Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Facile synthesis of hollow Zn-Co-S and Zn-Co-P nanostructures supported on Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) represent a novel energy storage solution, merging the high energy storage capacity of lithium-ion batteries with the adequate power density of supercapacitors. However, the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion capacitors is notably constrained by the inherent imbalance between the charge storage mechanisms and electrochemical reaction dynamics of their anodes and cathodes. In this study, a dual-shell hollow structured ZnCo2S4 was prepared via a two-step hydrothermal method and compared with spherical ZnCo2P4 prepared by calcination. Subsequently, they were respectively anchored onto two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, which possess abundant surface functional groups, through electrostatic adsorption, forming layered semi-encapsulated framework structures. The introduction of MXene significantly enhances the conductivity of the material, restricts the expansion of ZnCo2S4 and ZnCo2P4 during the Li+ insertion/extraction process, and inhibits their aggregation. Under a three-electrode configuration, ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx exhibits excellent rate performance (1004 C·g−1 at 10 A·g−1) and cycling stability (95 % capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 2 A·g−1). The discharge capacity of the ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx LIB is up to 1360 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, and the discharge capacity of the ZnCo2P4/Ti3C2Tx LIB is 1121 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1. As an anode material for LIC, ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx demonstrates excellent specific capacitance and rate performance (105 F·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1). At a power density of 337.10 W·kg−1, ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx//AC LIC exhibits a significant energy density of 136.25 Wh·kg−1. At a current density of 2 A·g−1, ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx//AC LIC retains 89 % of its capacity after 5000 charge-discharge cycles, demonstrating excellent stability for practical applications. ZnCo2P4/Ti3C2Tx//AC LIC exhibits an energy density of 45.20 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 623.07 W·kg−1, and after 5000 cycles at 2 A·g−1, its capacity retention rate reaches 80 %. These findings suggest that ZnCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx and ZnCo2P4/Ti3C2Tx composites are promising anode materials for LICs.

A single-ion transport interfacial layer for solid-state lithium batteries

All-solid-state batteries possess several advantages including high safety, flexibility to use high-capacity metal anodes and are projected to be the next generation energy storage devices. Garnet-type cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte is of particular interest due to its high ionic conductivity under ambient conditions and compatibility with Li metal. However, large electrode/electrolyte interfacial resistance constraints their development. Herein, the use of a highly lithium ion conducting dilithium phthalocyanine (Li2Pc) in ionic liquid as an interlayer is proposed to effectively suppress the high impedance at the interface thus improving the electrode-electrolyte contact. Fast Li+ mobility and high dielectric constant of dilithium phthalocyanine enhance the kinetics of Li+ transport across the interface. A significant reduction in overpotential and very stable stripping/plating cycling are observed in lithium symmetric cells upon introducing Li2Pc interlayer as compared to the use of bare tantalum doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZTO) electrolyte. Cells comprising interlayer-modified Li|LLZTO|LiFePO4 show high capacity with excellent cycling and rate capability. The performance of full cells using lithiated graphite and lithium titanate anodes has also been evaluated. This study presents a promising application of garnet electrolytes towards the advancement of solid-state lithium batteries.

Revealing Asymmetric Phase Transformation of the BiVO4 Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), thanks to the cost-effectiveness of potassium resources and a favorable redox potential of approximately -2.936 V. The monoclinic BiVO4, known for its layered structure, shows noteworthy electrochemical properties when utilized as an anode material for both LIBs and sodium-ion batteries. However, the fundamental electrochemical reaction mechanisms of the BiVO4 anode during the potassium insertion/extraction processes remain unclear. Here, we constructed a BiVO4 anode PIB inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to explore the real-time potassiation/depotassiation behaviors of BiVO4 during electrochemical cycling. Utilizing the state-of-art in situ TEM technique, the BiVO4 nanorods are found to undergo an asymmetric phase transformation for the first time, where the pristine BiVO4 material is transformed into an amorphous KxBiVO4 phase after the first cycle. More interestingly, the anode materials near and far from the potassium source exhibit opposite volume-changing trends under the same voltage potential. Also, this phenomenon should be attributed to the mass flow of the unstable K-Bi alloy under the electric field. Our findings provide significant insights into the electrochemical mechanism of BiVO4 nanorods during the potassiation/depotassiation process, with the hope of assistance in designing anodes for high-performance PIBs.

Upcycling Spent Graphite from Li-ion Batteries into Cu/Expanded Graphite Composites as high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbers.

With the widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries and modern electronic components in both daily life and industrial production, there is a growing focus on the high-value recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries and the development of absorbents with high electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities. Efficiently regenerating recycling graphite from spent batteries through low-cost methods and utilizing it to prepare high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials holds significant importance in addressing both the utilization of waste graphite and electromagnetic pollution issues simultaneously. This work presents a method to transform spent graphite into expanded graphite with a three-dimensional conductive structure using an enhanced Hummer's treatment and thermal reduction process. Subsequently, Cu/EG composite materials were efficiently prepared through straightforward mechanical ball milling and calcination. The unique honeycomb-like porous structure of expanded graphite facilitates the reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves, electron transfer, and defect polarization. Additionally, the incorporation of copper nanoparticles improves the conduction loss and enhances interface polarization, allowing for precise tuning of the composite material's absorption performance. The results demonstrate that Cu/EG composite materials exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The Cu/EG(1:3) sample exhibits effective absorption in the C, X, and Ku bands, achieving a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -54 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 5.28 GHz. This performance is attained with a thickness of just 2.2 mm and a filler content of only 15 wt.%.

Laser-structured anodes for high-power lithium-ion batteries: A journey from coin cells to 21700-type cylindrical cells

This study investigates the innovative use of lasers to modify anodes in lithium-ion batteries, targeting enhanced stability and performance in high-power applications. Although laser structuring of electrodes is well-documented, it is usually restricted to small areas and lab-scale cells. Our research stands out by implementing laser-structured electrodes in 21700-type cylindrical cells.Laser parameters, structuring patterns, and pit dimensions were meticulously optimized to reduce electrode tortuosity. Microstructural analyses verified that the active materials were not damaged by the laser energy during structuring. This structuring significantly decreased ionic pore resistance in the anode, as evidenced by symmetrical coin cell and half-cell studies. Intermediate upscaling with bi-layer pouch cells confirmed improved rate performance and long-term cycling stability, despite the low N/P ratio.As a final proof of concept, 21700 cylindrical cells were assembled with laser-structured anodes, resulting in a 42 % increase in CC charging capacity at 20 A and no lithium deposition issues. Discharge performance improved by 21 % at 30 A and 11 % at 35 A, with lower temperature increases. Despite some variability in the manufacturing process, the long-term cycling stability of the 21700 cells matched that of unstructured references, demonstrating the viability and potential of cylindrical TRL 4-level cells with laser-structured anodes.

Thermo-electric behavior analysis and coupled model characterization of 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging

In order to achieve a balance between the precision of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging and the practicality of engineering popularization and application, a simple degraded battery thermal model needs to be constructed. In this article, a characterization approach for the coupled battery thermo-electric model affected by cyclic aging is designed. This method is suitable for simulating the thermal behavior of lithium degraded batteries with different materials and shapes under different environmental temperatures. This paper introduces the idea by taking the 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries as an example. Firstly, based on the interaction mechanism between the growth of the solid electrolyte interface film on the battery negative electrode surface at the microscopic level and the battery thermoelectric coupling characteristics at the macro level, the paper constructs a theoretical model of the degraded battery. Further, it conducts experiments to analyze the battery charging and discharging behaviors in the process of cyclic aging. Based on experimental data, this paper conducts multiple fitting calculations to extract essential modeling parameters. Subsequently, this paper builds the battery physical model in the simulation software based on the above modeling parameters. It applies the battery physical model to simulate the thermal characteristics and temperature field. Then, it conducts experiments to demonstrate the precision of the model. This paper uses the infrared imaging technique to visualize and analyze temperature field variations on the battery surface. And it uses thermocouple temperature sensors to capture the battery surface temperature changes. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, the errors are less than 5 %. Compared with other existing battery thermal models, the model of this paper is more suitable for engineering popularization and application of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging.

A comprehensive framework for estimating the remaining useful life of Li-ion batteries under limited data conditions with no temporal identifier

The escalating applications of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in renewable energy and electric vehicles underscore the need for enhanced prognostics and health management systems to reduce the risk of sudden failures. Remaining useful life (RUL) determination is one of the most critical tasks in the field of battery prognostics nowadays. Even though statistical and machine learning (ML) methods have proven effective in research setups, many challenges prevent applying these prediction methods to real-life scenarios. These challenges include (1) scarcity of run-to-failure datasets with similar experimental conditions, (2) low data granularity when presented in capacity vs. discharge cycle pairs, and (3) lack of “temporal identifiers” in real-life scenarios. A temporal identifier is any label that provides knowledge about the current degradation state of a working battery. The research question developed for this study was, ‘Can the remaining useful life of a Li-ion battery having limited data without a temporal identifier be predicted?’ The specific aims were to estimate the temporal identifier of limited data and to predict the remaining useful life (RUL). An innovative framework incorporating reliability analysis and deep learning addresses these specific aims. Experimental data is used to test the framework's capabilities, limiting the training dataset to only three batteries and the testing dataset to a small sample (< 10 data points) of another battery. This new approach enabled the RUL prediction to achieve errors as low as ∼5 cycles and root mean square error of 6.24 cycles, outperforming other benchmark studies on Li-ion battery RUL prediction that use more battery degradation data without temporal identifier.

Impact of Nickel Strip Configurations on Resistance and Voltage Drop in Lithium Ion Battery Packs

The impact of nickel strip designs on the resistance and voltage drop in lithium ion battery packs is examined in this study. In a series parallel battery pack configuration, the effectiveness of coated and pure nickel strips is assessed, with particular attention paid to how they influence voltage drop, internal resistance, and overall efficiency. Each of the 24 series and 3 parallel cells that make up the battery pack has an internal resistance of 6 mΩ. Two configurations are analyzed: one utilizing pure nickel strips and another with coated nickel strips. The resistivity, cross sectional area, and length of the material are used to compute the equivalent resistance of the nickel strips for each arrangement. Voltage dips at a load current of 50A are determined to compare the performance of both strip. The study also looks at the voltage drop at key locations in the battery pack, including particular bent strips. The findings show that the coated nickel design displays a larger resistance (0.237Ω) and voltage drop (11.735V) than the pure nickel configuration, which has a lower total resistance (0.048Ω) and voltage drop (2.82V). Evaluation of the voltage drop during charging is also done for charging currents of 6A and 10A, demonstrating that the pure nickel arrangement allows for more efficient charging. One of the main elements affecting battery pack performance is internal resistance, which has a direct impact on the system's voltage drop and overall energy efficiency. The thickness, width, resistivity, and number of parallel strips utilized in this nickel strip material all have a major effect on the battery pack's total resistance. Because of this, the nickel strip design can improve or worsen the pack's power delivery, particularly in high load scenarios.

Fluorinated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for symmetric supercapacitor device performance

This study explores the potential of using spent lithium-ion battery anodes (graphite) for fabricating symmetric energy devices through a simple regeneration process. Specifically, the use of fluorine-doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets derived from waste batteries as the basis for a symmetric supercapacitor (SC) device is investigated. To enhance the electrochemical energy storage capabilities, a facile hydrothermal technique is employed to synthesize fluorinated graphene. Fluorination of the graphene sheets is successfully realized, as confirmed by the presence of boron with a 2.94 at.% fluorine-doped level, according to the Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum analysis. Electrochemical analysis of the F-RGO electrode performance consistent with electric double-layer capacitance. Moreover, with a three-electrode system, the F-RGO electrode achieves a maximum specific capacitance of 207F/g under a current density of 1 A/g. A two-electrode symmetric device employing F-RGO exhibits a specific capacitance of 54F/g at 1 A/g. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance measurements demonstrate low charge transfer resistance (Rct) values, specifically 8.63 Ω for F-RGO, signifying improved electrochemical performance. Thus, fluorine atomic doping in RGO nanosheets contributes to the improvements of the specific capacitance and overall superior electrochemical performance of F-RGO, and F-RGO is a highly electrochemical active material for high-performance energy storage electrodes for SCs.

Research progress of carbon nanotubes as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a mini review

Research progress of carbon nanotubes as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a mini review

Preparation of hard carbon–coated and metal-modified silicon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Preparation of hard carbon–coated and metal-modified silicon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicle Application Using Gaussian Process Regression Approach

For the purpose of ensuring a secure, dependable and affordable performancealong with clean energy in electric vehicles, the estimation of the precise state of charge of LIB is very important. In this article, Gaussian Process Regression with different kernel functions-based SOC prediction is proposed and their performance with good health and well-beingare evaluated and analyzed. A useful benefit of employing GPR is the ability to quantify and estimate uncertainties, allowing for the evaluation of the SOC estimate's dependability. The kernel function serves as a crucial hyperparameter that improves GPR performance. GPR considers the temperature and voltage of the battery, which are independent of one another, as their respective input parametersthat relates Industry, innovation and infrastructure where target-dependent variable is battery SOC. Initially, the training process involves determining the ideal hyperparameters of a kernel function to accurately represent the characteristics of the data. The accuracy of predicting SOC of the battery is evaluated using test data. According to the simulation outcomes, the squared exponential kernel function-based GPR estimates SOC with high accuracy and lower RMSE and MAE which ensures energy efficiency and quality education.

Life cycle assessment integrating the effects of recycling and reuse for battery circulation

The increasing electrification of automobiles and introduction of renewable energy facilities have resulted in a high demand for lithium-ion batteries. Recycling and reuse processes could significantly reduce CO2 emissions and resource consumption during the battery life cycle. This paper introduces a method of evaluating CO2 emissions over the life cycle of a one-generation battery without double counting the effects of recycling and reuse. The scope of the calculation includes manufacturing, collection/transportation, storage/diagnosis, reuse, recycling, and material synthesis. Horizontal battery-to-battery recycling was assumed to evaluate the effect of recycling, and the performance and lifespan of reused batteries were considered to be inferior to those of new batteries to evaluate the effects of reuse. Parameter studies using the proposed method quantitatively estimated the effectiveness of an efficient recycling process and the effect of reducing CO2 emissions by facilitating the complete utilization of long-life batteries through reuse. The proposed method is expected to guide the development of technologies for manufacturing, recycling, and reusing batteries to create a society with battery circularity.

Short process for Li2CO3 synthesis and spent LiCoO2 remediation via Glycine-LiOH slurry electrolysis

Effectively recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (S-LIBs) has considerable economic and environmental benefits. In this study, a novel approach for simultaneously synthesizing Li2CO3 and remediating LiCoO2 from S-LIBs via slurry electrolysis is proposed, employing glycine-LiOH as the electrolyte. The operating conditions were optimized to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 20 g/L, slurry electrolysis time of 8 h, current density of 50 mA/cm2, reaction temperature of 80 °C, and glycine concentration of 1.0 mol/L. Li2CO3 was directly synthesized in the anode region, with a purity of up to 99.52 %. Additionally, LiCoO2 was partially remediated in the cathode, increasing Li-Co molar ratio from 0.659 to 0.93. The obtained Li2CO3 and the electrolysis residue LiCoO2 then underwent additional calcination, yielding a layered LiCoO2. At a Li-Co molar ratio of 1.1, the initial specific capacity of the calcined LiCoO2 material was 129.9 mAh/g, exhibiting a capacity retention rate of 50.48 % over 100 cycles. Therefore, a novel, cost-effective, and energy-saving strategy for recycling S-LIBs is proposed.

Advances in Coating Materials for Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Silicon anodes, which exhibit high theoretical capacity and very low operating potential, are promising as anode candidates that can satisfy the conditions currently required for secondary batteries. However, the low conductivity of silicon and the alloying/dealloying phenomena that occur during charging and discharging cause sizeable volume expansion with side reactions; moreover, various electrochemical issues result in inferior cycling performance. Therefore, many strategies have been proposed to mitigate these problems, with the most commonly used method being the use of nanosized silicon. However, this approach leads to another electrochemical limitation—that is, an increase in side reactions due to the large surface area. These problems can effectively be resolved using coating strategies. Therefore, to address the issues faced by silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, this review comprehensively discusses various coating materials and the related synthesis methods. In this review, the electrochemical properties of silicon-based anodes are outlined according to the application of various coating materials such as carbon, inorganic (including metal-, metal oxide-, and nitride-based) materials, and polymer. Additionally, double shells introduced using two materials for double coatings exhibit more complementary electrochemical properties than those of their single-layer counterparts. The strategy involving the application of a coating is expected to have a positive effect on the commercialization of silicon-based anodes.

Tuning architectural synergy reactivity of nano-tin oxide on high storage reversible capacity retention of ammonium vanadate nanobelt array cathode for lithium-ion battery

Enabling ambient cycling stability of vanadium-based materials is of fundamental importance in the advancement of next generation electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Although, extending these host layered nano-architectures illustrate the effective electrochemical activity by regulating the gallery space for fast Li+ storage, the reported structural integrity in terms of the cycling stability for vanadium-based cathodes is highly challenging. In present study, a series of NH4V4O10-SnO2 (NHV-SnO2) nanocomposite consisting of diverse contents of SnO2 (x: 5.0, 15.0 and 30.0 wt%) were synthesized through a three-step program based on sonochemical-calcination-hydrothermal treatment and employed as an advanced energetic material for lithium-ion battery cathodes. For the first time, understanding the impact of SnO2 loading on electrochemical reactions of NHV-based electrodes was regarded as an effective engineering strategy to optimize structural modulation and cell lifetime without distinct capacity fading. Notably, combination of NHV and SnO2 in optimum proportions not only enhances the specific surface area, but also expand buffer the volume change for lithium-ion intercalation/extraction. By this design, the assembled battery containing 15.0 wt% SnO2 illustrated stable capacities of 301.77 mAh g−1 (30 mA g−1) and 232.05 mAh g−1 (240 mA g−1) with capacity retention values as high as 97.94 % and 97.03 % for 50 cycles, respectively. Of note, the results described here could show a vital guidance toward designing better composite-based cathode material for energy storage devices.

Development of Fluorine-Free Electrolytes for Aqueous-Processed Olivine-Type Phosphate Cathodes.

Environmental impacts and resource availability are significant concerns for the future of lithium-ion batteries. This study focuses on developing novel fluorine-free electrolytes compatible with aqueous-processed cobalt-free cathode materials. The new electrolyte contains lithium 1,1,2,3,3-pentacyanopropenide (LiPCP) salt. After screening various organic carbonates, a mixture of 30:70 wt.% ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate was chosen as the solvent. The optimal salt concentration, yielding the highest conductivity of 9.6 mS·cm-1 at 20 °C, was 0.8 mol·kg-1. Vinylene carbonate was selected as a SEI-stabilizing additive, and the electrolyte demonstrated stability up to 4.4 V vs. Li+/Li. LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 were identified as suitable cobalt-free cathode materials. They were processed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder and water as the solvent. Performance testing of various cathode compositions was conducted using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling with the LiPCP-based electrolyte and a standard LiPF6-based one. The optimized cathode compositions, with an 87:10:3 ratio of active material to conductive additive to binder, showed good compatibility and performance with the new electrolyte. Aqueous-processed LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 achieved capacities of 160 mAh·g-1 and 70 mAh·g-1 at C/10 after 40 cycles, respectively. These findings represent the first stage of investigating LiPCP for the development of greener and more sustainable lithium-ion batteries.

New Suggestion of Highly Durable Electrode Design for Ordered Mesoporous Ni-Mn Binary Transition Metal Oxide Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Anode materials storing large-scale lithium ions gradually decrease electrochemical performance due to severe volume changes during cycling. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop anode materials with high electrochemical capacity and durability, without deterioration arising due to the volume changes during the electrochemical processes. To date, mesoporous materials have received attention as anode materials due to their ability to mitigate volume expansion, offer a short pathway for Li+ transport, and exhibit anomalous high capacity. However, the nano-frameworks of transition metal oxide collapse during conversion reactions, demanding an improvement in nano-framework structure stability. In this study, ordered mesoporous nickel manganese oxide (m-NMO) is designed as an anode material with a highly durable nanostructure. Interestingly, m-NMO showed better cycle performance and higher electrochemical capacity than those of nickel oxide and manganese oxide. Operando small-angle X-ray scattering and ex situ transmission electron microscopic results confirmed that the binary m-NMO sustained a highly durable nanostructure upon cycling, unlike the single metal oxide electrodes where the mesostructures collapsed. Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy proved that nickel and manganese showed different electrochemical reaction voltages, and thus undergoes sequential conversion reactions. As a result, both elements can act as complementary nano-propping buffers to maintain stable mesostructure.

Sodium-Ion Battery at Low Temperature: Challenges and Strategies.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential as viable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly in environments where low-temperature (LT) performance is crucial. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research on LT SIBs, focusing on electrode materials, electrolytes, and operational challenges specific to sub-zero conditions. Recent advancements in electrode materials, such as carbon-based materials and titanium-based materials, are discussed for their ability to enhance ion diffusion kinetics and overall battery performance at colder temperatures. The critical role of electrolyte formulation in maintaining battery efficiency and stability under extreme cold is highlighted, alongside strategies to mitigate capacity loss and cycle degradation. Future research directions underscore the need for further improvements in energy density and durability and scalable manufacturing processes to facilitate commercial adoption. Overall, LT SIBs represent a promising frontier in energy storage technology, with ongoing efforts aimed at overcoming technical barriers to enable widespread deployment in cold-climate applications and beyond.

Review on the recycling of anode graphite from waste lithium-ion batteries

Review on the recycling of anode graphite from waste lithium-ion batteries