Lithuanian Situation Research Articles

Control of Criminal Intelligence: An Evaluation of the Lithuanian Situation in Light of International Practice

Abstract This article analyses problems arising in the field of control of criminal intelligence. In order to prevent human rights violations, each state must have a well-functioning mechanism in place to control criminal intelligence actions. The article analyses the activities of the entities responsible for the legality of criminal intelligence activities and, taking into account international practice, reveals the gaps in the legal regulation in Lithuania and the shortcomings in the activities of the institutions responsible for controlling criminal intelligence. Prosecutors, while participating in the process of sanctioning criminal intelligence actions, also examine complaints against these actions, which not only leads to a biased control, but also, as the study has shown, contradicts the case law of the ECtHR. The article also analyses the problems related to the freedom of criminal intelligence entities to choose the court that will hear their applications. The study concludes that the current situation, which restricts a person’s access to information about criminal intelligence actions against him/her, is incompatible with international practice and violates the human right to judicial protection. The article provides suggestions for establishing a specialised independent criminal intelligence control institution in Lithuania.

Lithuanian Memory Culture: Imaginary Communities and Memory Wars

The article offers a brief introduction to memory studies and the concept of collective memory with emphasis on the significance of this phenomenon, which coincided with discoveries in the humanities and deepened and expanded the spectrum of national cultures. The radical ideas of the Age of Enlightenment sparked self-reflection of nations and creation of imagined communities that eventually turned people into nations. New concepts of political coexistence, equality, freedom, and the distinctiveness and historical value of the national language and literature were published and made known to Lithuanians. The article dwells on the tsarist and Soviet Russian occupation policies on memory and national identity, modes of rewriting memory, the consequences of nearly two centuries of memory wars, the emigration situation, and the coexistence of the imagined communities. These imagined communities played a crucial role in constructing the nations and preparing them for independence. There were two imagined communities in the nineteenth century – the Lithuanian-speaking Lithuanians and the Polish-speaking Lithuanians who considered themselves Lithuanians, and two such communities in the twentieth century – the Lithuanians living in exile and the imaginary community remaining in Soviet Lithuania. It is such recurring patterns of society and recurring plots of events in memory preservation and memory wars that are discussed in the article. Upon the return of freedom of the press and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Lithuanians discovered numerous unknown lands in the form of their culture that had been banned before. However, memory studies show that long-standing propaganda, press bans, and the rewriting of memory have not gone without consequences. The Great War and the struggles for independence that resulted in independence in 1918 remained in the margins of remembrance, although those events enabled the surge of national culture during the interwar period. The historical context of Central and Eastern Europe helps to see a broader panorama of common and relevant processes and to highlight the specifics of the Lithuanian situation, concluding that memory wars continue and deliberating whether memory culture can influence future prospects.

Procurement with BIM: Lithuanian Situation Analysis and Further Development

This article deals with the role and importance of procurement in the context of Lithuanian construction, and distinguishes the main weaknesses of the public procurement. The implementation of BIM and MCDM technologies during public tendering is described. The foreign good practice is analyzed, where BIM and MCDM technology is used during organization of public tenders in the construction field. The possibilities of applying the building information model are examined throughout the entire procurement process. The procurement organization model is proposed, based on MCDM and BIM technologies. It is found that implementation of BIM and MCDM technologies in the public tenders will be beneficial for both the state and the entire construction sector by reducing project uncertainties, risk expo-sure, shortening the project documentation review and, therefore, the construction time of the object.

DISCOURSES AND DEPICTIONS OF HOLOCAUST EDUCATION IN LITHUANIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS (1992-2012)

The topic of the Holocaust is a relatively new issue in Lithuanian historical education – only with the regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 did Lithuanians have a chance include the Holocaust theme into the main school curriculum. Of course, its development through the first two decades have not been steady and even – in the beginning of the creation of the new educational system the Holocaust did not receive so much attention as in later years with the relation to integration with the European Union (2004) and development of historical studies on the Holocaust within the Lithuanian academic community. This article aims to analyse the representation of the Holocaust in Lithuanian educational system during the first two decades after Lithuania regained its independence. So the main basis of empirical data will be all history textbooks for Lithuanian school education (from the 5th grade to the last, 12th grade) published in the period of 1992-2012, and educational programmes presented by the State`s Ministry of Education and Science. In order to objectively evaluate the Lithuanian situation regarding Holocaust education the article will discuss and compare the main trends of Holocaust education development in neighbouring countries, which also suffered from Holocaust and could not freely speak about the issue during the Communist regime.

Arbitration vs. Mediation – The Lithuanian Situation

Arbitration vs. Mediation – The Lithuanian Situation

Social enterprises as a tool of social and economic policy, Lithuanian case

social enterprise is a quite new phenomenon which derives from the development of the social economy aiming to combine social, economic and political targets. Nowadays the social economy is considered as effective way to create and manage a human capital with the recognition of the importance of personal and community interests. In the most countries of the European Union the social enterprises are significant element of development of the non-governmental sector. implementation of the principles of social economy in Lithuania is characterized by certain peculiarities. creation of the modern, West-type social enterprises in Lithuania was highly welcomed in regard to the social and economical changes in society, such as social exclusion of vulnerable groups, growing pressure on the social system, the need to vitalise local communities, etc. In 2004 the Law on Social Enterprises came in force and more than 100 enterprises were established in the country till now. It worth mention that the businesses aimed to employment of disabled people existed also in soviet period; some of them gained the status of social enterprises later. concept of social enterprises is still under consideration though. obstacles to involve other vulnerable groups than disabled are strong. elaboration of the vision, clarification of the aims and targets of social enterprises as the tool of social and economic development require thorough analysis of the past trends, present conditions, and future developments. Paper aims to identify the main differences between mainstream European concept of social enterprise and the Lithuanian situation in social enterprises. phenomenon of social enterprises presented in the context of the changing social and employment policy in West and East European countries. situation in Lithuanian social enterprises is described on the basis of extensive information selected from representatives of social enterprises, the experts, and the institutionalised data. methods of literature analysis, statistical data analysis, qualitative interview, and content analysis were employed during the research. paper is prepared under the research project The impact of labour market policies into employment situation during the different economic cycles (No. Sin- 04/2010) that is implemented within the frame of national science program The social challenges to national security which is carried out by the Research Council of Lithuania.

SPAUDOS STATISTIKA: RAIDOS IR ŠALTINIŲ ĮŽVALGOS

The article aims at presenting some international and Lithuanian publishing stati­stics insights, following the development of statistical sources and publishing statistics. It does not attempt to present an exhaustive source and publishing statistics development analysis. Instead, the author sought to reveal the Lithuanian situation of publishing statistics as well as international context, following the importance of sources and development trends in publishing statistics. The concept and principles of publishing statistics are discussed, beginnings and development features are presented, publishing statistics sources are identifieed, documents regulating the preparation of publishing statistics as well as international principles and attitudes are analysed in the article. The background of publishing statistics in the Lithuanian state is presented as well as its role and sources (an ongoing annual publication “Lithuanian Publishing Statistics“ (Lietuvos spaudos statistika), pre­pared by Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, and the relevant publications presen­ting publishing statistics in early periods) are presented. Special attention is drawn to international publishing statistics situation and sources. UNESCO documents “Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics relating to Book Production and Periodicals”, 1964, “Re­vised Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on the Produc­tion and Distribution of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals”, 1985 and the international standard “ISO 9707: 2011 Information and Documentation. Statistics on the Production and Distribution of Books, Newspapers, Periodicals and Electronic Publications” as well as the respective Lithuanian standard “LST ISO 9707: 2011 Informacija ir dokumentavimas. Statistiniai duomenys apie išleistas knygas, laikraščius, periodinius ir elektroninius leidinius bei jų platinimą”, adopted on the basis of this international standard, serves as methodological background and a relevant tool for preparing publishing statistics in Lithuania as well as at international level. The main international statistical sources, such as “Statistical Yearbook UNESCO“ and “Index Translationum“ are analysed. Special attention is given to “Index Translationum“, which is an international bibliography of book translations, created in the year 1932. The main con­clusions on the subject are presented in the article. The analysis in question should serve as an impetus for book scientists, publishing and other specialists to focus on publishing statistics as an important field of interest. Some of the aspects of the subject were presented by the author during the international scientific conference “Book and other Media Science: Research, Scientists, Communication“ (October 22–23, 2009, Vilnius University).

Šeimų savigalbos grupių veikla socialinio kapitalo perspektyvoje

LektorėSocialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultetoSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 5) 266 76 10Straipsnyje nagrinėjama šeimų savigalbos grupių veikla socialinio kapitalo teorijos perspektyvoje siekiant nustatyti šių bendruomeninių darinių teikiamą naudą šeimai ir visuomenei bei palyginti Lietuvos ir Italijos Lombardijos regiono grupių patirtį. Savigalbos atvejų analizė parodė, kad šios iniciatyvos yra reikšmingi ištekliai ir gali būti panaudojami kaip efektyvios šeimų pagalbos ir ugdymo priemonės, prisidėti prie šeimos instituto stiprinimo ir išsaugojimo, taip pat kurti visuomenės bendrąjį gėrį.

Švietimo politika ir globalizacija: nacionaliniai ir supranacionaliniai ypatumai

Docentė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (85) 266 76 25El. paštas: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltStraipsnyje analizuojama nacionalinės švietimo politikos problemos globalizacijos sąlygomis. Remiantis tyrėjų (Torresu, Apple’u, House’u, Lingardu, McLarenu, Yeates) įžvalgomis bandoma atsakyti į klausimą, kiek ir kokių galių turi valstybės priešintis globalizacijos procesui, ar įmanoma nacionalinės ir supranacionalinės švietimo politikos dermė ir kokios galimos globalizacijos pasėkmės nacionaliniam švietimui. Šiame kontekste analizuojama, kokia yra Lietuvos švietimo politikos simptomatika. Daromos išvados, kad Lietuvos švietimo politikos keliai gana painūs. Aiškesni orientyrai, atsiradę pastaruoju metu, taip pat kelia abejonių, nes brėžia švietimo liberalizavimo, o kita vertus, didesnės valstybinės kontrolės kryptį ir deklaruoja radikalius, artimus neomarksistiniams teiginius.

Moterų ir vyrų mokslinių karjerų tendencijos Lietuvoje ir Suomijoje*

Socialinių mokslų (sociologijos) daktarė Socialinių tyrimų institutas Saltoniškių g. 58, LT-08105 Vilnius Tel. (8 685) 670 30 El. paštas: novelskaite@ktl.mii.lt Docentė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 5) 266 76 25El. paštas: g. purvaneckiene@lzvk.ltStraipsnyje analizuojamos moterų ir vyrų mokslinės karjeros pokyčių tendencijos Lietuvoje ir Suomijoje. Statistinė analizė atliekama trimis lygmenimis: doktorantūros, mokslinės veiklos ir akademinės hierarchijos. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad abiejose šalyse vyksta mokslo bendruomenės feminizacija. XXI a. pradžioje Lietuvoje moterys aktyviau įsitraukė į mokslo bendruomenę nei Suomijoje. Tačiau aukščiausiais akademinės hierarchijos lygmenimis moterims geriau atstovaujama Suomijoje. Tikėtina, kad šiuos pokyčius ir skirtumus tarp šalių lemia skirtingos priežastys: aktyvi lyčių lygybės moksle diegimo politika Suomijoje ir mokslo karjeros patrauklumo sumažėjimas (ir vyrų pasitraukimas iš mokslo sektoriaus) Lietuvoje.

Nacionalinio atgimimo sąjūdžio prielaidos Bengalijoje XIX amžiaus pabaigoje

The present article deals with the problem of building a national identity in the last decades of the 19th century in Indian Bengal. Considering the main question of whether Neo-Hinduism and Hindu nationalism were invented by the British imperial thinkers and missionaries, the author thinks that the Indian Renaissance was too diverse to have every page of it put under the same cover. In the author’s opinion, Hindu reformers and nationalists tried to learn from Western thinkers modern instrumental ways of acting, but their efforts were meant to reconstruct, preserve, and put into life the traditional religion as well as to give it a new patriotic sentiment. She scrutinizes the social and political thought of Sri Aurobindo in the context of other social leaders of Bengal. Special emphasis is placed on Bankim Chandra Chatterji’s novel Ānandamaṭh, or The Sacred Brotherhood, which sets a romanticized model of the fight against British rule. The author shows how Bankim’s idea of the importance of women’s role in the struggle and the consecration to Mother India as the Deity find its way to the later nationalist and revolutionary movement. In that respect she analyses the śakti and kṣatriya principles as constitutive and very important parts of rural Hindu worship, actualized by Sri Aurobindo and other political philosophers in the light of the Bhagavadgita, Upanishads, and Tantras. This aims to be a postcolonial study helping to throw light on the Lithuanian situation as it moved from the Soviet occupation through the independence movement to finally issue in freedom.

Ar teisė įsišaknijusi moralėje? (Nesibaigiančio ginčo pėdsakais)

The article gives a survey of the important con-tention between legal positivism and natūrai law tradition on the relations of law and morality. The survey aims to present the main issues of the con-troversy, to reveal the tendencies and to make it more intelligible for Lithuanian academic life. The survey presents the ideas of five important legal theorists: VVilliam Blackwell, John Austin, Lon Fuller, Lon Hart and John Finnis. One of the main claims of the article is that there was a great transformation in this controversy and that the po-sitions of both sides became more dialogical. There is no aim of this survey to evaluate "the best" answers. Rather it tries to stress the most important ąuestions, which are relevant for Li-thuanian situation too.

The influence of question format on accuracy of children’s testimony

A number of investigators have suggested that children, even preschoolers, can in fact recall a great deal of information accurately, but there are some important limitations, especially, question format. While analysing this limitation, it is important to state how the syntax of a question is related to the accuracy of narration and how investigators should formulate questions in order to get accurate and reliable responses. Moreover, the structure of a sentence influences the perception of a question and syntax in Lithuanian differs from Germanic languages, therefore it has been unclear whether the results of such investigations can be applied to the Lithuanian situation. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of question format on preschool-aged childre’s accuracy of narrative in different interviews. Whereas some studies have also showed that the content of information investigated (action, people, environment) is of great importance for the accuracy of children’s narrative, the influence of the content of informatikon was investigated in this study too.Children aged 6 to 7 years took part in a Christmas event. Three weeks later children were interviewed about the event for the first time; questions asked were of different format (open- and close-ended). Four months later the interview was repeated, some questions from the first interview were asked. Children’s accuracy of narration was estimated by two psychologists.The study showed that question format substantially influenced children’s responses: children frequently responded „I don’t know“ to open-ended questions, they were most likely to make errors if asked closeended questions. Therefore it is recommended to ask children more often open-ended questions, especially if the interview is repeated.Furthermore, it should be mentioned that children recalled less important details with greater difficulty in comparison with personally important information. More detailed analysis proved that the accuracy of narration depends on the content: the most accurate answers were given about actions, environment and verbal information were described less accurately. The difference in accuracy was statistically significant. Therefore it is recommended to ask young children more questions about actions.