Anode For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Multidimensional, Superflexible, and Binder-free CNT-rGO/Si Buckypaper as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Electrochemical Performance

Multidimensional, Superflexible, and Binder-free CNT-rGO/Si Buckypaper as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Electrochemical Performance

Preparation of lithium-ion battery anode materials from graphitized spent carbon cathode derived from aluminum electrolysis

Preparation of lithium-ion battery anode materials from graphitized spent carbon cathode derived from aluminum electrolysis

Interaction of Boron-Based Cross-Linkers with Polymer Binders for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Interaction of Boron-Based Cross-Linkers with Polymer Binders for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Binary ZnO:Al Nanocomposites as Anode for Lithium-ion Batteries

In conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), carbon compounds are commonly utilised as the anode owing to their great performance, low cost, and abundance. However, due to the limited storage capability of pure carbon materials that restrict further improvement of LIBs, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been one of the promising anode materials to be used as an alternative to strengthen the electrochemical performance of LIBs due to its high theoretical capacity of 987 mAh g-1. This study aims to synthesise ZnO:Al nanowires using the hot-tube thermal evaporation method. Three types of samples are made using this method by varying the concentration of 0 wt% (S1), 3wt% (S2), and 6 wt% (S3) of aluminium (Al) during the Al deposition process. The EDX findings indicated that the sample has a high proportion of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O), with the S3 sample having the highest Al concentration after being deposited. The most substantial diffraction peak for XRD of all samples was found at (101), exhibiting a single crystalline hexagonal structure with optimum growth direction on the c-axis. For EIS analysis, the S3 sample has the lowest bulk resistance and maximum ionic conductivity. In conclusion, the ZnO sample with 3 wt% of Al as a dopant was selected as the optimum result to synthesise a homogenous surface of ZnO:Al with good crystallinity by using a hot-tube thermal evaporation process and giving the best conductivity in electrochemical performance.

Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Si@CNT Anode by Integrating SrTiO3 Material for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon (Si) has attracted worldwide attention for its ultrahigh theoretical storage capacity (4200 mA h g−1), low mass density (2.33 g cm−3), low operating potential (0.4 V vs. Li/Li+), abundant reserves, environmentally benign nature, and low cost. It is a promising high-energy-density anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering a replacement for graphite anodes owing to the escalating energy demands in booming automobile and energy storage applications. Unfortunately, the commercialization of silicon anodes is stringently hindered by large volume expansion during lithiation–delithiation, the unstable and detrimental growth of electrode/electrolyte interface layers, sluggish Li-ion diffusion, poor rate performance, and inherently low ion/electron conductivity. These present major safety challenges lead to quick capacity degradation in LIBs. Herein, we present the synergistic effects of nanostructured silicon and SrTiO3 (STO) for use as anodes in Li-ion batteries. Si and STO nanoparticles were incorporated into a multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix using a planetary ball-milling process. The mechanical stress resulting from the expansion of Si was transferred via the CNT matrix to the STO. We discovered that the introduction of STO can improve the electrochemical performance of Si/CNT nanocomposite anodes. Experimental measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provide evidence for the enhanced mobility of Li-ions facilitated by STO. Hence, incorporating STO into the Si@CNT anode yields promising results, exhibiting a high initial Coulombic efficiency of approximately 85%, a reversible specific capacity of ~800 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1, and a high-rate capability of 1400 mA g−1 with a capacity of 800 mA h g−1. Interestingly, it exhibits a capacity of 350 mAh g−1 after 1000 lithiation and delithiation cycles at a high rate of 600 mA hg−1. This result unveils and sheds light on the design of a scalable method for manufacturing Si anodes for next-generation LIBs.

High-entropy chemistry enhanced pyrochlore (Y0.2La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Ca0.2)2Sn2O7 for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

High-entropy chemistry enhanced pyrochlore (Y0.2La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Ca0.2)2Sn2O7 for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

Fluorinated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for symmetric supercapacitor device performance

This study explores the potential of using spent lithium-ion battery anodes (graphite) for fabricating symmetric energy devices through a simple regeneration process. Specifically, the use of fluorine-doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets derived from waste batteries as the basis for a symmetric supercapacitor (SC) device is investigated. To enhance the electrochemical energy storage capabilities, a facile hydrothermal technique is employed to synthesize fluorinated graphene. Fluorination of the graphene sheets is successfully realized, as confirmed by the presence of boron with a 2.94 at.% fluorine-doped level, according to the Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum analysis. Electrochemical analysis of the F-RGO electrode performance consistent with electric double-layer capacitance. Moreover, with a three-electrode system, the F-RGO electrode achieves a maximum specific capacitance of 207F/g under a current density of 1 A/g. A two-electrode symmetric device employing F-RGO exhibits a specific capacitance of 54F/g at 1 A/g. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance measurements demonstrate low charge transfer resistance (Rct) values, specifically 8.63 Ω for F-RGO, signifying improved electrochemical performance. Thus, fluorine atomic doping in RGO nanosheets contributes to the improvements of the specific capacitance and overall superior electrochemical performance of F-RGO, and F-RGO is a highly electrochemical active material for high-performance energy storage electrodes for SCs.

Advances in Coating Materials for Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Silicon anodes, which exhibit high theoretical capacity and very low operating potential, are promising as anode candidates that can satisfy the conditions currently required for secondary batteries. However, the low conductivity of silicon and the alloying/dealloying phenomena that occur during charging and discharging cause sizeable volume expansion with side reactions; moreover, various electrochemical issues result in inferior cycling performance. Therefore, many strategies have been proposed to mitigate these problems, with the most commonly used method being the use of nanosized silicon. However, this approach leads to another electrochemical limitation—that is, an increase in side reactions due to the large surface area. These problems can effectively be resolved using coating strategies. Therefore, to address the issues faced by silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, this review comprehensively discusses various coating materials and the related synthesis methods. In this review, the electrochemical properties of silicon-based anodes are outlined according to the application of various coating materials such as carbon, inorganic (including metal-, metal oxide-, and nitride-based) materials, and polymer. Additionally, double shells introduced using two materials for double coatings exhibit more complementary electrochemical properties than those of their single-layer counterparts. The strategy involving the application of a coating is expected to have a positive effect on the commercialization of silicon-based anodes.

A Fast Self-Healing Binder for Highly Stable SiOx Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon oxide-based (SiOx-based) materials show great promise as anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by the inevitable volumetric expansion during the lithiation/delithiation process. Constructing high-performance binders for SiOx-based anodes has been regarded as an efficient strategy to mitigate their volume expansion and preserve structural integrity. In this work, we propose a green water-solution PAA-LS binder composed of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and sodium lignosulfonate (LS) with fast self-healing properties. The designed binder can be restored due to the strong affinity between Fe3+-catechol coordination bonds, thereby effectively alleviating the volumetric strain of SiOx-based anodes. Notably, with an optimized LS content of 0.5%, the SiOx@PAA-LS electrode exhibits excellent performance, delivering a high capacity of 997.3 mAh g-1 after 450 cycles at 0.5 A g-1. Furthermore, the SiOx||NCM622 full cell also demonstrates superior cycling stability, maintaining a discharge capacity of 147.58 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g-1, with an impressive capacity retention rate of 82.72%.

Dramatic Enhancement Enabled by Introducing TiN into Bread-like Porous Si-Carbon Anodes for High-Performance and Safe Lithium Storage.

Doping modifications and surface coatings are effective methods to slow volume dilatation and boost the conductivity in silicon (Si) anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, using low-cost ferrosilicon from industrial production as the energy storage material, a bread-like nitrogen-doped carbon shell-coated porous Si embedded with the titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticle composite (PSi/TiN@NC) was synthesized by simple ball milling, etching, and self-assembly growth processes. Remarkably, the porous Si structure formed by etching the FeSi2 phase in ferrosilicon alloys can provide buffer space for significant volume expansion during lithiation. Highly conductive and stable TiN particles can act as stress absorption sites for Si and improve the electronic conductivity of the material. Furthermore, the nitrogen-doped porous carbon shell further helps to sustain the structural stability of the electrode material and boost the migration rate of Li-ions. Benefiting from its unique synergistic effect of components, the PSi/TiN@NC anode exhibits a reversible discharge capacity up to 1324.2 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 91.5% after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 (vs fourth discharge). Simultaneously, the electrode also delivers good rate performance and a stable discharge capacity of 923.6 mAh g-1 over 300 cycles. This research can offer a potential economic strategy for the development of high-performance and inexpensive Si-based anodes for LIBs.

Iron-based bimetallic oxide carbon composites with superior lithium storage capabilities serve as anode in lithium-ion batteries

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have emerged as highly promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their versatile valence states and distinctive morphological attributes. Bimetallic oxides, in particular, exhibit the ability to mitigate the volume expansion associated with lithium alloying and de-alloying processes. Despite these advantages, metal oxides often suffer from drawbacks such as poor conductivity, limited cycle stability, and a propensity for lithiation. Addressing the challenges of low electronic conductivity, significant volume expansion, and inadequate uniformity, we synthesized two bimetallic oxide-based carbon composites via a “one-pot” solvothermal approach: ZnFe2O4@C and MnFe2O4@C. These composites are enveloped in a carbon shell derived from anhydrous ethanol. Notably, the specific discharge capacities of ZnFe2O4@C and MnFe2O4@C surpass those of their respective single metal oxide counterparts. Following nearly 300 cycles of charge and discharge operations at a current density of 100 mA g−1, ZnFe2O4@C exhibited a specific discharge capacity of 1528 mAh g−1, while MnFe2O4@C demonstrated a capacity of 1283 mAh g−1. The synthesis method offers simplicity, high yield, and uniform morphology, making it a promising avenue for enhancing the performance of LIBs electrode materials.

Investigation on melt growth (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O oxide ceramics prepared by laser directed energy deposition

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have attracted extensive research interest due to their unique structural features, customizable elemental compositions, and tunable functional properties. Nevertheless, the complexity, low efficiency, and high cost of the existing HEO synthesis methods place limitations on them. In this study, Laser directed energy deposition (LDED) was employed to synthesize (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O oxides. Additionally, the novelty of applying the LDED process to multicationic systems was emphasized. The comparison between specimens fabricated from mixed powder via LDED(MP) and those fabricated from pre-sintered powder via LDED(SP) encompasses macroscopic morphology, microstructure, and performance. The results showed that SP significantly enhanced the density from 86.44% to 96.70% compared to MP. The macro-segregation of Cu and Cu2O in the phase composition was observed in MP and SP. High-temperature pre-sintering promoted the solid solution formation of Co and Ni during LDED, leading to more severe micro-segregation of Co and Ni. When employed as anodes in lithium-ion batteries, MP and SP have outstanding long-term cycle stability, according to electrochemical performance studies. At a current density of 100 mAg-1, these specimens maintained a capacity retention rate of 100% even after 200 cycles. The initial discharge capacities of MP and SP were respectively 477.73 mAh g-1 and 373.86 mAh g-1. This study is expected to present a novel approach for the rapid synthesis of (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O oxide ceramics.

High-capacity and long-life Fe2O3/MOFs composite anodes: Preparation, characterization, morphology regulation and electrochemical performance

Among the various transition metal oxides used in lithium-ion battery anodes, iron oxide (Fe2O3) has received extensive attention due to its low cost, good environmental compatibility and high theoretical capacity. However, the volume expansion and structural collapse during the charging-discharging cycling process significantly limited the practical application of Fe2O3. Herein, we demonstrate enhanced electrochemical properties and stability of Fe2O3 by anchoring it on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Through adjusting the MOF ligands and introducing humic acid (HA), we reached rational control of the morphology for the Fe2O3/MOF composites. The optimized sample, namely Fe2O3@HA-Fe-ATA, shows 3D cauliflower-like structure with abundant pores, which are beneficial to the active sites exposure, electrolyte penetration, as well as the tolerance toward volume expansion. Consequently, high reversible capacity of 1442.7 mAh g−1 (at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate performance (<11 % capacity decrease when current density increases from 0.1 A g−1 to 1 A g−1), and satisfactory cycle stability (91 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1) are obtained. This work demonstrates that the rational design of MOF by introduction of appropriate ligand is a very efficient approach to optimize the electrochemical properties of the resultant electrode material.

Carbon matrix NiFeP/C nanoparticles anchored on Ti3C2Tx nanosheets as heterostructure high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Engineered micro-nano heterogeneous architectures for transition metal phosphide (TMPs) anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide multifunctional active components. These components synergistically interact to address pivotal challenges of pronounced volume expansion and sluggish reaction kinetics within the electrode. Consequently, this engineering design approach significantly enhances the overall battery performance. In this study, a self-assembled approach is employed to integrate hybridized NiFe-PBA nanocubes with two-dimensional (2D) monolayer MXene (Ti3C2Tx), producing a heterostructured NiFeP/C@Ti3C2Tx composite. In this meticulously engineered architecture, the interface between the outer MXene layer and NiFeP embedded within the carbon matrix exhibits several distinct superiorities, such as rapid interfacial ion migration, multidirectional migration pathways, and strong spatial adaptability. The resulting non-uniform phase structure effectively mitigates electrode expansion and enhances electronic conductivity. Consequently, the NiFeP/C@Ti3C2Tx-15 composite demonstrates distinct performance advantages over NiFeP/C without MXene. The composite achieves a specific capacity of 689.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 200 mA g⁻¹ over 300 cycles, double that of NiFeP/C. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations validate the electronic conductivity facilitated by the heterointerface between MXene and NiFeP, substantiating the strategic significance of the heterostructure in advancing high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Innovative Design of Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries: Bismuth Oxide/Sodium Bismuth Molybdate Nanocomposites

Novel bismuth oxide/sodium bismuth molybdate nanocomposites (NCs), Bi2O3@NaBi(MoO4)2, were developed successfully via simple methods. Advanced analyses revealed that the NCs were composed of Bi2O3 and NaBi(MoO4)2 particles at the nanoscale, below 10 nm, in a combination of amorphous and crystalline forms. In this work, these NCs were utilized as lithium-ion battery anode materials for the first time, demonstrating exceptional electrochemical performances, including high capacity, superior capacity retention, high coulombic efficiency, excellent rate capacity, and pseudo-capacitance behavior. For instance, Bi2O3@NaBi(MoO4)2 NCs prepared at 1 h and 3 h of reaction time delivered a reversible charge capacity of 1052 and 1034 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at current densities of 0.1 A g-1 with a capacity retention of 110 and 129 %, respectively. Notably, all the NCs anodes exhibited an excellent initial coulombic efficiency of above 80 %. Materials characterizations and electrochemical analysis revealed that the improved electrochemical properties of the NCs were attributed to their unique architectures, which featured nanostructures, molybdate components, and a small amount of amorphous phase. In addition, the significant capacity increase could be due to the electrochemical milling effect, the in situ formation of metallic particles, and the role of Mo metal in the NCs anodes as the catalysts for Li2O decomposition during cycling. It concluded that Bi2O3@NaBi(MoO4)2 NCs have great potential as advanced anodes for Li-ion storages.

Aluminum particles as anode material for lithium ion batteries: effect of particle sizes on the electrochemical behaviours

This study presents a preliminary investigation on using pristine aluminum particles as anodes for lithium-ion battery. The microstructural characteristics of aluminum particle samples with sizes from 100 nm (0.1 μm) to 70 µm were analyzed by the SEM and XRD methods. The electrochemical behaviors of the aluminum particles were examined by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) measurements. The obtained results demonstrated the distinct lithiation/delithiation features of the aluminum electrodes at the potential couple of around 0.25 V/0.50 V vs. Li/Li+. Moreover, the GCD results also revealed the strong impact of the particle size on the initial capacity and galvanostatic discharge/charge potential profiles of electrode samples. However, aluminum electrodes with the large-sized particles showed dramatical capacity decay after certain cycles, and stabilized at around the specific capacity of 50 mAh g-1 and exhibited capacitive charge/discharge behavior. In contrast, the nano-sized particles aluminum electrodes possessed stable electrochemical performance upon cycling, but with low initial capacities. The results in this work will enrich the knowledge of the aluminum-based anode for LIBs in future works.

Unraveling the enhanced sodium-storage mechanism in a strongly bonded 2D honeycomb borophene/boron phosphide heterostructure

The growing modern demand for battery capacity is driving the development of high-capacity metal-ion battery anodes for future energy storage. Two-dimensional (2D) material-based heterostructures have shown advantages as alternative anodes due to their enhanced adsorption capacity. The lightweight nature of honeycomb borophene (HB) is beneficial for serving as a high-capacity anode but is constrained by structural instability arising from electron deficiency. In this study, using first-principles calculations, we propose a HB/boron phosphide (BP) heterostructure as an anode for both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The heterostructure engineering not only stabilizes the HB structure but also leads to a bonding heterostructure instead of common van der Walls type. The HB/BP demonstrates robust structural stability and reversibility when multiple ions are stored. In addition, the HB/BP offers stable storage sites and low diffusion barriers for lithium (0.31 eV) and sodium (0.28 eV), indicating rapid charging–discharging performance. Notably, the predicted maximum sodium storage capacity reaches 2402 mAh/g, surpassing that of the constituent monolayers and most 2D heterostructures. The underlying mechanism for high storage capacity is elucidated through detailed charge image model analysis, offering atomistic-scale insights for constructing high-capacity anodes. All results suggest that the presented HB/BP is a promising anode candidate for SIBs and opens an avenue for stabilizing HB in energy storage.

Water‐Soluble, Spin‐Cast‐Based Crystalline Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Film as a Reversible Li‐Ion Battery Anode

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer anodes are proposed as potential reversible anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their simple thin‐film formation process and cost‐effectiveness. Nevertheless, challenges such as the use of toxic aprotic solvents and the irreversible consumption of Li ions during the initial cycle need to be addressed to improve their performance. Herein, a water‐soluble poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) polymer processed using a simple spin‐casting method as a reversible LIB anode is presented. Unlike the PMMA anode, the conjugated carbonyl groups of the crystalline PMAA polymer readily form a chain backbone during ex situ thermal annealing, demonstrating a reversible capacity. The mechanism underlying the superior electrochemical characteristics of the PMAA anode is revealed using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and theoretical calculations. In particular, the highly crystalline cyclic anhydride PMAA polymer induced by thermal annealing shows enhanced interactions between Li ions and CO groups during operation, resulting in improved electrochemical properties. The resulting crystalline cyclic anhydride PMAA anode achieves a capacity of ≈427.7 mAh g−1 and retains a reversible specific capacity of 156 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, indicating that it is a promising polymeric anode for next‐generation LIBs.

Controllable Synthesis of Hollow Dodecahedral Si@C Core-Shell Structures for Ultrastable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon (Si) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to graphite in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and voltage. However, the durability and cycling stability of Si-based composites have emerged as major obstacles to their widespread adoption as LIBs anode materials. To tackle these challenges, a hollow core-shell dodecahedra structure of a Si-based composite (HD-Si@C) is developed through a novel double-layer in situ growth approach. This innovative design ensures that the nano-sized Si particles are evenly distributed within a hollow carbon shell, effectively addressing issues like Si fragmentation, volume expansion, and detachment from the carbon layer during cycles. The HD-Si@C composite demonstrates remarkable structural integrity as a LIBs anode, resulting in exceptional electrochemical performance and promising practical applications, as evidenced by tests in pouch-type full cells. Notably, the composite shows outstanding cycling stability, retaining 85% of its initial capacity (713 mAh g-1) even after 3000 cycles at a high current rate of 5000mA g-1. Additionally, the material achieves a gravimetric energy density of 369Wh kg-1, showcasing its potential for efficient energy storage solutions. This research signifies a significant step toward realizing the practical utilization of Si-based materials in the next generation of LIBs.

Electrochemical Performance of Coal-Based Needle Coke Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) with the capability of high energy and high power are considered to be attractive for advanced energy storage applications. However, the design and fabrication of suitable electrode materials with desirab-le properties by a facile approach using cost-effective precursors are still a great challenge. In this work, we have utilized needle cokes, an commercial carbon material with high carbon content and soft carbon structure, as a single carbon source for anode material. A lithium-ion battery fabricated using four kinds of needle cokes exhibits a maximum high energy density of 1357mAhg-1. Systematic characterization analysis demonstrates that unique characteristics of the green coke including large interlayer spacing, turbostratic and disordered microstructures that are composed of surface defects, nanopores or voids, and graphitic domains. That contribute synergistically to the outstanding performance of the needle coke-based LIC. More importantly, anode materials from a single source is an effective way for high value-added utilization of needle coke at the commercial level.