Cathode Materials For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Effect of Zr–Y Double Doping and Al2O3 Coating on Properties of Nickel-Rich Monomer LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Among the cathode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries, Nickel-rich single crystalline LiNixCoyMn1–x–yO2(NCM) attracts great interest as promising materials owing to their excellent properties, such as superior energy density, high voltage platform, and low cost. However, Nickel-rich single NCM has insufficient cycle stability and cannot meet the demand for the high-rate capacity, which limits its application in EV and HEV. This work applied the strategies of Zr–Y dual doping and Al2O3 coating to improve the electrochemical performance of single crystalline NCM622 cathode. A series of single crystalline LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NCM622), Zr–Y doped single crystalline NCM622, Al2O3-coated single crystalline NCM622 and Al2O3-coated Zr–Y dual-doped single crystalline NCM622 cathode materials were synthesized through the same roasting process. The Zr–Y double-doped single crystalline NCM622 material shows that Zr–Y ions are successfully doped into the lattice structure, with remarkable 0.1 C, 0.5 C, and 1 C discharge capacities 195.89 mAh·g−1, 181.77 mAh·g−1, and 174.82 mAh·g−1, respectively. The Al2O3 coated Zr–Y dual-doped single crystalline NCM622 materials show that Al2O3 particles are uniformly dispersed and attached to the surface of the coated samples, with cycling performance with retention achieving 98.84% after 50 cycles at 1 C.

Functionalized porous conductive carbon layer improves the low-temperature performance of LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) has been successfully utilized due to its stable structure, low cost, and higher safety. Nevertheless, the sluggish diffusion kinetics and low electrical conductivity have suppressed the rate capacity and long-term cyclability at lower temperature, causing significant capacity degradation problems. Herein, to address such issues, a well-designed 3D porous structure LFP@NS is synthesized via the sol-gel method combined with a high-temperature calcination route. Furthermore, the nitrogen and sulfur in thiourea can be induced to enter the carbon matrix, resulting in generating more defects and active sites. Simultaneously, N,S co-doped carbon matrix can form successive migration channels for lithium-ion, which can promote the diffusion kinetics and electrical conductivity. The as-prepared LFP@NS-2 sample provides 158.5 mAh g−1 discharge capacity in the room temperature (RT) and 101.3 mAh g−1 (in −20 °C) at 1C, and exhibits remarkable cyclic performance (122.3 mAh g−1 after 2000 circles at 10C in the RT). Furthermore, to investigate the practical application in low temperature, coupled with a graphite (Gr) anode, the LFP@NS-2||Gr full battery releases 100.1mAh g−1 at 1C in −20 °C. Therefore, this work has a far-reaching implication for designing the high-performance LIBs electrode materials for practical application at low temperature.

Biometabolically Derived Selenium Nanoparticles Armed with Protein Protective Suit toward High-Performance Li-Se Batteries.

Selenium (Se) serves as a burgeoning high-energy-density cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of Se cathode is strictly limited by low Se utilization and inferior cycling stability arising from intrinsic volume expansion and notorious shuttle effect. Herein, a microbial metabolism strategy is developed to prepare "functional vesicle-like" Se globules via Bacillus subtilis subsp. from selenite in sewage, in which Se nanoparticles are armed with a natural biological protein membrane with rich nitrogen and phosphorus, achieving the eco-efficient conversion of trash into treasure (selenite, SeO3 2- → Selenium, Se). The appealing-design "functional vesicle-like" Se globules are beneficial to accommodate volume changes of Se in electrochemical reactions, confining polyselenides via chemisorption, and enhancing mechanical strength of electrode by associated bacteria debris, realizing comprehensive utilization of microorganism. By conceptualizing "functional vesicle-like" Se globules, rather than artificial Se-host composites, as cathode for lithium-selenium batteries, it exhibits outstanding cycling stability and improved rate performance. This strategy opens the door to design smart electrode materials with unattainable structure that cannot be achieved by traditional approaches, achieving eco-efficient conversion of pollutants into energy-storage nanomaterials, which will be a promising research field for interdisciplinary of energy, biology, and environment.

Decoding Li+/H+ ion exchange route toward low-temperature synthesis of layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Decoding Li+/H+ ion exchange route toward low-temperature synthesis of layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Efficient separation of cathode materials from aluminum foil by novel low-melting mixture solvent based on choline chloride-xylitol system

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are important energy devices with significant growth and expansion that result in large amounts of metal waste. However, the separation of the cathode materials from aluminum (Al) foil during the recycling of spent LIBs is still challenging due to their strong bonding by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Herein, a novel low-melting mixture solvent (LoMMS) based on the choline chloride-xylitol system with ow-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness was developed for separating the cathode materials from Al foil in LIBs. Under the optimal treatment conditions of a molar ratio of choline chloride to xylitol of 2:1, a reaction temperature of 140 °C, a reaction time of 20 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 16 g/L separation efficiency cathode material reached a maximum of 94.92 %. The mechanistic analysis revealed that the high separation efficiency can be attributed to strong hydrogen bonding provided by choline chloride and xylitol in LoMMS, disrupted PVDF molecular bonding and resulted in deactivation and successful separation of cathode material particles from the aluminum foil. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy examination revealed no changes in the morphologies of the cathode materials, useful for their restoration and reutilization. Overall, the proposed LoMMS method with low-cost and eco-friendly aspects has great potential for recycling spent LIB cathode materials.

Conversion of cobalt from spent LIBs to Co3O4 electrode material for application in supercapacitors

ABSTRACT The cathode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is endowed with valuable metals, such as cobalt. The improper treatment of these batteries pollutes the environment and causes enormous resource waste. Therefore, the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs has attracted widespread attention. In this study, Co3O4 electrode materials were prepared by a simple homogeneous precipitation method and heat treatment using a leaching solution of spent LIBs-positive electrode material as the cobalt source. The crystal structure and morphology of the products were examined at different annealing temperatures, and their electrochemical performance was analyzed. The results show that low-temperature annealing contributes to grain refinement. The Co3O4 material prepared at 300°C annealing temperature has a rod-like structure with distinct pores and a specific surface area of 58.98 m2 g−1. Furthermore, electrochemical performance testing reveals that Co3O4 prepared at 300°C displays the best electrochemical performance as an electrode material, with a specific capacitance of 97.93 F g−1 and a cycle retention rate of 79.12% after 500 charge–discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of recycling valuable metal cobalt from spent LIBs cathode materials to produce Co3O4 materials for use as supercapacitor electrode materials, opening up new avenues for the recycling and utilisation of spent LIBs.

Advancing Lithium-Ion Batteries' Electrochemical Performance: Ultrathin Alumina Coating on Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 Cathode Materials.

Ni-rich Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 (x ≥ 0.8)-layered oxide materials are highly promising as cathode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. However, their tendency to undergo side reactions with electrolytes and their structural instability during cyclic lithiation/delithiation impairs their electrochemical cycling performance, posing challenges for large-scale applications. This paper explores the application of an Al2O3 coating using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) system on Ni-enriched Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 (NCM811) cathode material. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, were used to assess the impact of alumina coating on the morphology and crystal structure of NCM811. The results confirmed that an ultrathin Al2O3 coating was achieved without altering the microstructure and lattice structure of NCM811. The alumina-coated NCM811 exhibited improved cycling stability and capacity retention in the voltage range of 2.8-4.5 V at a 1 C rate. Specifically, the capacity retention of the modified NCM811 was 5%, 9.11%, and 11.28% higher than the pristine material at operating voltages of 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 V, respectively. This enhanced performance is attributed to reduced electrode-electrolyte interaction, leading to fewer side reactions and improved structural stability. Thus, NCM811@Al2O3 with this coating process emerges as a highly attractive candidate for high-capacity lithium-ion battery cathode materials.

Doping Effects on Ternary Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review.

The ongoing advancements in lithium-ion battery technology are pivotal in propelling the performance of modern electronic devices and electric vehicles. Amongst various components, the cathode material significantly influences the battery performance, such as the specific capacity, capacity retention and the rate performance. Ternary cathode materials, composed of nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NCM), offer a balanced combination of these traits. Recent developments focus on elemental doping, which involves substituting a fraction of NCM constituent ions with alternative cations such as aluminum, titanium, or magnesium. This strategic substitution aims to enhance structural stability, increase capacity retention, and improve resistance to thermal runaway. Doped ternary materials have shown promising results, with improvements in cycle life and operational safety. However, the quest for optimal doping elements and concentrations persists to maximize performance while minimizing cost and environmental impact, ensuring the progression towards high-energy-density, durable, and safe battery technologies.

Beyond the Conventional Leaching: Exploring Pyruvic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material

Beyond the Conventional Leaching: Exploring Pyruvic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material

The enhancement and impact of Se doping on the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 cathode material for aqueous Li-ion batteries

Spinel LiMn2O4 is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, due to the Jahn-Teller effect and Mn dissolution, its capacity decreases seriously in the cycle process, which hinders its wider application. In the course of our research, we discovered that a modest infusion of Se-doping is capable of significantly augmenting the oxygen vacancy within the material, improve the conductivity of the LiMn2O4 material and promotes superior battery performance. Moreover, due to Se-doped the average valence state of Mn is raised, which effectively mitigates the Jahn-Teller effect. The optimized sample exhibits high capacity, long cycle life, and superior rate capability, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 101.0 mAh·g−1 at 7 C and capacity retention of 87.3 % after 200 cycles. The maximum specific discharge capacity of the full battery during the cycle was 97.9 mAh·g−1, the capacity retention rate after 200 cycles was 78.2 %, and the maximum energy density during the cycle is 145.1 Wh·Kg−1, which was nearly twice that of the single lithium-ion battery in this paper. The effect of Se-doped on the properties of LiMn2O4 cathode materials provides a new idea for the development of high-performance spinel lithium manganese oxide cathode materials.

Synergetic recycling of permanent magnet and Li-ion battery cathode material for metals recovery

Rare earth elements (REEs)-based (NdFeB) magnets and lithium−ion batteries (LIBs) are critical for a low−carbon economy. Their production depends on critical elements like REEs, Li, Co and Ni. Recycling of these products have been explored separately as a potential solution. Conventional methods for recycling NdFeB magnets and LIBs face challenges like high energy consumption, lengthy processing, excessive reagent usage, and waste generation. In this study, a novel synergetic recycling methodology is proposed to minimize these challenges. The idea is based on using waste ferrous sulfate solution generated during magnet leaching as a reducing and leaching reagent for battery recycling thereby eliminating the need for additional reagents for oxidation of iron in NdFeB and reduction of cathode material in LIBs. The magnet is leached in diluted H2SO4 at 70 °C followed by double sulfate precipitation for REEs with Na2SO4. The REE-depleted but acidic ferrous solution is then used for reductive leaching of cathode material at 90 °C. The overall recovery rates of REEs, Li, Co, Ni, and Mn in this process are >95%. The iron from magnet material is recovered as crystalline and easily-filterable iron compound that can be converted to goethite and used as a byproduct. This synergetic approach not only reduces reagent consumption and waste generation aligning with the principles of circular economy but also offers improved efficiency, resource conservation, and environmental sustainability.

LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 as a promising cathode material in solid-state lithium batteries: Structural and electrical characterization

In this study, the synthesis, structural characterization, and electrical property analysis of LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 (LM8F) and its carbon-composite variant (LM8F-10%C) as potential cathode materials for solid-state lithium batteries were reported. Employing high-energy ball milling (HEBM) followed by calcination, LM8F was synthesized using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium carbonate, manganese(II) acetate tetra-hydrate, and iron(III) phosphate as precursors. The introduction of glucose as a carbon source aimed at the formation of a carbon-coated composite to enhance the electrical conductivity of the material. Structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials were elucidated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM). The XRD results confirmed the olivine and orthorhombic structure of the synthesized material, highlighting its suitability for use as a cathode in solid-state lithium batteries. Electrical properties were assessed using an LCR meter to examine the impact of carbon coating on electrochemical performance. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of carbon significantly improved the electrical conductivity, potentially leading to enhanced battery performance. This work contributes to the development of high-performance cathode materials for solid-state lithium batteries, paving the way for future advancements in energy storage technologies.

Enhanced structural stability and durability in lithium-rich manganese-based oxide via surface double-coupling engineering

Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides (LRMOs) exhibit high theoretical energy densities, making them a prominent class of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, the performance of these layered cathodes often declines because of capacity fading during cycling. This decline is primarily attributed to anisotropic lattice strain and oxygen release from cathode surfaces. Given notable structural transformations, complex redox reactions, and detrimental interface side reactions in LRMOs, the development of a single modification approach that addresses bulk and surface issues is challenging. Therefore, this study introduces a surface double-coupling engineering strategy that mitigates bulk strain and reduces surface side reactions. The internal spinel-like phase coating layer, featuring three-dimensional (3D) lithium-ion diffusion channels, effectively blocks oxygen release from the cathode surface and mitigates lattice strain. In addition, the external Li3PO4 coating layer, noted for its superior corrosion resistance, enhances the interfacial lithium transport and inhibits the dissolution of surface transition metals. Notably, the spinel phase, as excellent interlayer, securely anchors Li3PO4 to the bulk lattice and suppresses oxygen release from lattices. Consequently, these modifications considerably boost structural stability and durability, achieving an impressive capacity retention of 83.4% and a minimal voltage decay of 1.49 mV per cycle after 150 cycles at 1 C. These findings provide crucial mechanistic insights into the role of surface modifications and guide the development of high-capacity cathodes with enhanced cyclability.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of a cost-effective Sm2O3-coated spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries

Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) has gained significant attention as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high working voltage (>4.7 V) and energy density. However, challenges such as electrolyte decomposition-induced material interface erosion and transition metal dissolution under high operating voltage hinder its commercial use. In this study, a thin and uniform Sm2O3 layer has been successfully deposited on the surface of LNMO using a wet chemical method. A comprehensive investigation of surface morphology, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance of the modified LNMO is conducted. The results demonstrate that the Sm2O3 surface modification acts as a robust multifunctional protective layer, effectively shielding against hydrofluoric acid-induced chemical attack and enhancing the migration efficiency of lithium ions. Notably, the capacity retention rate of LNMO@Sm2O3 (3 wt%) remains up to 88 % after 280 cycles, significantly surpassing the uncoated counterpart. The coated material exhibits a capacity of 114 mAh g−1 even under 10 C rate conditions. Moreover, the AC impedance values and manganese dissolution of the modified material in the organic electrolyte are considerably lower than those of the uncoated counterpart. Theoretical calculations strongly support the experimental findings, revealing higher Mn vacancy formation energy and density of states at the Fermi energy level for the Sm2O3-modified electrodes. This research contributes to the field of surface modification and paves the way for further enhancements in the electrochemical performance of other high-voltage manganese-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Application of collaborative perception computing in electrochemical impact analysis of nickel rich cathode material

As a high-performance lithium-ion battery cathode material, nickel rich cathode material (NRCM) has the characteristics of high capacity and long cycle life, which has attracted the attention of researchers. The electrochemical performance of NRCM is influenced by various factors. Traditional experimental methods require a lot of time and resources, and cannot fully reveal the complex interactions between these influencing factors. To address this issue, collaborative perception computing has been introduced into electrochemical analysis. In the electrochemical impact analysis of NRCM, multiple sensing nodes can be used to collect and share electrochemical performance data, and data processing and analysis can be carried out through collaborative sensing calculation methods. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of different factors on the performance of NRCM, as well as optimization of material structure and battery design, can greatly improve the efficiency of data collection. In this study, the electrochemical performance of NRCM would be analyzed using a collaborative perception based electrochemical analysis algorithm using collaborative perception computing. In the experiment, electrochemical analysis was conducted on the 523, 622, and 811 ratio schemes of LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 ternary cathode material LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2. After experimental verification, the average discharge specific capacities of nickel cobalt manganese ternary cathode materials in the ratios of 523, 622, and 811 were 174.52MAh/g, 184.75MAh/g, and 200.73MAh/g, respectively. These results indicated that the 811 ratio of nickel cobalt manganese ternary cathode material exhibited the best performance in terms of discharge specific capacity, and had obvious advantages compared to the other two ratios. Collaborative perception computing has brought new research ideas and methods to the field of lithium-ion battery research, which has promoted further research and development of cathode material properties.

Enhanced mechanical and surface chemical stability in cobalt-free, high-nickel cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Cobalt-free, high-nickel cathode materials are essential for the sustainable evolution of energy storage technologies, reducing the dependence on resources with significant environmental and social implications and simultaneously improving the efficiency and cost effectiveness of batteries. This paper introduces a cobalt-free, high-nickel cathode material called 0.01B-LiNi0.98Mg0.01Zr0.01O2 (NMZB) developed using a novel blend of elements to enhance mechanical and surface chemical stability. Detailed evaluations confirmed the successful integration of Mg, Zr, and B into the particles, with Mg and Zr primarily located within the particle interior and B predominantly on the surface. This unique elemental configuration significantly improves the stability of the bulk phase and surface structure of the material. In addition, the refinement of primary particles within NMZB further enhances its mechanical stability. As a result, NMZB exhibits exceptional electrochemical stability, achieving 90.5 % capacity retention after 200 cycles at a 1C rate. This compositional strategy incorporates a high nickel content into layered materials while eliminating cobalt, which is crucial for advancing the development of cost effective and high-performance lithium-ion battery technology.

Assumption on the optimization direction of positive electrode materials and new methods for recycling electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract With the increasing scarcity of non-recyclable resources such as international fossil energy and coal industries, representatives from various countries at the Paris Summit advocated the strategy of “carbon neutrality, carbon peaking” and promoted the use of recyclable resources, namely electricity. There are many ways to generate electricity, such as solar power, hydroelectric power, thermal power, tidal power and wind power. However, the method of mobile storage of electricity is relatively single - using batteries. The most widely used mobile battery currently is lithium-ion battery. This research will focus on the different choices of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, analysing and comparing their performance, functional stability, lifespan, capacity, price, and working conditions under extreme temperatures. At the same time, in-depth analysis will be conducted on existing electrode material recycling methods. Finally, the development direction of electrode materials with economic benefits and promising development prospects, as well as recycling methods that are more in line with economic benefits and increase resource utilization, are proposed.

Electronic structure and delithiation mechanism of vanadium and nickel doped Li2MnPO4F cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

This study calculates the energy band structure and density of states of Lithium manganese fluorophosphate (Li2MnPO4F, a lithium transition metal phosphate compounds) using the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential approach within the density-functional theory. The model of Li2M0.5Mn0.5PO4F (M = V, Ni) with transition metal doped Mn sites is constructed by using the CASTEP module. The calculation findings indicate that the transition metal doping can regulate the energy band structure of the intrinsic system, and Li2MnPO4F makes the band gap decrease, and the volume increase with the Li ions of being deintercalated, and the electrons can be readily stimulated from the valence band to the conduction band. The findings indicate that Li2MnPO4F is a favorable cathode material for high-voltage lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The introduction of vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) doping reduces the band gap, facilitating an easier excitation of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. This study provides a theoretical study of new cathode materials for high performance LIBs.

Application of cathode materials in lithium ion phosphate battery and its modification

Abstract Lithium ion batteries have been widely used in various fields, such as electric vehicles, due to their excellent electrochemical performance. Especially, introducing some functional materials into batteries can further improve battery performance. This research analyses the application of lithium-ion phosphate as the cathode materials of the batteries, with a particular focus on the structural characteristics and various indices of the modification of lithium iron phosphate battery cathode materials. The electrode material is systematically described, highlighting its advantages, disadvantages, and application range while emphasizing its crucial role in different electrochemical performance such as energy density and recyclability. In addition, the relationship between the electrochemical performance and structure properties of cathode materials in LiFePO4 is summarized by placing emphasis on nanoparticle characteristics, interface environment effects, and electrode structures. This research also presents a series of achievements in modifying lithium iron phosphate cathode materials. And it identifies areas that require improvement and looks forward to future challenges and developments in lithium-ion battery cathode materials.

Nanostructured LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 with a Hollow Morphology Boosting Cycling Stability as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Nanostructured LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ with a Hollow Morphology Boosting Cycling Stability as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries