Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted and Efficient Multicomponent Synthesis of 4H-Pyran Derivatives catalyzed by LiOH.H2O in Water.

It is well established that 4H-pyran derivatives hold a significant position in synthetic organic chemistry due to their diverse biological and pharmacological properties. This work aims to introduce a novel synthetic pathway for highly functionalized 4H-pyran derivatives, achieved through a 1,4-Michael addition followed by a cascade cyclization. This reaction is catalyzed by LiOH·H2O under ultrasonic irradiation in water, offering an efficient and environmentally friendly approach. In this study, lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) was used as the catalyst. To explore environmentally friendly methods, two novel approaches utilizing pure water were investigated (Method 1 and Method 2). The first method in-volves the use of alkylidene reagents malononitrile and ethyl acetoacetate in an aqueous medium. The second method features a multi-component cyclocondensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and ethyl acetoacetate, activated by ultrasound waves and conducted in pure water. The impact of various substituents on the formation of 4H-pyrans, including both electron-poor and electron-rich aromatic aldehydes, was also evaluated. Most products were obtained in high yield and as very pure crystals with distinct colors. Generally, aromatic aldehydes with electron-withdrawing groups (Cl) exhibited greater reactivity than those with electron-donating groups (OMe). This trend is clearly demonstrated when comparing entries 3 and 4 with entries 5 and 6 in Tables 1-6. Compared to other procedures, this method is simple, fast, eco-compatible since it uses water as a solvent. In addition, the products are obtained in good yields in the pure state after simple recrystallization without the need for other purification techniques, such as column chromatography. These factors make this novel approach highly attractive for the synthesis of 4H-pyrans.

Understanding Solid-State Direct Recycling of Ni-rich Layered Positive Electrodes

With ever-increasing production volumes of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the worldwide quantity of end-of-life (EoL) electric vehicle (EV) LIBs is expected to be 3.6 to 5.3 million metric tons until 2030. In order to meet legislative regulations, and reduce environmental and health risks, effective recycling strategies are crucial. Direct recycling, i.e. the direct reuse of battery components without breaking down the chemical structure, is a closed-loop approach allowing the reduction of costs, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during recycling. Compared to well-known low- to mid-Ni layered oxides, LiFePO3 (LFP) and LiCoO2 (LCO), the promising Ni-rich layered oxides are supposed to be even more prone to severe morphological and structural degradation during charge/discharge cycling, making direct recycling particularly challenging. Here, spent cathode active material, i.e. LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (NCM-831205), is directly recycled via re-lithiation and reconstruction. Re-lithiation is performed via a solid-state reaction with lithium hydroxide monohydrate under oxygen atmosphere at 800 °C, i.e. mimicking original synthesis procedures of pristine Ni-rich NCM. In the directly recycled powders, polycrystallinity and high tap density are maintained, and the evolution of particle size and shape, specific surface area, crystal structure at the surface and in the bulk, and lithium content, are explored. Pristine-original performance is reached for 100 cycles in graphite-based full-cells and remaining issues including possible strategies are highlighted. In summary, the current status of direct recycling is reviewed, presented experimental results are contextualized and economic feasibility is discussed. Figure 1

Commercialization of Posco Lithium Prodcution Technology

The increasing demands for lithium, a vital component in secondary batteries, driven by the rapid growth of the IT and electric vehicle markets, have necessitated innovative approaches to lithium production. Over the past 13 years, Posco has been developing advanced lithium production technology from both ore and brine sources. Recent advancements include the operation of a successful Demo Plant for lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LHM) production for three years, with commercial production plants now operational. This presentation explains the application of Bipolar-electrodialysis (BPED) technology in commercial lithium production processes in South Korea and in Argentina, extracting lithium sulfate solution from ore and brine sources, respectively. Through the BPED process, lithium sulfate solution is converted into lithium hydroxide solution and sulfuric acid. The resulting Lithium Hydroxide monohydrate, the final product, is obtained through the crystallizer, while the sulfuric acid is recycled within the production process. The utilization of BPED technology has significantly reduced chemical usage and waste generation, promoting environmental sustainability and efficiency in lithium production. Posco's dedication to enhancing the economic efficiency of BPED technology has led to the establishment of a robust supply chain for high-performance and cost-effective BPED membranes. These domestically developed membranes, a result of collaborative research efforts, play a crucial role in achieving sustainable and efficient lithium production processes for the evolving energy storage industry.

Cathode Properties Crystal and Electronic Structures of αLi2MnO3-(1-α)Li(Mn10/24Ni7/24Co7/24)O2 in Li Ion Batteries with TiNb2O7 anode

IntroductionLithium ion batteries (LIBs) are currently used in many small devices due to their high energy density. The solid solution material αLi2MnO3-(1-α)Li(Mn10/24Ni7/24Co7/24)O2 (α = 0.5, 0.4) has attracted attention as a cathode material because it exhibits high energy density and high capacity of 200 mAh/g or more when charged to 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+ or higher. However, there are some problems such as irreversible capacity due to oxygen desorption during initial charging and degradation of cycle characteristics. In our previous research, Li metal has been used for the anode1). However, it is desirable to develop a new oxide anode material with high safety and high capacity for practical use. In this study, we focused on αLi2MnO3-(1-α)Li(Mn10/24Ni7/24Co7/24)O2 cathode and used TiNb2O7 (TNO) anode2), which is one of the candidates for an anode material, in addition to Li metal to evaluate battery characteristics of LIB. In addition, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between battery properties and changes in average and electronic structure due to different anodes by examining the changes in average and electronic structure during the charge-discharge process. ExperimentsαLi2MnO3-(1-α)Li(Mn10/24Ni7/24Co7/24)O2 (α = 0.5 and 0.4) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method. The precursor was obtained by adding 1 mol/L of each metal nitrate to lithium hydroxide monohydrate dissolved in distilled water and then drying the precipitate. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate corresponding to the amount of lithium deficient in the precursor was added, and the samples were obtained by calcining (600°C, Air, 15 h) and firing (950°C, Air, 15 h). The obtained samples were subjected to powder X-ray diffraction to identify the phases and ICP to determine the metal composition. Charge-discharge tests using Li metal as the anode (2.0~4.8 V vs. Li/Li+, 0.1C) and TNO as the anode (0~3.3 V, 0.1C) were conducted using an HS cell to investigate battery characteristics. The powder before charging and discharging and after 5 cycles of charging and discharging of these batteries were analyzed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements (BL19B2, SPring-8) and neutron diffraction measurements (iMATERIA, J-PARC) using Rietveld method (RIETAN-FP, Z-Code) for average structure analysis. In addition, electronic and local structures were analyzed by XAFS (BL14B2, SPring-8). The battery characteristics and changes in average and electronic structure after charge-discharge were discussed for the batteries using TNO and Li as anode. Results and DiscussionThe sample was synthesized by the coprecipitation method, and the phase was identified by powder X-ray diffraction measurement, and it was found to have a monoclinic C2/m structure. The composition was confirmed to be controlled by ICP measurement. From the results of charge-discharge tests, it was indicated that when the anode was TNO, the capacities of the samples with α = 0.5 and 0.4 tended to increase with the number of cycles in both cases. In order to clarify the cause of this, synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to analyze the crystal structures. The samples with α=0.5 and 0.4 were also analyzed using Rietveld analysis to determine the average structures after discharge (Fig.1). The results showed mixing of Ni in the samples. The crystal structures were examined in detail by comparing the distortion parameters calculated by the metal-oxygen bond lengths and bond angles, and by calculating the BVS. As a result, it was found that an increase in distortion due to discharge was observed. Furthermore, XAFS was used to examine the relationship between the battery properties and the electronic and local structures before and after charging and discharging. References1) Y. Kiribayashi, N. Ishida, N. Kitamura, Y. Idemoto, s of the 59th Battery Symposium, 1C13 (2018).2)N. Takami, et al., J. Power Sources, 396, 429-436 (2018) Figure 1

Eco-Friendly and Cost-Effective Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Purity Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate

In recent years, lithium compounds have been seen as energy materials of great commercial value as the global energy industry develops. The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) is driving the global demand for lithium resources. While many studies have shown that EVs have environmental benefits over internal combustion engine vehicles, the impact of battery production is still uncertain. We need to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the LIBs manufacturing process and raw battery material production. Typically, lithium compounds have been produced from hard rock minerals or continental brines. The former consumes large amounts of sulfuric acid and is more energy-intensive and expensive than the latter. When extracting lithium from conventional brine, we first produce technical-grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), which can then react with calcium hydroxide to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide (LiOH·H2O). In the LCA study, the GHG emissions of producing Li2CO3 from brine were found to be between 2.7 and 3.1 tonne CO2e/tonne Li2CO3, while the GHG emissions of producing LiOH were more than twice as high, between 6.9 and 7.3 tonne CO2e/tonne LiOH·H2O. Therefore, there is a need to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the LiOH manufacturing process. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly and cost-effective process for producing high purity LiOH·H2O from Li2CO3 solution using a membrane-based water electrolysis reaction. This process significantly reduces the energy consumption of the LiOH manufacturing process. We investigated the impact of various operational variables on process efficiency, including solution concentration, current-voltage, and flow rate. The mechanism of LiOH synthesis, the role of membrane, and greenhouse gas emissions will be discussed.

Dehydration kinetics of the synthesis of high-nickel cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries

Kinetics of dehydration reactions of cathode precursors such as lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) and transition metal hydroxide (NixCoyMnz(OH)2) are identified and modeled using a random pore model (RPM) method.

Application of Industrial-Scale Lithium Sulphate Electrolysis in Battery Recycling

As the world charges towards electrification and sustainable transportation, it is critical that the entire supply chain is equally sustainable. Industrial processes must be tailored towards circular processes in which emissions and effluents to the environment are minimized, if not eliminated altogether. When it comes to the production of battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate, a critical component of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the recovery of the lithium in spent LIBs. NORAM Electrolysis Systems Inc (NESI) has developed electrochemical technologies in which effluents are greatly reduced.NESI has developed a flexible, multi-compartment industrial electrolyser for salt splitting (NORSCAND®) applications including electrolysis of lithium sulphate to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide (LHM). This electrolysis step can be used for the initial production of LHM or for recovering the LHM from recycling LIBs. In either case sulphuric acid is a by-product of the electrolysis process and it can then be recycled for dissolution of black mass in battery recycling processes or for e.g. SX regeneration. In both cases the incorporation of electrolysis in the flowsheet eliminates effluent streams.This presentation will outline the product quality and environmental benefits of electrolysis applied as part of a battery recycling flowsheet. It will outline the approach to electrolyser scale-up and present test and performance data from industrial-scale application. Figure 1

Liquid phase penetration sintering of garnet-type solid electrolyte LLZTO

Developing processes for manufacturing all-solid-state batteries that form ionic–conductive interfaces at low temperatures is crucial. In this study, dense ceramics garnet-type lithium ionconductors, Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) were prepared at low temperatures (500–800 °C) by reactive liquid phase penetration sintering (LPPS). In this process, pressed precursor oxides (La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O8.75) were exposed to the melt of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O). The garnet-type lithium ion conductor prepared by LPPS at 800 °C exhibited a total lithium ion conductivity of 2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C. The prepared sample has a garnet crystalline network structure containing amorphous LiOH. The activation energy required for lithium-ion conduction of LLZTO prepared by the LPPS method (0.41 eV) is consistent with that of samples prepared by the conventional solid-phase sintering method at higher temperatures.

One‐step conversion of sulfate lithium into high‐purity lithium hydroxide crystals via bipolar membrane crystallization

AbstractTo date, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is being developed as a competitive technology for waste lithium‐ion battery recovery. However, the purity and concentration of lithium hydroxide generated from a BMED plant could not meet the product criteria for ternary lithium batteries, thus requiring additional condensation, purification, evaporation, and crystallization procedures. Herein, bipolar membrane crystallization (BMC) was proposed for the one‐step conversion of sulfate lithium into high‐purity lithium hydroxide monohydrate crystals. By mediating a continuous saturated feedstock in the salt compartment, it is possible to convert Li2SO4 into 5+ mol/L LiOH at a current density higher than 500 A/m2. Therefore, this unique design allows the production of 99.9% LiOH∙H2O by taking the principle of water dissociation in the bipolar membrane and the simultaneous crystallization procedure. This proof‐of‐concept study proves the feasibility and competitiveness of the BMC for waste lithium recovery by abandoning the condensation and evaporation procedures.

The Grease Formulation Using Waste Substances from Palm Oil Refinery and Other Industrial Wastes: A Review

Many applications use Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) despite being considered hazardous waste from the palm oil refinery process. Its production increases yearly, similar to waste cooking oil (WCO). The SBE is known as a thickener in grease formulation. The same goes for red gypsum, waste motor oil, stearic acid, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate. They are all considered thickeners but have different durability in protecting base oil in grease. Then, previous studies revealed their performances with side effects detection against the environment and human bodies. Cooking oil is a heat transfer medium for serving foods with higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of fatty acids might change after cooking oil consumption and become highly demanded due to the chemical properties of density, viscosity and fatty acids. Nowadays, people lack awareness of the importance of recycling palm oil waste. They intend to dispose of it instead of recycling it for sustainable energy resources. Therefore, this paper will discuss the grease formulation, contaminant available in WCO, its treatment, issues regarding different thickener consumption, treatment against Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), and propose the safe thickener and additives for future intakes. This study found that adding Fume Silica (F.S.) as a thickener and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) enhanced the grease stability. Further treatment against SBE (remove residue oil) and WCO (metal elements, undesired impurities and water content) is necessary for providing good quality formulated grease.

LITHIUM HYDROXIDE FORMATION BY MEMBRANE ELECTROLYSIS

The production of high-purity lithium hydroxide (LiOH) solution by electrochemical conversion of soluble lithium salts (membrane electrolysis) was tested on semi-industrial scale. Stainless steel (cathode) and lead (anode) were used as electrode materials. Lithium sulphate solution was utilised as anolyte and water - as catholyte. During membrane electrolysis, water oxidation takes place in the anode compartment with the formation of gaseous oxygen and protons. Lithium ions permeate through the cationic membrane into the cathode compartment, where gaseous hydrogen and hydroxide ions are formed as the products of water decomposition on the cathode, so lithium hydroxide gets concentrated up to 33-36 g/dm3 with respect to lithium oxide. Electrolysis efficiency is 50-55 % for one process cycle. Sulphuric acid formed in the anode compartment may be then neutralised by adding lithium carbonate, and the formed lithium sulphate may be re-used in membrane electrolysis, which means anolyte recycling. Five successive electrolysis cycles with recycled anolyte allow an increase in the degree of lithium ion transfer from the anode to cathode compartment to 95-98 %. It is established that, in addition to lithium, other metal ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.) and sulphate ions migrate through the cation-exchange membrane into the cathode compartment from anolyte solution. To evaluate the quality of the obtained lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH•H2O), lithium hydroxide solutions obtained both by membrane electrolysis and by the traditional lime causticisation process were evaporated. Comparison between the concentrations of impurity ions in lithium hydroxide monohydrate samples obtained using different methods shows that the product of better purity may be synthesized from lithium sulphate solution by membrane electrolysis.

Life-cycle analysis of battery metal recycling with lithium recovery from a spent lithium-ion battery

Demand for critical materials (nickel, cobalt, manganese [NCM], and lithium) for use in batteries is increasing rapidly due to the expansion of the battery-electric vehicles market. Battery metal recycling (BMR) is an important technology that can potentially realize environmental and economic benefits in cathode active material (LiNixMnyCozO2) production using recycled materials. While current major battery recycling technologies recover cathode materials (NCM) and other metals (steel, aluminum, copper, etc.) from the spent battery, the lithium (Li) recovery rate is less than 1% in the world. In this study, we analyze the environmental benefits of a BMR process that recovers lithium in the form of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH∙H2O) along with other cathode materials. Using life-cycle analysis (LCA), we evaluate the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, criteria air pollutant emissions, and water consumption of the new BMR technology in terms of lithium hydroxide production and cathode active material production. The LCA results show that the life-cycle GHG emissions recycled LiOH are 37–72% lower than those of virgin LiOH production from Chilean brine and Australian ore, respectively. In addition, the life-cycle GHG emissions of NCM811 produced using the recycled materials are 40–48% lower compared to virgin cathode active material production. Furthermore, recovering lithium from the spent batteries reduces associated air pollutant emissions and water consumption relative to using the virgin materials or materials from other recycling technologies without LiOH recovery.

Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction

A hydrometallurgical process is described for conversion of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride into an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide via a chloride/hydroxide anion exchange reaction by solvent extraction. The organic phase comprises a quaternary ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic phenol in a diluent. The best results were observed for a mixture of the quaternary ammonium chloride Aliquat 336 and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1:1 molar ratio) in the aliphatic diluent Shellsol D70. The solvent extraction process involves two steps. In the first step, the organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The phenol is deprotonated, and a chloride ion is simultaneously transferred to the aqueous phase, leading to in situ formation of a quaternary ammonium phenolate in the organic phase. The organic phase, comprising the quaternary ammonium phenolate, is contacted in the second step with an aqueous lithium chloride solution. This contact converts the phenolate into the corresponding phenol by protonation with water extracted to the organic phase, followed by a transfer of hydroxide ions to the aqueous phase and chloride ions to the organic phase. As a result, the aqueous lithium chloride solution is transformed into a lithium hydroxide solution. The process has been demonstrated in continuous counter-current mode in mixer–settlers. Solid battery-grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate was obtained from the aqueous solution by crystallization or by antisolvent precipitation with isopropanol. The process consumes no chemicals other than sodium hydroxide. No waste is generated, with the exception of an aqueous sodium chloride solution.Graphical

Isotopic Signatures of Lithium Carbonate and Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate Measured Using Raman Spectroscopy.

Lithium isotopic ratios have wide ranging applications as chemical signatures, including improved understanding of geochemical processes and battery development. Measurement of isotope ratios using optical spectroscopies would provide an alternative to traditional mass spectrometric methods, which are expensive and often limited to a chemical laboratory. Raman spectra of 7Li2CO3, 6Li2CO3, 7LiOH*H2O, and 6LiOH*H2O have been measured to determine the effect of lithium isotope substitution on the Raman molecular vibrations. Thirteen peaks were observed in the spectrum of lithium carbonate, with discernable isotopic shifts occurring in eleven of the 13 vibrations, two of which have not been previously reported in the literature. The spectrum of lithium hydroxide monohydrate contained nine peaks, with discernable isotopic shifts occurring in eight of the nine vibrations, four of which have not been previously reported in the literature. The Raman spectral data reported here for lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate are in agreement with the previously reported works in the literature, in which the Raman active modes of these molecules were first identified and assigned. However, due to the stability and resolution of the detection system used in this work, isotopic shifts with a magnitude less than one wavenumber have been identified. Principal component regression was used to evaluate the sensitivity to isotopic content of small Raman peak shifts in Li2CO3 and indicates differences greater than 2 atom% could be reliably determined. These measurements add to the body of work on lithium isotope Raman spectroscopy for these two compounds and increases the number of Raman bands which could be used for lithium isotope content analysis.

Production of Battery Grade Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate Using Barium Hydroxide Causticizing Agent

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH⋅H2O) is a crucial precursor for the production of lithium-ion battery cathode material. In this work, a process for LiOH⋅H2O production using barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) from lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) (leachate of lithium mineral ores) solution is developed. The effect of operating parameters including reagent type, initial reactant concentration and reaction temperature are investigated. Under the best conditions, more than 90% of the lithium in the initial concentrated Li2SO4 solution is converted to solid LiOH⋅H2O with 99.6% purity in a one-step sonication assisted process. Additional lithium recovery and purification steps are proposed to improve this process. The by-product of the process is barium sulfate (BaSO4), which can be directly sold or used to reproduce the initial Ba(OH)2 reagent and is proved to be feasible in this study. Technoeconomic analysis of the process indicates that it is economically viable. It is expected this study would help the lithium industry improve the production of high quality LiOH⋅H2O from lithium resources in a sustainable and efficient manner.

Dielectric and Thermal Transport Properties of Lithium Manganate (LiMn2O4) for Use in Electrical Storage Devices

Lithium manganate (LM) has been extremely well established as a material for applications in electronic devices such as personal organizers, pagers, personal computers, facsimile machines, portable stereophonic equipment, and cellular phones. LM nanoparticles have been prepared via the sol-gel method through a stoichiometric quantity of Manganese acetate tetrahydrate, Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, and Citric acid anhydrous taken in 1:2:3 ratios. The calcination was done with the resulting powder samples at different temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C. The LM powder samples were utilized for dissimilar characterizations for FTIR spectral analysis exhibiting the presence of functional groups. PXRD result illustrates that the “h, k, l” values are well matched by the earlier reported values. The dielectric properties are calculated at different temperatures from 50 °C to 350 °C. When the calcination temperature increases the conductivity of the sample also increases. The dielectric loss and dielectric constant confirm the normal dielectric behavior of the material. XPS results show the measured empirical formula, elemental composition, and electronic state of the elements in a material. Photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis of the title compound values makes it a promising material for Li-ion battery and electrical storage devices applications.

Isomeric bis(pyrazolyl)sulfones based on bis(1,1-dihydropolyfluoroalkyl)sulfones. A new type of ligands for metal-polymer complexes with silver cation

The work is devoted to the methods of synthesis of bis(polyfluoroalkenyl)sulfones and bis(polyfluoromethoxyalkenyl)sulfones as well as to the study of their reactions with diazomethane, resulting in the formation of N-methylated bis(pyrazolyl)sulfones isomers. Methods for the preparation of bis(polyfluoromethoxyalkenyl)sulfones not described previously in the literature have been developed by the addition of triethylamine and trimethylchlorosilane to a solution of the respective bis(polyfluoroalkyl)sulfones and methanol in diethyl ether in an argon atmosphere. A new method for the preparation of a previously unknown bis(3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethoxypropyl)sulfone was suggested. The reaction occurs at room temperature in methanol in the presence of lithium hydroxide monohydrate. It was found that different regioisomeric bis(polyfluoroalkylpyrazolyl)sulfones are formed when using different methoxy derivatives of bis(polyfluoroalkenyl)sulfones in reaction with diazomethane, depending on the length of the polyfluoroalkyl moiety. These experimental data suggest that the attack of the double bond of methoxy-derived bis(polyfluoroalkenyl)sulfones by a molecule of diazomethane is influenced not only by the presence of an alkoxyl group, but also by the length of the polyfluoroalkyl substituent. The obtained bis(pyrazolyl)sulfones were investigated for the possibility of their use as ligands in the chemistry of metal complexes. It was shown that 5,5'-sulfonylbis[4-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole] forms a polymeric metal complex with silver nitrate. The results of X-ray structural analysis of the prepared coordination compound are presented. According to these results, the silver atom coordinates with two nitrogen atoms of pyrazole cycles of different molecules in the crystal of the obtained metal-complex compound, forming a supramolecular structure. In our opinion, an important role in this arrangement is played by the nitrate group that is coordinated with two silver atoms. As a result, we observed a supramolecular structure in the crystal that had a spiral structure with some free space in the middle. The paper also presents the results of spectral and X-ray diffraction analysis of a new regioisomeric compound of bis(3-hexafluoropropyl-1-methylpyrazolyl)sulfone.

Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries

Life cycle analyses (LCAs) were conducted for battery-grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH•H2O) produced from Chilean brines (Salar de Atacama) and Australian spodumene ores. The LCA was also extended beyond the production of Li2CO3 and LiOH•H2O to include battery cathode materials as well as full automotive traction batteries to observe the effect that the lithium production pathways had on these end products. The LCA here covers material, water, and energy flows associated with lithium acquisition; lithium concentration; production of lithium chemicals, battery cathode powders, and batteries; and associated transportation activities along the supply chain. Based on battery cathode material, the difference in lithium source represents a difference of up to 20% for NMC811 cathode greenhouse gases (GHGs) and up to 45% for NMC622 cathode GHGs. For full batteries, this represents a difference of up to 9% for NMC811 batteries and 20% for NMC622 batteries. Production of Li2CO3 from brine-based resources had less life cycle GHG emissions and freshwater consumption per tonne of Li2CO3 than Li2CO3 from ore-based resources. And LiOH•H2O produced from brine-based lithium also had less life cycle GHG emissions and freshwater consumption per tonne of LiOH•H2O than LiOH•H2O from ore-based resources.

Heat treatment process for recovering lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) from nickel-rich cathode materials

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) was easily recovered from the LiNi0.92Co0.07Al0.11O2 cathode by a heat treatment process in a conventional argon (Ar) atmosphere in an eco-friendly manner, without the use of acids. Due to the low oxygen partial pressure (1.0 × 10−5 atm) of Ar, a phase transition of LiNi0.92Co0.07Al0.11O2 cathode from layered structure to rock salt (RS) structure was observed at 800 °C. Further, the observations have shown that LiOH·H2O can be recovered from the waste cathode material when the initial (003) peak area was reduced to 4% of that for the layered cathode material at 800 °C.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND MODES OF OBTAINING THE BIODEGRADABLE GREASE WITH THE LITHIUM-CALCIUM THICKENER

It is noted that the development of biodegradable lubricants is an integral part of the development of a modern “green” economy. The distinctive features of the proposed method are described for producing a biodegradable grease on a mixed lithium-calcium thickener, providing for the introduction of alkaline initial components of the dispersed phase (lithium hydroxide monohydrate and calcium hydroxide) into the reaction mass not in the form of their aqueous solutions, but in a powdery state, and the exception of prolonged exposure to water and high temperature on a component of a dispersion medium of plant origin (rapeseed oil) in the process of lubricant synthesis. Along with this, it was proposed to use a highly refined oil of group III according to the API (American Petroleum Institute) standard as a mineral component of the dispersion medium. This provides, in aggregate, the higher stability of the rheological and tribological characteristics of the grease (for at least 12 months) at a given level of biodegradability. The experimental-statistical mathematical model of the process of obtaining the biodegradable lithium-calcium grease is developed, which makes it possible to determine the parameters of the component composition (the content of the mixed lithium-calcium thickener in the grease and the content of lithium stearate in the mixed thickener) and the synthesis modes (the heat treatment temperature of the reaction mass) to achieve the given level of the main characteristics of the finished grease (penetration, dropping point) while ensuring its biodegradability of at least 80 %.