Lithuanian Territory Research Articles

Bioarchaeological Research of The Home Army’s Soldiers From Raubiszki and Druzhyle Battles

This article covers the topic of Armia Krajowa’s soldiers and their manner-of-death. AK is a Polish underground military organization that was active during World War II and the post-war period until 1945. Since Vilnius region was occupied by Poland during the inter-war period (1920–1939), multiple historical events in which AK soldiers were fighting against German Nazis and Soviets took place in modern-day Lithuanian territories. Thus, a considerable number of single and mass burials of Polish partisans are uncovered in Lithuania. This research aims to reconstruct the manner-of-death of 9 AK partisans’ skeletal remains from two battles with the Soviets: Družiliai and Raubiškės. The results indicated a wide range of perimortal lesions sustained on the battlefield: perimortal fractures and gunshot wounds. The analysis also revealed pathological lesions that illustrated challenges individuals had faced in their daily partisanship – hard physical labor, malnutrition, non-specific stress.

The Role of Spain in Lithuanian Communication During the First World War

The research reveals the contacts between the authorized representatives of the Lithuanian Society, the members of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne), the members and the head of the Lithuanian Information Bureau (in Lausanne), the members of the committee Lituania and the heads and servants of Spanish legations abroad, Prince Alfonso of the Bourbon dynasty of Spain and the representatives of the Spanish society in Barcelona. It also covers information about Spain, Spanish legations abroad, their functions in forwarding letters and transferring money to the territory under German occupation inhabited by Lithuanians (Ober Ost), the division of the committee Lituania in Barcelona, and the articles of the Lithuanian Society in the periodicals published by the Lithuanian Information Bureau in Lithuanian and foreign languages and the Lithuanian party press. The research covers the chronological period from 25 August 1915 to 11 November 1918, i.e. from the establishment of the Refugee Registration and Information Bureau (in Petrograd) to the formation of the Provisional Government of Lithuania. The research is based on published (press, published documents) und unpublished sources (from the Political Archive of the German Foreign Office, the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, the documents of the Manuscripts Department of Vilnius University Library). The research employed the methods of qualitative analysis and synthesis (the new material of the sources was supplemented with the information circulating in historiography), the comparative method (the facts found in Lithuanian manuscript collections, German archives and the press are compared), the descriptive method and the inductive method. To process the primary sources in Lithuanian, German and Russian languages, the logical-analytical method was applied (the notional content and information analysis was conducted). The research consists of three parts. In the first part of the research, the author investigates the role played by Spanish legations abroad in sending letters and money to the Lithuanian territory under German occupation and back (1916–1918) and states that the analysis of the press and published memoirs of the period in question leads to the conclusion that Spanish legations abroad played a crucial role in sending inquiries about family and friends as well as money into the Lithuanian territory under German occupation (Ober Ost) and back (1916–1917). It was the safest way to send and receive information and money. An alternative to the Spanish legation in sending money to the largest cities of Lithuania occupied by Germany, namely Vilnius and Kaunas, originated at the end of 1917 and in 1918 when Stockholms Enskilda Banken opened its branches in Vilnius, Kaunas, Suwalki, and Białystok. In the second part of the study, the author reveals the attempt of Juozas Gabrys to elect Spanish Prince Alfonso as King of Lithuania and concludes that after investigating the minutes of the sessions of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) of 1918 and the documents of 1918 kept in the Political Archive of the German Foreign Office, it turned out that the head of the Lithuanian Information Bureau, Juozas Gabrys, and the members of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) maintained a close contact with Spanish Prince Alfonso residing in Switzerland (Zürich) and shared Lithuanian realities with him. It should be noted that even after Wilhelm of Urach was elected as King of Lithuania Mindaugas II, Gabrys did not lose hope to change the situation to the benefit of Spanish Prince Alfonso by also involving the representatives of the German Foreign Ministry and other persons interested in this matter or inspired by him. The third part of the study reveals the circumstances of establishing the Spanish division of the Committee Lituania and its activity fields. After systemising the episodes of the information, which appeared in Lithuanian periodicals, it became clear that the establishment of the division of the committee Lituania in Spain in 1917 was driven by several factors: first, the Lithuanian Day declared by the pope (7 May 1917) in the Catholic churches of the world on which collections were organized in favour of the Lithuanian war victims and, second, the attempt to inform the Spanish society about Lithuanians and Lithuania if Spanish Prince Alfonso should by any chance be elected as King of Lithuania. Public relations were the major focus of the Barcelona division of the committee Lituania: to spread as favourable information about Lithuanians and Lithuania as possible.

Development Of Via Baltica In Lithuania

The total length of Via Baltica corridor, which consists of five roads (A5 Kaunas–Marijampolė–Suwałki, A1 Vilnius–Kaunas–Klaipėda; A8 Panevėžys–Aristava–Sitkūnai, A17 Panevėžys bypass and A10 Panevėžys–Pasvalys–Riga) makes up 268 km on the Lithuanian territory. In 2019 the highest traffic volumes on this corridor were 55,942 veh/day. It is the highest-volume heavy vehicle road carrying the greatest loads. Via Baltica is a transit road; therefore, it shall comply to the requirements set to high quality roads. In 2020-2030 it is planned to implement 9 projects, the total value of which is ca 704 million EUR (194.18 km to be reconstructed). Until 2018 having implemented 156 million EUR projects, Via Baltica road A5 Kaunas–Marijampolė–Suwałki 17.24–56.83 km section (from Kaunas to Marijampole) was reconstructed into a motorway until the end of 2018. Currently, preparations are made for Via Baltica reconstruction from Marijampole to the Lithuanian-Polish border (A5 road from 56.83 km to 97.06 km). Strategic Environmental Assessment has already been completed and a special territorial planning document has been approved by the Lithuanian Government. According to this document, the road section shall be widened up to four traffic lanes by constructing two safe grade-separated intersections (viaducts) and roundabouts, connecting roads, a new heavy vehicle parking lot, by widening the existing bridges, by building new bridges and by implementing various environmental protection measures. At present design works of the above-mentioned 40.23 km-long-road section are underway. The works are due to be completed by the end of 2025.

Projected Near-Surface Wind Speed Trends in Lithuania

Developing wind energy in Lithuania is one of the most important ways to achieve green energy goals. Observational data show that the decline in wind speeds in the region may pose challenges for wind energy development. This study analyzed the long-term variation of the observed 2006–2020 and projected 2006–2100 near-surface wind speed at the height of 10 m over Lithuanian territory using data of three models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). A slight decrease in wind speeds was found in the whole territory of Lithuania for the projected wind speed data of three global circulation models for the scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. It was found that the most favorable scenario for wind energy production is RCP2.6, and the most unfavorable is the RCP4.5 scenario under which the decrease in wind speed may reach 12%. At the Baltic Sea coastal region, the decline was smaller than in the country’s inner regions by the end of the century. The highest reduction in speed is characteristic of the most severe RCP8.5 scenario. Although the analysis of wind speeds projected by global circulation models (GCM) confirms the downward trends in wind speeds found in the observational data, the projected changes in wind speeds are too small to significantly impact the development of wind farms in Lithuania.

Linguistic aspect of the formation of national identities in Lithuania in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century

The issue of polonisation and the status of the Polish language has been the subject of intense interest in Lithuania to this day, not only in a cultural and historical context, but also in a political context, since Poles constitute the largest national minority there. This article is an attempt to describe the role of the linguistic aspect in the national transformations in Lithuania during the crucial period, i.e. the formation of modern national identities at the turn of the 19th century and their emancipation in the form of the politics of national states of the interwar period. The analysis includes a number of statistics on the presence of Lithuanian and Polish language in public space and their place in the context of a political, social and economic situation of Lithuanian territories. The creation of national states and the formation of linguistic and national processes from the top down by state administration were commonplace on both sides of the Lithuanian-Polish border. In Polish-Lithuanian relations it was the language that became the main hostage of the conflict and a kind of litmus paper for defining national identity, thus marginalising other aspects.

MANAGING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND CONSUMER VALUE

Changes caused by globalization changed consumer behaviour. It is passed from the era of items to the era of services causingemotions. On the other hand, it’s still a speculation, whether globalization affects the behaviour of Lithuanian people in choosingtourism. The research found that the Lithuanian residents still live in the era of items. For them is most important material safetyand image through items. To meet these needs Lithuanian residents prefer traveling abroad. Outbound tourism is attractive for thepopulation of Lithuania, but they frequently travel in Lithuanian territory. Lithuanian tourists are planning travel usually by themselves;this process is combined with rational. Economic, demographic and cultural factors have the greatest influence on the choiceof Lithuanians to make trips. Social, psychological and situational factors in the marketing mix have less impact.

Mapping and assessment of landscape aesthetic quality in Lithuania

Mapping and assessing landscape aesthetic quality (LAQ) at the national level can provide valuable insights to scientists and policymakers about the general condition of targeted cultural ecosystem service (CES). A generalised view based on unified methodological standards allows comparing LAQ between countries, thus facilitating international environmental management policies. LAQ can be assessed by combining subjective and objective metrics. This approach makes it challenging to map and assess the LAQ at national scale since it requires consensus-based methodologies to be reliably applicable in a broader geographic region. The national-scale studies related to LAQ are not common since they require high computational resources and differ in data accessibility. However, it is crucial to conduct broader LAQ studies to reveal the more general picture of LAQ condition and support (adjust) policy implementation at the national scale. More studies are needed to assess LAQ at the national level. This study aims to map and assess LAQ in Lithuania on the national scale. To achieve this aim, we adapted a LAQ mapping and assessment approach previously applied in Germany at the national scale. Based on previous work, we tested the methodology's transferability by applying it in a different geographical region by using local datasets. In this study, we partially modified sub-indicators calculation methods and performed an additional in-depth analysis to gather more information on LAQ accessibility and condition in Lithuania. Geographic Information Systems modeling and spatial statistics analysis allowed for achieving this aim. The results revealed that agricultural and urban areas had the lowest landscape diversity, naturalness, uniqueness, and LAQ in general, while areas with high ruggedness, forests, protected areas, natural monuments, and heritage sites had the highest LAQ scores. Viewshed analysis showed that a significant part of Lithuanian territory with the highest LAQ values have limited visibility due to terrain energy and undulation. Curonian spit and Nemunas riverbanks are few of high LAQ areas with high visual accessibility potential. The patches with high LAQ were clustered in protected areas, while the lowest LAQ values were observed in agricultural lands and urbanised areas. LAQ CES assessment is critical for higher quality environmental management regulation practices. High LAQ areas may need a better protection and provide wellbeing for the population, while low LAQ areas may require additional restoration effort. It also provides a better understanding of the LAQ condition and contributes to achieve national, European, and global goals related to landscape planning, management, and sustainable development.

Siberia as a “New Jewish Center”: A Plan to Resettle Refugees in Russia during the First World War

In the spring and summer of 1915, during World War I, nearly half a million (and by some estimates, up to one million) Jewish civilians fled or were expelled by the Russian Army from front zones in Polish and Lithuanian territories. This article examines questions connected with the idea, proposed by the leaders of Jewish relief organizations in Petrograd, and by the economist B. D. Brutskus in particular, to resettle Jewish refugees in Siberia. The so-called “Brutskus Plan” and reactions to it shows that, first, Russian Jewish intellectuals thought within an explicitly imperial framework; second, negative reactions to the plan on the part of Siberian Jews themselves shed light on the tremendous geographic diversity and heterogeneity of the empire’s Jewish population; and third, opponents to the Siberian plan exposed internal conflicts within the Jewish national movement (chiefly between Zionists and non-Zionists) in regard to migration and settlement.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various Lithuanian water bodies and a positive matrix factorization-based identification of pollution sources

In this study, results on PAHs distribution, origin and ecological risks from several surveys are combined with a special focus on naphthalene. The study area comprises a large part of the Lithuanian territory and includes two biggest Lithuanian rivers, Nemunas and Neris (sampling locations with different hydrodynamics and varying anthropogenic pressure), four different lakes and the central part of the Curonian Lagoon. ∑16PAHs concentrations in the surface sediment ranged between 74.5 and 6377 ng g-1 dw. In 9 locations out of 14, naphthalene concentration exceeded TEL and posed a threat to the environment. Naphthalene was a significant contributor to the total PAHs concentration in the study area with concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 106 ng g-1 dw. Despite the highest naphthalene concentration recorded in Lake Talkša, naphthalene had only a minor contribution to the PAH profile in this lake. Even a lower impact of naphthalene was observed in the Curonian Lagoon. Naphthalene was found to be the prevailing compound in the Nemunas River Delta region, in a relatively clean Lithuanian Lake Dusia and in some Neris River locations. The highest contribution of naphthalene was observed in the areas with low urbanization degree, but close to peatlands. The main naphthalene source in the study area might be related to peatlands, albeit additional naphthalene sources, such as food cooking, burning of agricultural residues, wood and coal could not be completely rejected either. The sources of other PAHs are attributed to the vehicular emission, emissions from industry, biomass and coal burning.

Old Believers Church in Lithuania (1918–1926): The Restoration and Recognition of Parishes, the Legitimation of the Church, and the Problems of Autonomy

The purpose of this article is to research in more detail the restoration of the Old Believers parishes and their recognition during the interwar Lithuania (excluding Vilnius region) from 1918 to 1923, as well as to analyse the legalization of the Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania and the problems of practical establishment of religious autonomy in this period. The main focus is on three new problems: the situation of the Old Believers’ parishes in the country at the beginning of 1918, taking into account the mass migration to the depths of Russia from 1914 to 1915; the restoration of Old Believers parishes and the legalization (registration) of their religious activities from 1918 to 1922, during their mass repatriation to Lithuania; and focus on some problems of the practical consolidation of Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania autonomy from 1923 to 1926. The research is based mostly on new archival data, as well as on the analysis and interpretation of Lithuanian and partly foreign historiography on this topic. The study suggests that due to the mass migration of Old Believers to the East between 1914 and 1915, the future Lithuanian territory retained a much thinner congregation network and in turn had fewer parishes members by the beginning of 1918. Therefore, the mass repatriation of the Old Believers from Soviet Russia from the spring of 1918 to 1922 to a large extent explains why the recovery of many of their parishes in Lithuania has been rather slow. After the establishment of the central institutions of the Church in May 1922, the Lithuanian Old Believers’ Church was legalized on the basis of “Provisional regulations concerning the relationship between the organization of Old Believers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian government” on the May 20, 1923. Therefore, for the first time in history in 1923 the Lithuanian Old Believers Church was legally recognized in a certain state and formally received equal rights with other recognized denominations. At that time, Lithuania was the first country in Central and Eastern Europe to officially recognize the Old Believers (Pomorian) Church.

Analysis of Air Pollution Parameters Using Covariance Function Theory

Abstract The paper analyses the intensity changes of three pollution parameter vectors in space and time. The RGB raster pollution data of the Lithuanian territory used for the research were prepared according to the digital images of the Sentinel-2 Earth satellites. The numerical vectors of environmental pollution parameters CH4 (methane), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) and for direct comparison O2 (oxygen gas) were used for the calculations. The covariance function theory was used to perform the analysis of intensity changes in digital vectors. Estimates of the covariance functions of the numerical vectors of pollution parameters and O2 or the auto-covariance functions of single vectors are calculated from random functions consisting of arrays of measurement parameters of all parameters vectors. Correlation between parameters vectors depends on the density of parameters and their structure. Estimates of covariance functions were calculated by changing the quantization interval on a time scale and using a compiled computer program using the Matlab procedure package. The probability dependence between the environmental pollution parameter vectors and trace gas of the territory in Lithuania and their change in time scale was determined.

The Problem of Identification of Rural Areas: The Case of Lithuanian Elderships

This article presents an attempt to classify Lithuanian LAU-2 regions (elderships) according to the level of their urbanization. The research was based on inductive methodology. Data on changes of the number of population in 2001 – 2018 was the primary source of the analysis. The typology of LAU-2 regions was based on 3 main criteria: formal status of the area (urban or rural), the location of the area in relation to urban centre and trends of change of the number of population in formally nonurban areas in 2001-2018. The final goal was the distinction of regions, which weren’t influenced by urbanisation (suburbanisation) processes and therefore potentially should be facing most severe processes of peripherisation and socio-spatial exclusion. The results suggest that actual share of rural areas and rural population is much smaller that statistical data show. Furthermore, territorial differentiation into urbanized and non-urbanized areas perfectly reflects "centre-periphery" model, though Lithuania withhold polycentric character of development. Three central urban regions - Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaipėda act as major growth poles, while remaining country is shrinking fast. On the other hand, even smaller and decreasing urban centres are spatially expanding and changing rural areas around them. As a consequence number of population is growing in suburban regions. According to the research, 244 elderships, which occupy some 36% of the Lithuanian territory, are classified as urbanized or semi urbanised areas (it inhabits 83% of the population); the rest 312 elderships are classified as 'purely' rural peripheral areas. They cover 64% of the country’s territory and inhabit around 17% of its population.

The searching for common political dialogue: visits of UVO representatives in Kaunas (1923–1928)

The aim of the article is to analyze the common political dialogue between UVO and Republic of Lithuania politics. The main reason that began the relationship between the Lithuanian establishment and UVO was Lithuanian-Polish conflict over the Vilnius region. Ukrainians and Lithuanians were not satisfied with the orientation towards the Entente states, the geopolitical situation and the value of the lost territory in search of allies. Members belonging to the UVO staged attacks, assaults and sabotage campaigns against the highest Polish state officials. As a result, the Polish secret services began to persecute the organization led by Y. Konovalets. UVO was unable to relocate the organization’s structures to the annexed territories of western Ukraine, colonel Y. Konovalets appealed to Lithuania, which were confronted with Poland – in the hope of receiving help. In Kaunas, one of the representative offices of the organization, code-named Leniwka, otherwise known as the Lithuanian-Ukrainian Society, was formed from Lithuanian intellectuals and politicians together with UVO member Ivan Revjuk. Without Prague and Berlin, Kaunas became an important center for preparing fictitious documents for UVO representatives’ travels to other countries, preparing an uprising in the annexed Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian territories of Poland, and exchanging information on the political situation in Poland after intelligence operations.

Hoes and the First Farmers on Lithuanian Territory: from Hoe to Ard

A hoe is a hand tool which appeared in Lithuania in post-glacial times together with the first population. Later, in the Mesolithic, the hoe became a universal tool used for versatile foraging purposes. Only antler hoes are known from these periods. The same function of hoes continued into the Neolithic/Bronze Age, with the only difference that their shapes changed, adapting to new work related to the cultivation of the first crops. In the Neolithic, stone and wooden hoes appeared along with antler hoes. In the Bronze Age, the function of hoes remained the same as in earlier times, but their wider use was related to hoefarming. The shape of hoes was changing, especially of snake-head hoes, which could be used for various ritual ceremonies. Only in the Middle to Late Bronze Age did the Neolithisation process come to an end, with the development of slash-and-burn agriculture and the domestication of animals. The first horn ards appeared in the Late Bronze Age.

«Моя жизнь слилась с моею научною работою…»: профессор Иван Иванович Лаппо (1869–1944)

In this article the life and career of the historian Ivan Ivanovich Lappo (1869–1944), a major specialist in the study of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, are analyzed. The stages of his academic and pedagogical career at St. Petersburg and Yuriev Universities are fully examined. At the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. I. I. Lappo suggested that after the conclusion of the Union of Lublin in 1569, Lithuania continued to maintain a large share of independence as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita). The Union was one of the reasons why the Commonwealth stopped in its state development, the interests of Poland and Lithuania were impossible to reconcile as part of one state. He will devote his whole scientific career to upholding this thesis. The period of I.I. Lappo’se work in Lithuania is specially outlined, his connections with the academic and political environment of this country are examined. The collapse of the Russian Empire became a personal tragedy for the professor, he was afraid of the growth of nationalism, especially Ukrainian, but he was sympathetic to the formation of independent Lithuania and therefore very negatively perceived Polish claims to Lithuanian territory and statehood. In the article the influence of I. I. Lappo on Lithuanian historiography is analyzes. On the one hand, he tried to dispel established historical myths. But, on the other hand, his scientific conclusions laid on the breeding ground of a new national myth-making. Thus, his attitude towards Prince Vytautas, whom he heroizes and opposes Jogaila, was imbued with a national romantic spirit. These views correlated well with the cult of Vytautas the Great, which was almost officially approved in interwar Lithuania. If in pre-revolutionary Russia the anti-Polish motives of I. I. Lappo’s work converged with the official imperial discourse, then it were strikingly in demand in independent Lithuania.

Regioninis identitetas paribio teritorijose: Klaipėdos krašto atvejis


 [only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian]
 
 This article examines the ways in which regional identity of the local residents of the Klaipėda region, who define themselves as Klaipėdiškiai (Memellanders), is constructed. The use of different symbolic resources in constructing symbolic boundaries of regional identity in different contexts and interactions are analyzed on the basis of the qualitative empirical research data – family histories collected in the Klaipėda region in 2016–2017. The transformations and the continuity of regional and ethnic identity of the locals in the contexts of suppression of their culture and identity during the Soviet regime are also discussed. The specific features of borderland identity, reconstructed in the case of the Klaipėda region’s population, are compared with the local Polish ethnic community living in another Lithuanian borderland territory – the Vilnius region.
 

The Final Palaeolithic Hunter-Gatherer Colonisation of Lithuania in Light of Recent Palaeoenvironmental Research

This paper critically reviews the culture-historical framework for the re-colonisation of Lithuania during the Final Palaeolithic in the light of recent palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data. We argue that the existing chronology of the Final Palaeolithic in Lithuania suffers from an undue western European orientation grounded in research history, and that it likely requires reconsideration. The lack of well-constrained excavations, the paucity of both radiocarbon dates and of palaeoenvironmental data pertinent to the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT) lead us to be cautious with regard to the existing chronology. In reviewing the typological classification of the relevant lithic material, we argue in particular that there is a lack of reliable evidence not only for Hamburgian occupation but also for any substantive Federmessergruppen, Brommean and Ahrensburgian presence. Whilst Swiderian sites are better represented, a large majority of these may date to the early Holocene. In light of the current evidence, we question the usefulness of existing archaeological taxonomies for this period and favour a model of punctuated colonisation for the Lithuanian territory, where periodic and ephemeral forager presences are interspersed with longer periods of depopulation. In closing, we outline avenues for future research in the region.

EVALUATION OF THE PROSPECTS OF EDUCATIONAL AVAILABILITY IN LITHUANIAN DISTRICTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY’S TERRITORIES

Scientists, national politicians and specialists from Lithuania and other countries identified the main determinants of the social development of the territories of Lithuania, the problems of the society, which have been influenced by this development, and possible trends of change. Although the social development of Lithuanian territories is determined by a "bundle" of social problems, the focus of the article is on those that may affect the availability of education in the most sparsely populated districts of Lithuania. The aim of this article is to reveal the prospects of education availability in the most sparsely populated areas of Lithuania in the context of the social development of the country's territories. The main problem question related to this is what prospects for the availability of education in the most sparsely populated areas of the country presuppose the social development of Lithuania's territories. In order to achieve the aim of the article, the design of the research was based on the theoretical analysis of the problem raised and a secondary analysis of the data in the field. The main findings of the research reflect the situation in the field of study, and the conclusions of the research drawn on the basis of them provide an assessment of the prospects of education accessibility in the most sparsely populated areas of Lithuania.

Methodology of Selection of Heavy and Oversized Freight Transportation System

Abstract Dynamically changing economic conditions influence the growing demand of various freights transportation. Inevitably, the demand for heavy and oversized freight transportation is increasing, which is quite problematic. In many cases, it is very difficult to standardize the technology of heavy and oversized freight transportation. Decisions are necessary, which would allow to deliver heavy or oversized freight to the destination place, allocating fewer funds as possible for infrastructure improvements, choosing the most appropriate mode of transport for such freight transportation or using advantages of multimodal (combined) transport. In this article there will be selected methodology of heavy and oversized freight transportation system, carrying heavy and oversized freight by road transport. There will also be made an approval of this methodology, based on a hypothetical route within Lithuanian territory.

Regarding Traditional Aspects of the Lithuanian Hemp: Interdisciplinary Analysis.

The journal publishes an article by Rolandas Petkevičius (1976-2016) edited on the grounds of his manuscript legacy. Petkevičius was a researcher of Lithuanian ethnopsychiatry and ethnomedicine, a doctoral student at the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore working on a PhD thesis “Conception of Mental Health in the Traditional Lithuanian Culture”. He has also published several articles on the subject. Along with ethnomedicine, he was interested in ethnobotany, particularly in plants used in the traditional culture to cure mental disorders or / and to induce altered mental states, such as Datura stramonium L., Scopolia carniolica Jacq., Melilotus officinalis L., etc. This list also includes hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), cultivation and usage of which in Lithuania has so far escaped detailed scholarly attention. In this article, Petkevičius used archeological, linguistic and ethnographical data to elucidate possible origins of hemp in Lithuania. According to him, the wild hemp (Cannabis ruderalis) could have grown naturally on the Lithuanian territory some 5500 years ago, only subsequently becoming a cultivated plant. However, the author recognized the necessity of biological investigation of the Lithuanian hemp in order to provide a certain answer to this question. Such exhaustive investigation has not taken place so far, in spite of the first steps in that direction initiated by the experimental researchers at the Upytė station and enthusiasts of the cultivation of the Lithuanian hemp.The second part of the article deals with usage of hemp in Lithuania. According to the historical and ethnographic data, hemp mostly served as material for making ropes, as food, as cure and as a natural repellent against garden pests.The research results not only prove intense usage of hemp in the 20th century, but also indicate its important cultural function in the 21st century.