Russian Literature Research Articles

THE KALMYK-NOGAI RELATIONS FROM THE MID-16TH CENTURY TO THE MID-17TH CENTURY

This article is written about the Kalmyks, who have not been studied much by historians in our country. An attempt is made to look at the history of the Kalmyks through their relations with the Nogais from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century. The relations between the two sides are explained using the archival documents and the Russian literature. The methodology of the article is based on the principles of historicism, complexity and objectivity. Basing the article on these principles allows a better understanding of how the relations between the two sides are shaped according to historical events and facts. As a result, based on the information we provide in the article, it is possible to make the following inferences: The Kalmyk-Nogai relations followed two different courses, before and after 1632. The main factor that determines the course of the relations between the two sides is the goals of the Kalmyks. The goal of the Kalmyks until 1632 was to find a safe place. In this direction, they migrated west from the Irtysh River and had to fight against the Nogais they encountered. On the other hand, the goal of the Kalmyks since 1632 has been to subdue the Nogais in the North Caucasus.

The role of immunotolerance in immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation

Relevance. Some achievements related to liver transplantation in the field of infectious complications, rejection treatment and surgical tactics have also contributed to improving patient survival. Nevertheless, it is true that the huge progress made in the field of transplantation is mainly due to the emergence of safe and effective immunosuppressive drugs. But complications from immunosuppressive drugs are still a significant problem and the ability to give up immunosuppressants altogether or significantly reduce the dose will help solve it. Aim: to present a review of the literature and to analyze the main aspects of immunotolerance in immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. Materials and methods: Foreign and Russian literature on the topic of immunotolerance and immunosuppressive therapy was used. The search for literary data was carried out in international databases (PubMed/MedLine, ResearchGate), as well as in the scientific electronic library of Russia (eLIBRARY.RU ) for the period 2019– 2024. Conclusion. Undoubtedly, the rejection of immunosuppressive therapy is a brilliant prospect for recipients not only of the liver, but also of other donor organs, therefore, with the future development of interdisciplinary and multifactorial research, the use of various new experimental methods may provide more opportunities and theoretical guidance to find a way to achieve tolerance in liver transplantation.

A. A. Smirnov and the Christian point in Old Irish narrative tradition: a case of "nativism" in Early Russian Celtic Studies?

The article is devoted to the concepts contributed by Alexander Smirnov about the Irish Church and the role of Christian culture to the Old Irish narrative tradition in general. Archival records shows that so-called "Christian element" was entirely accepted by him and was emphasized in an initially neutral formula; later, however, passages about the ‘undoubted Christian influence’ related to some motifs were replaced by such markers as "late interpolations" or "artificial insertions". The turn from a comprehensive approach to an intensive search for the archaic "Celtic basis" has affected all aspects of Smirnov’s discourse: from the interpretation of particular motifs to the characteristics of Christianization and Irish Church organization in general. Due to these observations, we suppose to depict such Smirnov’s conceptions as the truly ‘nativist’ position.The author gives special gratitude to the National Library of Russia, the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences for an opportunity to work and consult with their founds and record series.

The Role of Higher Education in the Formation of the Gender Inequality in the Labor Market. A Review of Russian and International Literature

The Role of Higher Education in the Formation of the Gender Inequality in the Labor Market. A Review of Russian and International Literature

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА В УПРАВЛЕНИИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ КЛИНИКОЙ

A rapidly developing technology - artificial intelligence - is actively being introduced into the life of modern people. One of the promising areas of its application is dentistry. Artificial intelligence can be used to improve the efficiency of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of oral diseases. This allows dentists, both public and private clinics, to work more efficiently and accurately. The process of treatment of all dental diseases is accelerated, making it more comfortable for patients. In addition, the quality of treatment and prosthetic results improves. The main goal of any dental clinic is to improve the quality of life of patients. But sometimes, interruptions in cellular communications and computer equipment, incomplete knowledge of the use of technology by receptionists, and a fairly large amount of medical documentation that a dentist needs to fill out negatively affects the provision of dental services. In turn, the management of a dental clinic is simplified. Aim of the work. Conduct a survey of the heads of private and public dental clinics in St. Petersburg on the readiness to use artificial intelligence in the institution, as well as a review of domestic and foreign literature sources to analyze the need to implement artificial intelligence in the work of dental clinics. Material and methods. A survey was conducted in St. Petersburg of the heads of 6 private and 6 state dental clinics using a developed questionnaire, as well as a review of available Russian and foreign scientific literature over the past 5 years, which allows for a more complete assessment of the programs based on artificial intelligence offered by many companies and developers to improve the concept of management and quality of patient service in dental clinics. Results and discussion. The use of artificial intelligence in the dental services management system not only helps save time and material resources, but also creates convenience for patients when making an appointment with a dentist, and improves the quality of provision of all types of dental services. Conclusions. The prospects for introducing artificial intelligence into dental clinic management are enormous. But its integration into this area of medicine requires the continuation of medical and sociological research and the creation of regulatory frameworks.

Publishing and literature sale in Russian and foreign languages as a means of modernization of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century

RELEVANCE. The problem of studying the relationship between the originality of Russian culture and the degree of foreign influence on its development is currently acquiring significant relevance. At the same time, the culturological approach, which describes the development of domestic social thought in the paradigm of “progressive – reactionary”, “ours – not ours,” gives way to an analysis of the specifics of the Russian reality of culture as an object of transfer, adaptation and reception of ideas and concepts taking place at different stages of social development. and reception of ideas and concepts taking place at different stages of social development. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively characterize the publishing business and the sale of literature in Russian and foreign languages in the first quarter of the 18th century.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In our opinion, for a comprehensive study of the problem of modernization in Russia in the 18th century, it is necessary to take into account hidden factors that reveal the experience of transmitting Western ideas. The most important of them include the practice of distributing European literature, which ensures the formation of a certain cultural environment.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Purchasing foreign publications from foreigners living in Russia became an extremely common practice. It was in this way that the “Universal and Historical Lexicon” in German arrived in the library of Peter I. The autocrat personally ordered the purchase of this publication from foreign guests of St. Petersburg and a Russian translation of this work. Those books that could not be purchased personally were purchased by enterprising readers in the Baltic states or ordered from abroad through foreign merchants and Russian travelers.CONCLUSION. A study of the issues of book printing and book sales of Peter the Great’s time shows the enormous importance of published literature for the dissemination of progressive ideas and scientific knowledge in all layers of reading society. In a short period of time, Peter I was able to organize the production of a huge number of printed works and create conditions for their distribution throughout the country.

‘A Melmoth? a cosmopolitan? a patriot?’: Melmoth the Wanderer's Russian Epigones

Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer had immediate, rich, and enduring influence upon Russian literature: Aleksandr Pushkin, after reading it in French translation in 1823, cited it in his own 1833 novel-in-verse Eugene Onegin, introducing the adjective ‘ mel’moticheskii’ (‘Melmoth-like’) to Russian. The titular demon of Mikhail Lermontov's dramatic poem The Demon (c. 1838) emulates Melmoth, while Maturin's novel was significant both for Nikolai Gogol and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Maturin's novel was just as widely read and (sometimes) travestied within Russia as the work of other Gothic-fantastic authors, like E. T. A. Hoffmann and Lord Byron. Yet no detailed English-language scholarly overview exists of Melmoth's Russian epigones, from Pushkin's Onegin to lesser-known, later imitations. This essay will clarify Maturin's impact on Russian literature by identifying the Russian authors most clearly influenced by Melmoth, from the dawn of Romanticism to the nostalgic fictions of Russian émigré and dissident authors in the early twentieth century.

The Tradition of Russian Independent Theological Thought: A Complex Interplay between Believers, the Orthodox Church and the State in the Case of the Conflict in Ukraine

The construction of the Russian state has been closely linked with the development of the autocephalous Russian Orthodox Church. Russian identity is deeply rooted in Orthodoxy: Russian literature, music, architecture and philosophy all bear a strong religious mark. The birth of the Russian state is also tied to the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome. Over time, the head of the Russian state has been invested with this mission to preserve orthodoxy embodied in Russian statehood. The attempts of the state to politicise religious institutions or to use religious teachings for political gains are not a new phenomenon and are certainly apparent to Russian Orthodoxy, including in the context of the conflict in Ukraine. The disturbing absence of distance displayed by the Church authorities towards the use of force has isolated the Patriarch, but has also triggered discontent within the ranks of the clergy. Dissonant voices have spoken regardless of the pressure exerted to silence them. In the complex history of State—Church relations, the symphony between the temporal and spiritual powers has fluctuated from complete subjugation of the Church under the authority of the State to a more autonomous and independent Church. On the margins of this volatile relationship, Orthodox believers and movements have always emerged to challenge both. This article pays tribute to the long tradition of dissonant Russian Orthodox voices and attempts to demonstrate the continuity of this tradition in the context of the conflict in Ukraine.

Fiction by Danil Makeev

Danil Makeev was the first in Yakut literature to turn to the fate of war prisoners, the most tragic side of the World War II theme. The story “The Traitor” reveals the story of Yakut soldier Tarabukin, who went through a penal company and managed to maintain his honor and dignity. The even more acutely tragic fate of a man who suffered mortal trials and monstrous humiliations of captivity is revealed in the story “The Destiny of Fate.” Compared to the story “The Traitor,” the author deepened in it the psychological side of the state of the individual, who many times found himself on the brink of death. The story has a complex composition and is structured like the memoirs of a World War II veteran who, in his declining years, recalls the episodes of the environment, the joy of liberation and the vicissitudes of post-war life with the stigma of a person who was in German captivity. In another story, “Brothers,” Makeev tells about the military “odyssey” of three siblings who returned safely from the front. As for the writer’s stories, what is striking is the variety of intra-genre types in his short prose, skillful plot construction based on the principle of testing heroes, the use of traditions of foreign and Russian literature in creating characters, and a rich arsenal of visual and expressive means. In general, Makeev’s talentedly written novels and short stories give reason to believe that he can create major epic works on the theme of the Great Patriotic War, which in the light of recent events has gained new relevance

Visions of the Future: Malthusian Thought Experiments in Russian Literature (1840–1960) by Natasha Grigorian (review)

Visions of the Future: Malthusian Thought Experiments in Russian Literature (1840–1960) by Natasha Grigorian (review)

Xue Baochai and Marya Bolkonskaya: a comparative analysis of the characters of the novels of Cao Xueqin and Leo Tolstoy

The article is devoted to the comparison of the images of the characters of Xue Baochai in Cao Xueqin's novel "The Dream in the Red Chamber" and Marya Bolkonskaya in Leo Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace". In Cao Xueqin's novel, a full-fledged image of Xue Baochai was created as the "ideal woman" in relation to traditional society. In the novel by L. N. Tolstoy, among a number of female images, the essence of which is revealed through the "dialectic of the soul", Marya Bolkonskaya is a woman with a kind heart and strong religious beliefs. To date, there have been no attempts in literary studies to compare the formation of a female characters in Russian and Chinese literature. It seems possible to compare two female characters in terms of their appearance and psychological traits, the philosophical ideas of the authors, as well as to identify the problem of the influence of the historical period in which the characters live. When writing the article, the method of comparative analysis was used, this allowed to identify the common and special in literary works. Using this method, similar life paths of the characters of the novels and different ways of depicting them were revealed. The novelty of the research lies in an attempt to compare the images of the characters of two literary masterpieces describing different eras and countries. The main conclusions of the author of the article are as follows: Cao Xueqin, who was influenced by traditional Chinese ideas, created a complex and tragic image of Xue Baochai and revealed the nature of the position of a woman within the framework of feudal social relations; L. N. Tolstoy, in the process of creating the image of Mary Bolkonskaya, followed Christian ideals, endowing the character with virtues; Due to the difference of the authors' life experiences and ideological views, as well as the socio-economic conditions of their formation and development, the fates of the characters of their works also differ.

Duality of Personality in the Life and Work of Fyodor Sologub

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the work of Fyodor Sologub, also known as Fyodor Kuzmich Teternikov, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian symbolism. As a continuer of the traditions of classical Russian literature, first of all N. Gogol, F. Dostoevsky and A. Chekhov, F. Sologub developed his own approach to the issues of philosophy, aesthetics, religion, and poetics, creating a unique universe model. This article addresses the crisis of realism in the works of F. Sologub, expressed through the motif of gnoseological disorientation, i.e. destruction of consciousness. The feeling of loneliness provided Sologub with powerful incentives for the creative process. The topic of morbid relationship between his poetic personality and inner, individual self, the hero’s dissatisfaction with his own self and his worries regarding inadequate assessment of his creative capabilities ran like a red thread throughout his entire creative life. Crisis and “duality” in the work of F. Sologub is expressed through the motive of knowledge and delusion, loss of correct orientation, through the destruction of consciousness. The hero of F. Sologub is constantly immersed in a state of madness, frenzied detachment from reality, splitting and degeneration.

CHILDHOOD IMAGE IN THE NOVEL “DAWN” BY B. K. ZAITSEV

The purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of depicting the theme of childhood in the novel “Dawn” by B. K. Zaitsev. In modern literary studies, the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers who found themselves in exile after the revolutionary events is actively being developed and studied. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that it explores one of the important topics in the literature of the Russian diaspora. The novelty of the research consists in comparing the novel by B. K. Zaitsev with 19th century Russian classical prose about childhood, in clarifying the question of traditions and innovation in solving the theme of childhood by the writer of the Russian diaspora. The paper considers theoretical issues related to the spatial and temporal structure of the novel “Dawn,” the disclosure of the figurative and motivational series, artistic means and techniques. All this is necessary not only to understand the peculiarities of the embodiment of the childhood image in B. K. Zaitsev’s prose, but also to determine the national identity of Russian literature about childhood. In the center of Zaitsev’s novelis the image of a child living in a manor, which is depicted according to Russian literary traditions of the 18th — 19th centuries. Describing the ancestral “nest” with its material content, special semantics, autobiographical basis, recreating the world of a child, B. K. Zaitsev relies on the novel “Childhood” by L. N. Tolstoy. Idyllic time dominates the structure of the novel “Dawn.” Its important components include the motifs of light, aromas, smells, sounds of nature, the synesthesia characteristic of a child’s worldview. The child experiences the fullness of the joy of being akin to being in Eden. The world of childhood, permeated with Divine grace, apart from biographical and historical time, is addressed to the category of Eternity. Childhood is spiritualized and sacralized. Mother and father are organically included in the world of the novel, associated with the idea of the orderliness and stability of being. Family meals together and rituals become events that create an atmosphere of happiness. Children’s worldview is presented through a system of oppositions of “their own”/“someone else’s”space. Childhood is associated with thanatological events. The description of the reading circle becomes mandatory in revealing the inner world of the child hero. The writer’s novel is an example of an image of childhood conditioned by a new era, modernist innovations consisting in changing the relationship between the author and the child.

Attribute verbalisation of the concept ‘blood’ in M. Tsvetaeva's texts

The relevance of the article is connected with the application of the cognitive-semantic method of analysing epithet paradigmatics in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts. The aims and objectives are connected to the study of the idiostyle specificity of the attribute verbalisation of the conceptual meaning ‘blood’ in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts, in the course of which the role of epithetisation in the individual style system of the poet under study is revealed, the semantic content of this concept in the texts of M. Tsvetaeva, as well as the types of epithet words that verbalise this meaning. On the basis of cognitive-semantic, component, lexicographic and lexical-semantic, as well as statistical methods of analysis, the attribute verbalisation of the concept ‘blood’ in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts is analysed. The comparison of the characteristic nomination was carried out on the basis of the ‘Dictionary of Epithets of the Russian Literary Language’ and M. Tsvetaeva’s texts. The considered types of epithet words that verbalise the attribute nomination of blood in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts made it possible to record a minor coincidence of the qualitative attributes of this object of epithetisation with usage, while the majority of epithet words demonstrate non-usual lexical compatibility. The idiolect epithet paradigm is represented by emotional and psychological characteristics; among the structural and morphological types of epithets, simple adjectival and substantive ones lead. It has been proven that the specificity of the attribute verbalisation of ‘blood’ is associated with the anthropomorphic semantics of this concept as the focus of the essence of the personality, its character. Attributive verbalisation of the qualitative characteristics of an object is one of the peculiarities of M. Tsvetaeva’s individual style. The usual attributes of the concept ‘blood’ as a person’s temperament and vital activity are preserved, but there is a clear tendency towards an occasional interpretation of the signs are realised in its idiolect, but are subject to the author’s reflection and rethought. The i dentification o f a new feature of the c oncept occurs based on the s ubjective perception of reality, awareness of its significance for the author. The qualitative characteristics of the subject, his inner world is one of the dominant features of M. Tsvetaeva’s language.

Диалог по случаю столетия Пушкина: епископ Антоний (Храповицкий) и Т. И. Филиппов (1899)

The article is devoted to a brief epistolary dialogue, the occasion for which was the Pushkin anniversary (1899). Among the many responses to this cultural event contemporaries appreciated the speech of Bishop (later Metropolitan) Anthony (Khrapovitsky), which he delivered at Kazan University. The ceremonial speech became one of his first detailed statements about Russian literature and subsequently served as a pretext for a special article about the poet. In June 1899, Bishop Anthony presented a separate edition of his speech to the prominent statesman and public figure Tertius Philippov (1825/1826–1899). The author of the article clarifies the circumstances that accompanied this gesture of donation and publishes the bishop’s covering letter and Philippov’s response. In addition to the high assessment of the work read, the response letter of the state controller expressed in a concise form a judgment about the spiritual significance of Russian literature. This brief description hiddenly contains the ideas of another writer, equally close to both participants in the dialogue – Dostoevsky. The researcher also notes other points that bring the heroes of the article together. In particular, this is a negative attitude towards the synodal structure of church government.

Владимир Соловьев и Вячеслав Иванов: принципы философской герменевтики и традиция диалогов Платона

The article is dedicated to the problem of comparative study of the hermeneutics principles in religious-philosophical and literary-critical discourse of Vladimir Solovyov and Vyacheslav Ivanov. It is shown that Plato’s dialogue traditions in the works of Ivanov were intellectual reflections and expressed “Plato’s turn” in hermeneutical tradition of text interpretation that outlined in Russian religious philosophy. Special comparative study of this problem had not been conducted. It is proved that Ivanov’s interest to Plato’s dialogues derived from various sources. Solovyov’s works and translations of Plato’s works in Russia played a major role in it. Solovyov was a translator and commentator of Socratic dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher. His introductory chapters made for Plato’s dialogue translations, his literary and philosophical criticism are considered in the article. Materials form Ivanov’s personal archive are analyzed and they show that he was interested in Plato’s dialogues “Timaeus”, “Phaedrus” and others. His articles, lectures, under-investigated materials and the books “Dionysus and Pre-Dionysianism” (1923) and “Dostoevsky. Tragedy-Myth-Mysticism” (1932) are considered. A.F. Losev’s works on ancient philosophy and his research on Solovyov and works of F. Schleiermache, H.G. Gadamer and became the object of the comparative analysis. It is shown that Plato’s dialectics and dialogues became major source for development of philosophical hermeneutics principles for Solovyov, Ivanov and Losev. It is shown that a myth in Solovyov’s, Ivanov’s and Losev’s works as well as in Plato’s dialogues becomes a category of thinking, a way of religious-philosophical perception, a form of artistic representation of the image-symbol and a basis of hermeneutical dialectic understanding. Solovyov and Ivanov’s view on Plato and Platonism is important for studying the development of hermeneutic ideas in Russian philosophy and literature studies.

Красный спортивный Интернационал в отечественной и зарубежной историографии

This article examines the main approaches and assessments that were given in Russian and foreign scientific literature to the Red Sports International (Sportintern, RSI). The author shows the context of mentioning the organization in scientific literature and identifies controversial issues in its history. The article analyzes the source base of existing works on the his-tory of Sportintern in the context of the archival revolution of the 1990s. and documents from the Sportintern fund in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). The author shows the differences between Russian and for-eign approaches to the history of Sportintern, differences in assessments of its activities. The author traces how the per-ception of RSI has changed in Soviet and Russian historiog-raphy, notes the peculiarities of the views of individual au-thors on the factors of the creation of the Sport International, the goals and objectives of its activities, the role of individual historical characters in the activities of the Sports Internation-al. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the initiator of the creation of Sportintern and the role of N. I. Podvoisky in the formation and development of the organization. Special attention is paid to the activities of the RSI in Latin America and the Latin American historiography of the work of Sportintern in the countries of the region.

Аскетическая жизнь монашествующих. Фрагмент систематического французско-русского словаря религиозной лексики

This publication is devoted to one of the topics representing the vocabulary of monasticism. In previous issues two parts of the “Monasticism” section were published. This work can be considered a deepening of the previous one, since it contains vocabulary describing the features of the inner life of monastics.Some sections touching on the topic of asceticism appeared earlier (attitudes to prayer, humility, hope in God, love for Him, etc.), but in relation to monastics, the vocabulary takes on a more specific, strict coloring, as it describes vigils, severe fasts, the practice of wearing a hair shirt, self-flagellation (in Catholicism).As in previous publications, archaisms are sometimes used because they are found in religious literature in Russian. As in previous publications, the reader may encounter possible unevenness and unsystematicity in the selection of vocabulary. This is due to the fact that we are not dealing with a translation of a theology textbook, but with vocabulary and concepts most often found in religious literature. At the same time, their relative weight in individual subtopics, as well as in both faiths, may be different: some topics are more emphasized in religious life and attract the attention of writers and speakers of these languages.The work was submitted for review to Archpriest Igor (Vyzhanov), candidate of theology, rector of the St. Nicholas Patriarchal Cathedral in New York, and Bruno Bisson, candidate of philological sciences, simultaneous translator, who made very valuable comments. Since work on the dictionary continues, the author will be grateful for all comments and, especially, corrections.

ОСНОВАНИЯ И КОМПАРАТИВИСТСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ РУССКОГО ЭПОСА

The investigation of Russian folklore has not yet been fully institutionalized in literature, cinema, and theater. In Russian literature, for example, there are no novels about Koshchei the Immortal, Ivan the Prince, heroes of Slavic pagan culture and many other characters of this genre. Meanwhile, these are deep, colorful images organically integrated into an equally vivid context. Many great writers, such as Thomas Mann, have written about such gaps. The goal is to identify the main typological characteristics of the Russian epic, which, in our opinion, has been studied in this sense very one-sidedly. The methodology is a comparative analysis of various approaches (mythological, historical, structural, etc.) closely interconnected with the characteristic features and structure of epics. At the same time, considerable attention is the harmonious combination of various motifs of the epic: heroes, Kalik-passers-by, epic time, pagan influences, hyperbolization, etc. An attempt is made not to accept, but to take into account various influences on such studies (pre-revolutionary, post-revolutionary, inspired by the Marxist approach, structural analysis, which began to be used in the study of Russian epic since the 1970s). The Russian epic, thanks to a huge number of historical, social, and cultural connections, naturally interacts with the epics of the republics (union and autonomous) that were part of the former USSR, which opens up wide opportunities for comparative studies of various types. Paths are outlined for a comparative analysis of the Russian epic with the epics of the East Slavic peoples, as well as with the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho. The authors' further plans involve continuing the study of Russian folklore in the genre of fairy tales and the field of culture of Slavic paganism. The first of them has been studied quite fully, but the structural and systemic approaches to research need to be further developed. The culture of Slavic paganism is a little-studied area where there are still no established approaches, and there are different points of view on many issues. Here you can apply the methodological approaches outlined in our monograph “Philosophy of Olonkho”.

Application of the electrocardiography method for the diagnosis of foaling in horses

Diagnosis of pregnancy is a responsible and integral procedure in the list of measures aimed at obtaining a healthy horse population. Pregnancy confirmation can be performed using different methods, with ultrasound examination (US) being the most widespread and universal. However, this method has some limitations and disadvantages. An alternative to the ultrasound method for diagnosing pregnancy and monitoring the fetus in the middle and late stages of pregnancy can be the electrocardiography (ECG) method. A description of this method for recording the biopotentials of the fetal heart is found in Soviet and modern foreign literature. However, this method of research is not reflected in modern Russian literature and in practice has been undeservedly forgotten. The purpose of this study is to update data on the described diagnostic method, as well as to assess the possibility and reliability of using the ECG method for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy in horses.The experiment involved a Hanoverian mare whose pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound. ECG registration was performed on days 121, 150, 184, 214, 245, 276, 304, 335 of pregnancy.As a result of the research, the following was established. The earliest period of pregnancy at which it was possible to detect a fetal ECG was 150 days. By the 11th month of pregnancy, there was a clear trend towards a decrease in the fetal heart rate and a significant increase in the voltage of the fetal teeth.This type of research is easily reproducible in the field, does not require expensive equipment, is characterized by a high level of objectivity of the data obtained and can be recommended for use in the daily practice of an equine veterinarian. As a research prospect, to identify general patterns and distinguish between states of conditional norm and pathology, it can be recommended to conduct further studies with a larger sample of animals.