Lithium Nickel Research Articles

Realizing Lean-Leachate Recycling of Spent Lithium Nickel Oxides by Dynamically Stabilizing the Hole-Mediated Diffusion Kinetics.

While hydrometallurgy is the primary technology for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries due to various advantages, it still involves substantial consumption of chemical reagents and poses challenges in wastewater emission. Herein, we report the realization of cathode recycling under lean-leachate conditions by dynamically stabilizing hole-mediated diffusion kinetics, which is enabled by synchronizing the extraction step during the leaching stage, thus continuously removing the dissolved ions out of the leachate. Theoretical molecular dynamics simulations predict that preventing the accumulation of the dissolved ions is efficient for keeping the leaching process proceeding. Experimentally, even with a small dosage of leachate (0.5 mL), a 94.51% leaching efficiency can be achieved (90 °C, 40 min) for spent LNO materials. Considering that our strategy is not limited to a specific materials system, it could be extended to recycle other valuable materials (including LCO or NCM 811) with minimal leachate usage.

Green recycling assessment on typical spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): A multi-objective assessment

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an efficient solution for resource supply crisis and severe environmental pollution. However, the comprehensive evaluation on resource criticality and environmental impact were neglected in the life cycle assessment (LCA). In this study, a green recycling assessment methodology was proposed associated with raw material criticality assessment, system operation elements analysis and comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA). The hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical and direct recycling process of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) were selected as 6 typical recycling processes. Under the multi-objective assessment, the green recycling grades (G) was classified into 10 grades, and the direct recycling process of NMC and LFP were the two greenest recycling processes with the G value of 9.66 and 9.58. According to the assessment results of this study, direct recycling process was the best recycling process due to the less the consumption of substance and production of waste. This research established the green recycling assessment methodology for spent LIBs, which could guide the green development of spent LIBs recycling industry.

First-principles study of the structures and redox mechanisms of Ni-rich lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides

To reduce the cobalt (Co) content in lithium-ion batteries, Ni-rich (high-Ni) lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) are pursued as one of the next-generation cathode materials. However, there is still debate on the crystal and electronic structures of the baseline, LiNiO2. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to provide a theoretical understanding of Ni-rich NMC. First, it was found that the commonly used R3¯m structure for LiNiO2 is metallic, contrary to the experimentally reported mix-conducting behavior. Among the four different space groups, R3¯m, C2/m, P21/c, and P2/c, P2/c with charge disproportionation of Ni2+ and Ni4+ is the most energetically stable and semiconducting structure of LiNiO2. Therefore, the atomic structures of representative Ni-rich NMC were built by partially replacing Ni with Co or Mn in the P2/c LiNiO2 to form LixNiyMnzCo1-y-zO2. In the fully lithiated (x = 1.0) high Ni content NMC (y > 0.5), the oxidation state of all Mn ions becomes 4+, while Co ions still maintain 3+, and part of the Ni ions become 2+ to compensate for the charge. Upon delithiation, the local environment shows more variation of the charge states on the transition metal (TM) ions. The average oxidation on each TM follows a sequence of losing electrons that starts from Ni2+ to Ni3+, then oxidizing Ni3+ and Co3+, while Mn4+ remains electrochemically inactive till x = 0. A general relationship for the oxidation state change in each TM as a function of x and y is derived and shows agreement with both modeling and experimental data.

Lightweight Carbon-Metal-Based Fabric Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion battery electrodes are typically manufactured via slurry casting, which involves mixing active material particles, conductive carbon, and a polymeric binder in a solvent, followed by casting and drying the coating on current collectors (Al or Cu). These electrodes are functional but still limited in terms of pore network percolation, electronic connectivity, and mechanical stability, leading to poor electron/ion conductivities and mechanical integrity upon cycling, which result in battery degradation. To address this, we fabricate trichome-like carbon-iron fabrics via a combination of electrospinning and pyrolysis. Compared with slurry cast Fe2O3 and graphite-based electrodes, the carbon-iron fabric (CMF) electrode provides enhanced high-rate capacity (10C and above) and stability, for both half cell and full cell testing (the latter with a standard lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) cathode). Further, the CMFs are free-standing and lightweight; therefore, future investigation may include scaling this as an anode material for pouch cells and 18,650 cylindrical batteries.

Synthesis of ultrathin carbon layer-coated LiNiPO4 nanoparticles by solvothermal method

The emerging market of high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the importance of developing high-voltage cathodes. Lithium nickel phosphate (LiNiPO4) with the highest theoretical discharge potential (∼5.1V) has attracted increasing attention due to its stable olivine structure. In this study, ultrathin carbon layer-coated LiNiPO4 was synthesized using oleylamine-assisted solvothermal method under different solvothermal times, and the effect of solvothermal time (1h–18h) on LiNiPO4 samples is fully investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that high-purity LiNiPO4 materials can be prepared after calcination of the solvothermal product under N2, but adding part of H2 to the calcination atmosphere will lead to the generation of impurities in the target product. As the solvothermal time increases, the product will agglomerate and grow, the particle size will increase, and the morphology will change from nanoparticle to rodlike structure. After the high-temperature calcination step, the oleylamine is completely carbonized, and a conductive carbon layer is successfully coated on the LiNiPO4 with the thickness of 2 nm. As the solvothermal time increases, the graphitization degree of oleylamine increases after carbonization. The existence of the carbon layer and the increase in the degree of graphitization are beneficial to improving the electrical conductivity and Li-ion diffusion rate of LiNiPO4. The initial discharge capacity of LNP@C-12h product prepared with 12 h solvothermal time is 35 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C. Rietveld analysis shows that the anti-site defect concentration of the LNP@C material is 1.07 %, and the proportion increases to 2.83 % after several cycles. This work provides a positive contribution to the synthesis and modification of high-voltage LiNiPO4 materials and explains the electrochemical performance degradation of LiNiPO4 from the perspective of increasing the concentration of anti-site defects.

Determining effects of doping lithium nickel oxide with tungsten using Compton scattering

X-ray Compton scattering experiments along with parallel first-principles computations were carried out on LiNiO2 to understand the effects of W doping on this cathode material for Li-ion batteries. By employing high-energy x rays exceeding 100 keV, an insight is gained into the fate of the W valence electrons, which are adduced to undergo transfer to empty O 2p energy bands within the active oxide matrix of the cathode. The substitution of W for Ni is shown to increase the electronic conductivity and to enhance the total magnetization per Ni atom. Our study demonstrates that an analysis of line shapes of Compton scattered x rays in combination with theoretical modeling can provide a precise method for an atomic level understanding of the nature of the doping process.

Application metal oxide cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

The popularity of portable electronic devices has boosted the speedy advancement of devices for storing electrical energy. At the same time, the development of electric vehicles urgently requires lithium batteries to have higher power density and performance. The strong points of lithium ion battery are environmental friendliness, also specific capacity of high level. Lithium cathode material is one of the key factors affecting battery performance. The requirements for positive electrode materials are good safety, good service life, and less self-discharge. Among all cathode materials, metal oxide cathode material is the most potential types, which comes from a wide range of sources and has rich production experience. In this paper, four kinds of lithium metal oxide cathode materials including lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate and ternary composite oxide cathode material were analyzed, and discussed the performance of lithium metal oxide cathode materials in practical applications, where further pointed out the existing problems of metal oxide cathode materials and put forward several directions for future improvement to improve the performance of lithium ion battery cathode materials in the future development and production process.

Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide Using a Two-Step Solvent Extraction Process in an Agitated Kühni Column

A significant consequence of the green transition is the growing demand of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as they are essential for electrical vehicles. In turn, the demand for the raw materials that are needed to produce LIBs is increasing. A common LIB cathode type for electrical cars is lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Since cobalt is currently considered as a critical raw material, nickel-rich NMC cathodes are now designed with lower cobalt contents. The synthesis of these new NMC types requires LiOH instead of Li2CO3, which was used for Co-richer NMC materials in the past. Most production routes of LiOH start from Li2CO3 or Li2SO4. However, LiCl could also be a potential precursor for LiOH, as it could be obtained from various lithium sources. A two-step solvent extraction process (SX) was developed for direct conversion of LiCl into LiOH, using a phenol (butylhydroxytoluene or BHT) and a mixture of quaternary ammonium chlorides (Aliquat 336) in an aliphatic diluent (Shellsol D70) as the solvent. The SX process was validated in counter-current mode using a rotary agitated Kühni extraction column. The use of a column instead of mixer-settlers reduced the CO2 uptake by the final product (LiOH), which prevented the partial conversion of LiOH to Li2CO3. A total of 75 L of LiCl feed solution was processed in the Kühni column to obtain a solution of LiOH with a final purity of more than 99.95%, at a yield of 96%.Graphical

Status and Development of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Driven by the energy transition and the wave of electrification, efficient battery technology is a core requirement in today's society. Lithium-ion batteries, with their high energy density and long lifespan, occupy an important place in sustainable energy storage solutions. However, the overall performance and economics of the batteries greatly depend on the cathode materials used in them, and innovations in this area are critical to the advancement of battery technology. This study focuses on the latest research findings on cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, providing an in-depth analysis of key materials such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and ternary materials. The article details the chemical properties and performance optimisation of these materials. Through a comparative analysis, this paper aims to reveal the comprehensive performance of different cathode materials and explore their potential for improving battery energy density, reducing cost, and enhancing safety. The importance of this research lies in the fact that it provides an in-depth understanding of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, offering a key guide to the innovation and development of future battery technologies. This is not only of practical significance for the advancement of efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly battery technologies but also provides a valuable reference for related industries and academia.

Atomic-Scale Characterization of Microscale Battery Particles Enabled by a High-Throughput Focused Ion Beam Milling Technique.

The cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) require improvements to address issues such as surface degradation, short-circuiting, and the formation of dendrites. One such method for addressing these issues is using surface coatings. Coatings can be sought to improve the durability of cathode materials, but the characterization of the uniformity and stability of the coating is important to assess the performance and lifetime of these materials. For microscale particles, there are, however, challenges associated with characterizing their surface modifications by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques due to the size of these particles. Often, techniques such as focused ion beam (FIB)-assisted lift-out can be used to prepare thin cross sections to enable TEM analysis, but these techniques are very time-consuming and have a relatively low throughput. The work outlined herein demonstrates a FIB technique with direct support of microscale cathode materials on a TEM grid that increases sample throughput and reduces the processing time by 60-80% (i.e., from >5 to ∼1.5 h). The demonstrated workflow incorporates an air-liquid particle assembly followed by direct particle transfer to a TEM grid, FIB milling, and subsequent TEM analysis, which was illustrated with lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide particles and lithium manganese nickel oxide particles. These TEM analyses included mapping the elemental composition of cross sections of the microscale particles using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The methods developed in this study can be extended to high-throughput characterization of additional LIB cathode materials (e.g., new compositions, coating, end-of-life studies), as well as to other microparticles and their coatings as prepared for a variety of applications.

Overcoming low initial coulombic efficiencies of Si anodes through prelithiation in all-solid-state batteries

All-solid-state batteries using Si as the anode have shown promising performance without continual solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) growth. However, the first cycle irreversible capacity loss yields low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of Si, limiting the energy density. To address this, we adopt a prelithiation strategy to increase ICE and conductivity of all-solid-state Si cells. A significant increase in ICE is observed for Li1Si anode paired with a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode. Additionally, a comparison with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) reveals that performance improvements with Si prelithiation is only applicable for full cells dominated by high anode irreversibility. With this prelithiation strategy, 15% improvement in capacity retention is achieved after 1000 cycles compared to a pure Si. With Li1Si, a high areal capacity of up to 10 mAh cm–2 is attained using a dry-processed LCO cathode film, suggesting that the prelithiation method may be suitable for high-loading next-generation all-solid-state batteries.

High Precision Nail‐Penetration Setup for the Controlled Thermal Runaway Initiation of Lithium‐Ion Cells at Very Low Temperatures

A high precision nail‐penetration (NP) tool for characterizing the mechanically induced thermal‐runaway (TR) of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells in a defined range of temperatures down to −140 °C was developed. To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP‐tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3‐axis force sensor which is further combined with a high‐resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP‐metrics at an accuracy of ±1 pierced electrode layer without CT‐scans. Further NP examinations at 20 °C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR‐trigger. Moreover, NP‐tests at low temperature disclose a relation of the short circuit conductivity and TR‐reactions during subsequent rethermalization to room temperature. Finally, the implementation of a novel fixture for a controlled very fast cooling of LIB‐cells during critical damage opens the way to investigate the individual steps during a TR and, thus, to gain important information of the specific TR‐mechanism of different LIB‐cells.

Round‐robin test of all‐solid‐state battery with sulfide electrolyte assembly in coin‐type cell configuration

AbstractThe replacement of conventional lithium‐ion batteries with solid‐state batteries is currently under investigation by many players both from academia and industry. Sulfide‐based electrolytes are among the materials that are regarded as most promising, especially for application in the transport sector. The performance of anode, cathode, and solid electrolyte materials of this type of solid electrolyte is typically evaluated using manually assembled cells such as Swagelok cells, EL‐CELLs, and in‐house built pressure devices. Coin cells, however, are often disregarded. Though coin cells cannot accurately predict how a material will perform in an end‐use application battery cell format, they are easy to assemble and can provide reproducible data compared to the other cell types, which make them an interesting option for testing the materials under conditions more relevant for their envisioned application. The coin cell preparation method presented in this work has been evaluated interlaboratory for reproducibility and, in addition, can be modified depending on the optimization parameters of the solid electrolyte, cathode material, bilayer comprised on cathode and solid electrolyte, lithium metal anode, and cell in general. Besides, an interlab round‐robin test (RRT) is carried out between four laboratories, measuring defined electrochemical tests of sulfide solid‐state batteries in coin cell configuration. This RRT for the preparation of coin cell solid‐state batteries with sulfide solid electrolyte, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides cathode, and lithium metal anode is intended for academic researchers and provides guidelines of research in this field.

Chronoamperometric analyses of lithium insertion/extraction kinetics of lithium nickel manganese oxide using the diluted electrode method

Understanding the electrode kinetics of Li insertion materials used in Li-ion batteries is important for deducing the power capabilities of the batteries. However, examining the inherent reaction kinetics of these materials is difficult because Li-ion diffusion in the electrolyte within electrode pores is the rate-determining step in conventional electrodes, which mainly comprise active materials. Herein, the Li insertion kinetics of Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 is analyzed using the diluted electrode method. Results of charge/discharge tests performed at a constant voltage (chronoamperometry) reveal that both, charging (Li extraction) and discharging (Li insertion) in the diluted electrode (Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 content: 10 wt%), are much faster than those in conventional electrodes (88 wt%). The diluted electrode delivers half the capacity of Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 in only 20 and 200 s for charging and discharging, respectively, at high overvoltages. This indicates that the reaction kinetics is asymmetric between the charging and discharging processes; charging occurs approximately 10 times faster than discharging. Based on the overvoltage and temperature dependences of the reaction kinetics, phenomenological kinetic equations for the Li insertion/extraction of Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 are determined. The results of this study not only provide important knowledge for establishing the Li insertion kinetics but are also useful for understanding the power capabilities of all-solid-state batteries.

Development of dual polarization battery model with high accuracy for a lithium-ion battery cell under dynamic driving cycle conditions

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for electric vehicles. They are suitable for use in electric vehicles as they provide long range and long life. However, Lithium-ion batteries need to be controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS) to operate safely and efficiently. The BMS continuously controls parameters, such as current, voltage, temperature, state of charge (SoC), and state of health (SoH), and protects the battery against overcharging and discharging, imbalances between cells, and thermal runaways. The battery models and several prediction algorithms that the BMS uses to carry out these checks are essential to the system's performance. This research assesses the Dual Polarization (DP) model's ability to mimic actual battery performance in different dynamic driving conditions. In the study, a battery model for a Lithium–Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt-Oxide (Li-NMC) cell with a nominal capacity of 2 Ah is developed. A DP model was used in the study. Modeling and parameter estimation were performed in MATLAB Simulink/Simscape. Firstly, the model parameters are estimated depending on the SoC using the current and voltage data obtained from the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test. A further validation study of the model for low dynamic and high dynamic driving cycles is then presented. Dynamic Stress Test (DST), the US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) cycles were used for model validation. As a result of the study, the model's Root Mean Square (RMS) error values were obtained as 0.0053 V for DST, 0.0059 V for US06, and 0.008 V for WLTP. The obtained model is particularly successful for simulating a battery under dynamic current conditions and for use in control and prediction algorithms.

Thermal runaway of Li-ion battery with different aging histories

Safety issues associated with thermal runaway (TR) in batteries have attracted extensive research attention. However, understanding and predicting TR encounter significant challenges due to the complexities of chemical reactions, venting events, thermal stratification, multiphase interactions, and variable boundary conditions. These challenges are further complicated by intrinsic battery degradation, a phenomenon often insufficiently characterized and governed by multiple mechanisms. These primarily include the depletion of electrolyte and active materials, thickening of the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI), and formation of lithium plating and dendrites. Such degradation alters the battery's materials and structure, directly causing electrochemical performance penalties and potentially affecting its TR behavior. This study examines the TR behavior of commercial 18,650 cells with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes, focusing on degradation associated typical usage scenarios: long-term cycling, low-temperature cycling, dynamic cycling with calendar aging. We employ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to probe internal changes in the electrochemical properties of aged cells compared to fresh counterparts. The EIS results reveal pronounced SEI impedance and substantially increased charge transfer impedance in long-term cycled cells. TR tests were conducted using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (EV+ ARC, Thermal Hazard Technology) following the heat-wait-seek (HWS) strategy. Our findings indicate a significant impact of aging mechanisms on second-life battery safety. Specifically, cells subjected to low-temperature cycling demonstrated a considerably lower onset temperature for exothermic reactions, and shorter TR delay time, despite all aged cells showing similar state of health (SOH). Furthermore, the temperature corresponding to the cell voltage drop is consistently much lower for aged cells with dynamic cycling and calendar aging.

Damage mechanisms and recent research advances in Ni‐rich layered cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries

AbstractNickel‐rich cathode is considered to be the cathode material that can solve the short‐range problem of electric vehicles with excellent electrochemical properties and low price. However, microcracks, lithium–nickel hybridization, and irreversible phase transitions during cycling limit their commercial applications. These issues should be resolved by modifications. In recent years, it has been favored by researchers to solve a large number of problems by combining multiple modification strategies. Therefore, this paper reviews recent developments in various modification techniques for nickel‐rich cathode materials that have improved their electrochemical characteristics. The summary of multiple modifications of nickel‐rich materials will play a guiding role in future development.

Recovery of metal ions in lithium iron phosphate powder and lithium nickel-cobalt-manganate powder by electrochemical oxidation

In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have been increasingly used in electric and hybrid vehicles. It is anticipated that the first lithium-ion batteries will be discarded at the height of their useful lives in 2025, so developing an effective and ecologically friendly recycling process is essential. In this study, an electrochemical cathode synergism is proposed for the electro-catalyzed oxidation of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide powder and lithium iron phosphate powder to extract metal. The oxidation of Fe2+ and the release of Li+ (98 %) in LiFePO4 and the leaching of Ni (92 %), Co (91 %), Mn (94 %) and Li (97 %) from its NCM523 were mainly triggered by the rapid attack of a large amount of OH during advanced oxidation. The leaching kinetic analysis showed that the leaching system for electrochemical leaching of binary and ternary cathode materials was a chemical reaction control model, and the leaching thermodynamic analysis showed that the dissolution of each metal ion was feasible in this leaching environment. The suggested recycling technique utilizes fewer chemicals and generates less waste when compared to previous recycling techniques. The method offers a fresh approach to environmentally friendly recycling for spent lithium-ion battery leaching and recycling.

High-Entropy Materials for Lithium Batteries

High-entropy materials (HEMs) constitute a revolutionary class of materials that have garnered significant attention in the field of materials science, exhibiting extraordinary properties in the realm of energy storage. These equimolar multielemental compounds have demonstrated increased charge capacities, enhanced ionic conductivities, and a prolonged cycle life, attributed to their structural stability. In the anode, transitioning from the traditional graphite (372 mAh g−1) to an HEM anode can increase capacity and enhance cycling stability. For cathodes, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) can be replaced with new cathodes made from HEMs, leading to greater energy storage. HEMs play a significant role in electrolytes, where they can be utilized as solid electrolytes, such as in ceramics and polymers, or as new high-entropy liquid electrolytes, resulting in longer cycling life, higher ionic conductivities, and stability over wide temperature ranges. The incorporation of HEMs in metal–air batteries offers methods to mitigate the formation of unwanted byproducts, such as Zn(OH)4 and Li2CO3, when used with atmospheric air, resulting in improved cycling life and electrochemical stability. This review examines the basic characteristics of HEMs, with a focus on the various applications of HEMs for use as different components in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of these materials is examined, highlighting improvements such as specific capacity, stability, and a longer cycle life. The utilization of HEMs in new anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes offers a promising path towards future energy storage solutions with higher energy densities, improved safety, and a longer cycling life.

Utilization of lithium sulphate electrodialysis for closed-loop LIB recycling: Experimental study and process simulation

The hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) frequently relies on sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. This process generates a sodium-enriched solution, requiring treatment prior to safe discharge. This study focuses on a closed-loop recycling process for spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) cathode material, eliminating sodium ions from conventional hydrometallurgical methods and regenerating acid and precipitant from disposal slurry. It employs lithium hydroxide (LiOH) as the precipitating reagent, while lithium recovery is conducted employing electrodialysis (ED) to regenerate LiOH and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from the lithium sulfate solution. A part of the LiOH and H2SO4 reagents are subsequently used for the leaching and precipitation steps, creating a closed-loop recycling process. An experimental setup was developed to study the leaching, impurity removal, and metal extraction processes. The closed-loop recycling process was further investigated by simulation of this process. This involved the development of the ED module in both continuous and batch configurations using the Aspen Custom Modeler. This ED module is incorporated into Aspen Plus to integrate with the recycling process under experimental operational conditions. The minimal deviations of 3.34% and 2.38% within the precipitation and co-precipitation processes indicated the accuracy and validity of this work. Utilizing multiple batch-mode ED cells yields a 25% higher recovery of LiOH solution compared to continuous ED cells in the same operation conditions, i.e., employing 48 cells for 96 min under a current density of 1100 A·m−2. Furthermore, increasing the leaching temperature by 60°C yields a 53% increase in lithium leaching efficiency.