Roman family of the laudator and the laudata behind it, and to set it into the context of the changing world in the times of the Late Republic and the Principate within the Roman history.The inscription reveals that, in the eyes of laudator, pietas is the most important virtue of his defunct wife, laudata. In the course of the research, three features of pietas are marked out: 1) the virtue of pietas is operative exclusively in the sphere of family relations; 2) pietas relations always presuppose the hierarchical ones (e.g. children to the father / mother, wife to husband, younger brother / sister to the elder one); 3) the virtue of pietas always implies a strong action. Some new aspects of the functioning of the virtue of pietas can be observed when exploring the usage of the word in the inscription. For the first time in the Latin literature, the word pietas signifies the transfer of the virtue of pietas into the female domain, using it to describe the relation of the younger sister to the elder. But the most striking innovation is an inversion of the hierarchical order of children to the parents. For the first time, pietas means the duty of the parents to bring up their children in the best manner possible – an obligation which will find its place in the Roman law codes.The large usage of the notion of pietas and experimentation with its meaning, which finds parallels in the poetry of the Augustan age (Virgil, Ovid) signifies the susceptibility of the laudator to the ideas of the Augustan policies and his ideological stances.The article is preceded by a Lithuanian translation of the inscription with a short introduction.

Reception of Osip Mandelstam’s Creativity in Interwar Lithuania

The presented materials on the reception of Osip Mandelstam’s work were revealed in memoir testimonies, published epistolaries, works on the biography of the writer and scientist Vincas Krėvė and his colleague at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas (Vytautas Magnus University since 1930) Mykolas Banevičius (Mikchail Podshibyakin), and periodicals in Lithuanian and Russian languages. The study showed that among the Lithuanian poets and translators there were connoisseurs of poetry and prose by Mandelstam, but translations into Lithuanian language did not appear during the interwar years. A possible explanation for this is the lack of a demand for this kind of creativity, as the materials of the reception of contemporary Russian literature show. The only text by Mandelstam published in Lithuania in Russian is a translation of the story by Henri Barbusse, reprinted in 1926 by a Kaunas newspaper from a Soviet edition. The only characteristic of his poetry is presented in an article in Russian about the latest Russian poetry, published in 1931 in an academic journal under a pseudonym; its most likely author could be M. Podshibyakin.

Annotating Causal Discourse Markers ‘because’ and ‘so’ for Learning English as a Foreign Language

This paper reports on an investigation of the functions of the English causal discourse markers ‘because’ and ‘so’ and their Lithuanian counterparts and analyses the Lithuanian translation equivalents of these discourse markers using the multilingual open translation project TED Talks as a data resource. The results revealed that the discourse marker ‘because’ and its Lithuanian counterparts express ideational cause, followed by its rhetorical equivalent. However, the discourse marker ‘so’ and its Lithuanian counterparts express rhetorical consequences, followed by the rhetorical specification.

Comparative Analysis of the Use of Lexical Analytical Constructions and their Translation into Lithuanian in Italian and French Literary Texts

Summary The intensification of research on Lithuanian translations of Italian literature and Italian translations of Lithuanian literature over the past twenty years is paralleled by the growth of interest in Italian literature in Lithuania. However, the existing research on diverse linguistic and cultural characteristics of texts translated from Italian into Lithuanian and vice versa has been sporadic, thus leaving much to be done to uncover links between the two languages and identify translation-related issues. The present article looks into one of the issues, namely, the lexical analytical construction of the Italian language and its translation into Lithuanian. Fictional texts by two representative Italian contemporary writers, Alesandro Baricco and Umberto Eco are chosen as a source of data including over three thousand pages of the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) texts. The results are compared with similar studies on translation of French literary texts into Lithuanian. The study on the translation of lexical analytical constructions in Italian literary texts translated into Lithuanian uses the theoretical framework and methodology provided by the Italian School of Semiotic Translation represented by Umberto Eco and Bruno Osimo among others. The study adopts a holistic approach to the analysis of lexical analytical constructions in Lithuanian translations of Italian literature. Comparative quantitative study has revealed three translation strategies: reformulation, translation without changes and remodelling. Reformulation has been identified to be the most frequent translation strategy. Its frequency was five times higher than that of translation without changes. The latter strategy was twice more frequent than the strategy of remodelling, which, accounts for less than ten per cent of all translation cases. Uses of calque or omission as translation strategies were not found. Comparison of quantitative results regarding the distribution of translation strategies adopted in the Lithuanian translations of Italian and French literary texts and a qualitative analysis of examples revealed similar tendencies in translation choices. It is important to note that changes of lexical analytical constructions into noun constructions were one and a half times less frequent in the translations of Italian literature than in the translations of French literature. Italian and French lexical analytical constructions were replaced by noun constructions in cases when in the SL text these constructions designated object and result but not action. Thus, it can be assumed that lexical analytical constructions in French literary texts were relatively more frequent than those in Italian literary texts.

Validation of the Lithuanian Version of the Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C).

Based on Duda’s conceptualization of the motivational climate, the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach (EDMCQ-C) is a recently developed scale that assesses junior athletes’ perception of the social environmental dimensions proposed by achievement goal theory and self-determination theory. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the Lithuanian translation of the EDMCQ-C and more broadly extend the validity and reliability of this questionnaire in sport participants. 712 adolescents from different sport teams in Lithuanian were the participants in this study. Exploratory structural equation modelling provided an acceptable fit of a two-factor model (i.e., empowering and disempowering) of EDMCQ-C. Reliability analysis revealed good levels of internal consistency for the empowering and disempowering climate factors. Discriminant validity was confirmed by a negative correlation between empowering and disempowering climate subscales. Correlations between empowering and disempowering subscales with values, motivation and self-esteem constructs demonstrate convergent validity. Associations between the climate dimensions and prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport demonstrate predictive validity of EDMCQ-C. The evidence from this study suggests the Lithuanian version of EDMCQ-C is a promising scale for the assessment of athletes’ perceptions of the empowering and disempowering features of the motivational climate created by their coach.

Drive for Muscularity in Lithuanian Male Students: Psychometrics and Associated Characteristics

Background. The drive for muscularity in men is associated with a negative body image, psychosocial, and physiological outcomes. The aim of the present study was to test the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS-LT) and associated characteristics in the sample of young adults (men).Methods. The sample consisted of 763 male students. The ages ranged from 18 to 32 years, with a mean age of 20.4 (SD = 3.1). Participants completed the Lithuanian translation of DMS-LT alongside with the measures of disordered eating, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire, body mass index, self-esteem, and participation in sports.Results. The instrument showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .92) and test-retest reliability (ICC = .87). The two-dimensional factor structure of the proposed original scale was not confirmed. DMS-LT was negatively correlated with self-esteem. Positive associations were observed between DMS-LT, muscular/athletic body ideal internalization, and disordered eating. Drive for muscularity attitudes and behaviors were more expressed in male students attending sports clubs.Conclusions. The results of the present study support the psychometric properties of the DMS-LT and its’ use in Lithuanian samples of young men. The instrument might also be used in clinical practice. It is important to develop prevention programs that decrease body image concerns and prevent disordered eating in young men. Keywords: drive for muscularity, body image, psychometric properties of the scale, students.

The Forbidden Book of the 18th c.: Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf’s „Stebuklingo Meile warginga Griekininko=Sʒirdis“ (1752)

This article studies the Lithuanian treatise „Stebuklingo Meile warginga Griekininko=Szirdis priesz Jezaus kruwinos Ronus“, published in 1752 and currently stored in Berlin, in the Secret Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage. Questions are raised regarding the attribution of the original version as well as the translation of the treatise, its composition and contents are discussed. The article provides the historical context of the 18th c. as well as the penetration of the Moravian movement and its attempts to consolidate within Prussian Lithuania. It was determined that the treatise is a Lithuanian translation of a theological treatise written by Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700–1760), leader of the Moravian movement, and titled „Die erstaunliche Verliebtheit eines armen Sünder-Herzens gegen die blutigen Wunden Jesu“. This publication is unknown to book historians and is not registered in Lithuanian bibliographical issues. The translation was most probably done by Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig the Younger (1699–1763), Priest of Papelkiai, a well-known author of Prussian Lithuania, editor of the Lithuanian Bible (1755), translator of religious hymns and compiler of the official Evangelical Lutheran Church hymnal (1750).

Expression of localization in the translations of Georg Wenker’s fourth sentence

This study examines the variation of the means of expressing localisation in different translations of one German sentence into Lithuanian. The main instrument of the analysis is one of the forty German sentences created in the 19th century by Georg Wenker, the pioneer of linguistic geography. The choice of this sentence was determined by its distinctiveness as it features specific characteristics of the Landmark and the interrelations between complex spatial scenes realised in it. The Lithuanian translations of the original German sentence were obtained by means of an electronic questionnaire. The goals of the study are to examine the inventory of the means of expressing localisation with respect to the parameter of the translator’s dialect and to verify the proposition made in prior studies of the Lithuanian translations of Wenker’s data that the variation of the means of expressing localisation is determined by the complex spatial scenes realised in the original sentence. A general evaluation of the newly acquired data and its analysis seems to confirm the proposition that the complex spatial scenes realised in the original sentence play a key role in determining the variation of the means of expressing localisation in the Lithuanian translations of Wenker’s fourth sentence. A comparison of the data acquired for the present study with the material obtained by Wenker in the 19th century leads to a conclusion that the linguistic inventory utilised to express spatial relations in the Lithuanian translations is essentially the same, i.e. Lithuanian prefers prepositional constructions as the prototypical means of rendering spatial relations. However, the newly obtained material contains more cases which indicate the possible influence of the translator’s dialect in the choice of the means of expressing localisation (cf. the use of the illative case, specific lexemes, etc.). In addition, the data collected for the present study also exhibits a greater variability of the means of expressing localisation used to refer specific spatial scenes. This could have been determined by the factor of subjectivity, namely, by the tendency of the respondents of this study to interpret the original sentence with greater freedom in comparison to its interpretation by the participants of Wenker’s study.

Frau Ava’s, the first named German female writer’s, poem Jüngstes Gericht ‘The Last Judgement’ and its Lithuanian translation

The present article offers an overview of several poems written by Frau Ava (1060–1127), a German poetess whose literary works are virtually unknown in Lithuania. Ava, an anchoress in Melk Abbey, is the first named German female writer, who broke ‘the deep silence of German literature’ lasting over a century (Stein 1976, 5). All poems attributed to Frau Ava are of religious character: Johannes ‘John the Baptist’ (446 lines), Leben Jesu ‘Life of Jesus’ (2418 lines), Antichrist (118 lines) and Jüngstes Gericht ‘The Last Judgement’ (406 lines), which make up an impressive biblical epic of 3388 lines. Leben Jesu, Antichrist and Jüngstes Gericht are found in the Vorau Manuscript dating the first half of the 12th century (Codex 276, 115va-125ra), whereas the Görlitz Manuscript (Codex A III. 1. 10), compiled in the 14th century but lost during World War II, contains the poem Johannes as well as the other poems mentioned above, excluding the epilogue of Jüngstes Gericht (lines 393-406).The article presents an overview of Frau Ava’s life and works as well as a Lithuanian translation of her poem Jüngstes Gericht, written in Early Middle High German (Ger. Frümittelhochdeutsch). The translation is based on Maike Glaußnitzer and Kassnadra Sperl’s text, published in 2014.

Michel Houellebecq in Lithuanian: The Paradoxes of Translation

The article analyses all five published translations to Lithuanian language of Michel Houellebecq’s novels (The Elementary Particles, Platform, The Possibility of an Island, The Map and the Territory and Submission) with a focus on translation of obscene and profane language. First, the usage of obscene and profane language for stylistic purposes in the context of entire Houellebecq’s literary creation is reviewed, based on the works about the author by literary translators, literary critics and translators of Houellebecq’s books from France, Switzerland and Brazil. After determining that obscene and profane language is one of the keys to the meaning of Houellebecq’s work and discussing peculiarities of the usage of such language in Lithuania (censorship, self-censorship, taboo), the translation analysis of the novels is presented. Such translation methods as exact translation, euphemisation, neutralisation and omitting were reviewed. After completing a qualitative analysis, it was established that Lithuanian translators clearly avoid using obscene and profane language and rather choose euphemisation, neutralisation or omission. The results of the qualitative analysis presented in the article confirm this tendency: overall, approximately 50 percent of all obscene and profane Houellebecq’s language was replaced with euphemisms, neutralised or omitted. Translation mistakes and inaccuracies were not separately analysed in this article, therefore were not presented in percentage terms. After completing the research, it can be stated that the translations of Houellebecq’s novels to Lithuanian language significantly lack in meaning and it would not be appropriate to discuss Houellebecq’s works in the literary discourse after reading them only in Lithuanian language. Moreover, a faulty tendency of translating each author’s book by a different translator is present in Lithuania, resulting in distortion of author’s style. Therefore, literary paradoxes of Houellebecq (according to Bruno Viard) result in paradoxes in translation to Lithuanian language: obscene and profane language still remains a certain sociocultural taboo, and one appropriate novel’s translation (The Possibility of an Island) out of five does not change the essence of the issue because the remaining four do not reflect author’s style and chosen registers. Translators must respect the will of a writer and refuse to translate the work if it presents an issue in terms of their sense of morality and ethics.

Referential and pragmatic-discourse properties of Lithuanian reference impersonals: 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp

In this paper I describe the semantics, pragmatics and the discourse functions of three Lithuanian agent-defocusing constructions, featuring the non-referential use of second person singular/third person verbal forms and the non-agreeing participial forms in ma/ta. These three constructions can all be defined as impersonal, in the broader sense of the word, as the agent (or the main participant, whatever its semantic role may be) is constructed as non-referential: I label them 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp. My corpus consists of original Lithuanian texts (a short story and entries on an Internet forum) and of the Lithuanian translations of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s novella Le Petit Prince and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. My analysis shows that 2sg-imp are preferably used to express generic agents (anyone) and 3-imp are preferably used to express referential indefinite agents (someone). while ma/ta-imp are referentially flexible. 2sg-imp are pragmatically marked in that they are used to express empathy between the speaker and the pool of potential referents; they are mostly used in specific discourse types, such as opinion statements and life drama situations. 3-imp are preferred in situations where the indefiniteness of the agent is relevant to the development of the narrative; ma/ta-imp are instead preferred when the agent is irrelevant, and the focus is on the event itself. The behavior of Lithuanian 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp is consistent with the one already described for similar constructions in other European languages.

Text as Image: A Case Study of the Lithuanian Translation of Art Spiegelman’s Graphic Novel MAUS

This article contributes to the multimodal investigation of comics translation, a highly semiotic activity. The author discusses the visual representation of the text as an image through a case study of the Lithuanian translation of Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel MAUS (translated into Lithuanian by Juškienė and Lempert, 2012). While viewing multimodality as a translation tool and a challenging area, he claims that the visual representation of the text is an integral part of the original multimodal event, whereby the meaning is conveyed through an intrinsic relationship between verbal and non-verbal elements, and that any distortion of those would result in alterations or losses in meaning. The results demonstrated that indeed even the smallest alterations of the visual representation of the text produced shifts in meaning; most of those shifts were pragmatic ambiguities, however, in certain instances there was a loss of semantic emphasis or narrative production. Comics translators and publishers are thus urged to fully comprehend the very dynamic and complex nature of multimodal texts and make every effort to ensure that translation would not result in any multimodal disruptions, if such preservation is technologically available.

TRANSLATION OF ICT NEOLOGISMS IN ESP CLASSROOM

ICT terms and neologisms are a rapidly expanding semantic field to which new terms are constantly being added. Currently, neologisms that have been recently included in English in many cases do not have their equivalents in Lithuanian as the process of inclusion of newly coined words or neologisms into the Lithuanian language is much slower mostly due to institutionally regulated language policy and normative guidelines. As a result, Lithuanian translators face a lot of challenges when they have to find equivalents for English neologisms. As regards ESP classroom, translation-based activities are not widely-used but, if applied in a balanced way, they can significantly improve comprehension of new terminology and neologisms in specific fields. The portal of TED talks is an immense resource of materials related to newest technological developments and is a valuable source for teaching/learning ESP in such a way that is engaging for contemporary learner. Moreover, TED talks provide valuable material for teaching translation as they represent real language in use, and the portal makes comparison of the content in different languages available through translations of the talks into multiple languages. The aim of this paper is to research the ways TED translators from English into Lithuanian deal with neologisms in the context of language policy implications and rapidness of societal technological development. Comparative approach to learning materials facilitates the acquisition of specific terminology. For this particular paper, six talks from the TED portal have been analysed for the occurrences of neologisms. The neologisms have been grouped into three structural groups: (1) single-root terms, (2) compounds, and (3) collocations. The total number of analysed terms is 120. Modern-day neologisms that have been integrated into English in many cases do not have their equivalents in Lithuanian. Hence, the semantic gap in the technical vocabulary of the Lithuanian language which is frequently filled up by loan words or by adapting English terms. Analysis of new coinages revealed the substantial difficulties for translators due to objective factors. The majority of the analysed words are not included into the Modern Lithuanian dictionary. Out of 120 selected items only 4 are included into the Database of Lithuanian neologisms.

Spatial deictics in translation

AbstractRecent research on deictic elements has made extensive use of translation corpora to demonstrate that asymmetries between translational paradigms signal subtle contrasts from a systemic and pragmatic perspective. The purpose of the present study is to identify translation correspondences of the English spatial demonstrativethisin Lithuanian and to discuss the contrastive features within the analytical framework of translational explicitation and implicitation. The results indicate that in the prototypical situational usage there is a high degree of correspondence betweenthisand its Lithuanian translation, while textual uses demonstrate low formal equivalence. A tendency to implicitate stems from the null subject construction and object ellipsis in Lithuanian and is also a result of the availability of facultative deictic words in Lithuanian. The apparent systemic difference between the deictic systems of English and Lithuanian indicates a tendency towards optional implicitation and stylistic variation in literary translation.