Literary Status Research Articles

الأنساق الثقافية في المقامات الأدبية المعاصرة (في النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين)

The research dealt with several axes, including the definition of the Arabic Maqama, its literary status, and studies concerned with studying the cultural systems that accompanied it. Other axes dealt with the historical stages it went through since its inception until the beginning of the twentieth century. I used the historical and cultural method in this research by tracing the cultural contexts accompanying the Maqama in the second half of the twentieth century. The result was that the cultural systems in which the Maqama appeared were formed into three systems. The first is the revivalist system that appeared again to add modern styles and techniques to the form of the Maqama that had not been added to it before, while the second system is exclusionary and confronted attempts to revive the Maqama and marginalize it through several methods. While the third system is a different cultural system, it did not pay attention to both systems and surpassed them, and set out towards the first maqamat in the fourth and fifth centuries AH, and tried to imitate them again and devote care and attention to them, especially since they became a companion to scholars and preachers who showed great interest in the language, to help them in the discussions of the Sharia, and to revive this scientific tradition throughout the ages, this system was formed, and the maqamat of contemporary scholars and preachers were influenced by it, such as the maqamat of Al-Qarni and Al-Harbi, without paying attention to the literary form of the maqamat and caring about its development.

ROMANIAN GERMAN PERSPECTIVES IN LITERARY TEXTS – A PLEA FOR USE IN THE DAF/DAZ CLASSES

In recent years, intercultural awareness and a competent comparative cultural approach have once again become the focus of German as a foreign language teaching, in part due to the publication of the CEFR companion volume. Textbooks have also been endeavouring to fulfil this desideratum for years, however, with only moderate success. This makes it all the more important to find authentic texts with which these learning objectives can be achieved. Texts by Romanian-German authors not only thematise these aspects, but in some cases make them the core of their literary statements, as in the case of the texts by Herta Müller. They are therefore a very worthwhile source of authentic teaching material, as this paper will show with regard to some specific aspects.

An Analysis of How the Literary Features of The Teahouse Reflect the Tragic Core of the Play

The Teahouse is a play written by Lao She in 1956, included in the magazine Harvest in July 1957 by Bakin and published in June 1958 by the China Drama Publishing House. The play presents three chaotic historical periods in modern China: the Hundred Days' Reform, the Warlords' War, and the eve of the founding of New China. The play has a high literary status and high literary attainments, and it has become a classic work of contemporary Chinese theatre mainly because of its characteristic dialect language features and special artistic presentation form. The use of language in the original play reflects the regional characteristics, and the portrayal of the characters suggests the tragedy of the historical destiny of the time from the side. The main body of the play, "Yutai Teahouse", serves as a clue to expose how the modern Chinese society is a dark and corrupt world that eats away at all human beings. Moreover, his literary works with its unique style of writing reflects the tragic colour of drama literature, with the tragic fate of the nobody suggesting the tragic colour of the whole era.

On Suwenxue 俗文學 and Its Status under Different Literary Views

The connotation of suwenxue 俗文學 has an inextricable relationship with a particular view of literature. Different views of literature have their respective prescribed values, which bring different understandings of suwenxue and different evaluations of its status in literary history. Rather than defining suwenxue based on its external features, this article examines it from three representative literary views: the Chinese traditional literary view, the literary view under the Tang-Song transition hypothesis, and Zheng Zhenduo's 鄭振鐸 (1898–1958) literary view. The Chinese traditional literary view centers on articulating Confucian emotions and conveying the Confucian Dao. Accordingly, suwenxue falls within the scope of unorthodox literature and has a lower literary status. The progressive historical view of the Tang-Song transition hypothesis—that suwenxue originated from poetry and prose— represents the direction of literary development and should be accorded high status. Finally, Zheng Zhenduo takes suwenxue as a literary discipline, a fresh and original view that expands the territory of Chinese literature.

Scientific and methodological features of the development of quantum-text tasks in chemical and environmental disciplines

Relevance. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the improvement of the qualitative component of methodological foundations for the development of evaluation material in chemical and environmental disciplines. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological foundations of quantum-text tasks in chemical and environmental subjects. Methodology. The leading approach to the investigation of this issue was a diagnostic survey of students on the subject of influencing factors on the assimilation and understanding of the material by solving text tasks that would allow them not only to check the degree of their knowledge but also to activate their mental activity, deepen cognitive processes. Results. The study presents a model of methodological foundations for the development of functional quantum-text tasks in the framework of chemical disciplines with an ecological orientation, which includes the factors of the selection and compilation of text tasks in the sustained parameters of the presentation of the basics of concepts in a short and simple form, excluding philosophical and literary statements, and logic, which is expressed by one semantic component in the factor of the establishment of a unit of text tasks at the level of cognition in response to many questions. Conclusions. The study results assist with forming a base of scientific information on the development of text tasks with a semantic structure within their quantum text section based on the details of the influence of the field of chemical disciplines on the overall ecological balance, which will be of practical importance for the field of education and the well-being of society. Keywords: ecological orientation; ecological chemistry; analytical and evaluative activity; development of thinking; education

金宗直 ｢乇羅歌｣의 전승과 그 의미

This work is done in order to identify the literary status of 14 verses of Kim Jongchik’s Taklaga. Taklaga is a literary work drawing upon stories of Kim Jongchik collecting from people of Jeju whom he encountered at Seonghwan station. In this poem, he embodied literally folklore, local products, and sea of Jeju. Kim Jongchik was sacrificed by the event of sawha, but was later reinstated by the honor of sarim. Accordingly, Taklaga was continuously mentioned by many junior scholars. Kim Sangheon expressed his responsibilities as a king’s inspector as well as king’s education projects. While Lee Jeung recorded his schedule in Jeju, he also collected the record of folklores and customs of marginal regions of Jeju. Kang Sukkyu revealed the feeling of a deep farewell by sending Jeju pastor Lee Heeryong; and Kim Chingui showed a warm hearted view towards Jeju people. Meanwhile, Nam Gumyeong comprehensively expressed the reality and ideals of Jeju through three series of poems drawing upon Taklaga. All of these poems delicately expressed their feelings for Jeju based upon what they saw and heard along with their respect for Kim Jongchik. Taklaga can be evaluated as the very first work that presents Jeju's customs and products comprehensively. And it can be said that the literary position of Taklaga is unique in that many juniors have made reference to it in composing their own poems.

The Topos of Memory in A. V. Vampilov’s Dramaturgy

The relevance of the topic of the article is largely determined by stereotypical judgments about the philosophic nature of the Russian literary tradition, the inclusion of the issues raised in the problems of constantly renewed disputes about the loss of this quality in the era of socialist realism, discussions about the historical and literary status of the “Bronze Age”, when the leaders of the literary process, contrary to the already established ideas about the “thaw era”, the traditionalist writers have become the same. The author focuses on the plays of the outstanding Russian playwright Alexander Vampilov. The analytical approach is based on the topical analysis of the literary text. Topos is considered as a “structural and semantic model” (P. E. Bukharkin, I. V. Annenkova, etc.), which in the case of Vampilov has several levels of textual embodiment: the “genetic roof” of the character’s name, during the creation of which the artist restored the ancient Russian Orthodox tradition of naming; the memory motif, fixinga multi‑stage process of loss and restoration of memories; foreign genre inclusions, in particular, in the text of the play “Last Summer in Chulimsk”, the playwright used the genre of legend as a form of existence of national memory. The main conclusion: the most complex literary topos of memory, the variability of which does not prevent us from presenting the national mentality as a kind of integrity formed under the influence of the Orthodox tradition, is presented in the creative heritage of A. V. Vampilov as a special type of moral imperative, the semantic structure of which is determined by the national (historical, cultural) and personal memory, which illuminated the life of a Russian person at all times, even in the Soviet era, which is considered to be indiscriminately atheistic.

O quadro hermenêutico: uma categoria para a negociação dos efeitos de sentido na obra Symetrias Dyssonantes, de Luiz Brás

This article explores the enunciative-discursive constitution of the hermeneutic framework in literary statements extracted from the short story collection Symetrias Dyssonantes by Luiz Brás, employing the theoretical and methodological framework of French Discourse Analysis. Based on Maingueneau (2006), the hermeneutic framework serves as a category that provides conditions for negotiating meaning effects in literary discourse, as it maps discursive formations with-out hierarchizing them. The research examines the hermeneutic framework through the discursive formations of Brazilian Science Fiction (BSF), Philosophy—particularly the concept of rhizome by Deleuze and Guattari (1995)—and Metafiction, as proposed by Hutcheon (1994). The study situates BSF within the 21st century, emphasizing its speculative nature in addressing scientific, cultural, and social issues relevant to contemporary science. Deleuze and Guattari’s (1995) notion of the rhizome sheds light on the literary work as a machinic assemblage characterized by multiplicity and continuous reconfiguration. Metafiction, on the other hand, facilitates reflection on the narra-tive's nature and the interaction between fiction and reality, highlighting BSF's ability to question and expand the boundaries of literature by engaging the co-enunciator in creating meanings from unfolded realities. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of a critical co-enunciator in literary enunciation, one that explores the interpretive possibilities offered by interdiscourse.

Civilizational Manifestations in the City of Astrabath in the Sixth Century AH

The current study is concerned with presenting a descriptive study of the history of the city of Astrabath in the sixth century AH. The problem that the research tried to answer is represented in the investigation of historical news, and the study of the most prominent cultural aspects which characterizing that city. The research also aims to reach the geographical location of that city, its name and its suburbs. The importance of the research lies in the knowledge of everything related to the role of the civilization of Astrabath, as well as tracing the entry of the Arabs to it, so that it became a cultural, economic and scientific center and its historical role in the sixth century AH. The research reminde us with the scientific role of the city of Astarbath in the fields of Qur’anic sciences and to the sciences of hadith, jurisprudence, the other sciences such as history, dialectics, medicine, prose, rhetoric, and systems. The study came out with several conclusions, the most important of which is that the city of Astrapaz was a military theater for political conflict, in addition to its great cultural role in all the popular sciences at the time, and it was a destination for scholars and jurists due to the popularity of its scientific and literary status.

Stanisław Lem’s language thinking in the space of the writer’s aphoristicon

In this research, Stanisław Lem’s aphoristicon analysis was carried out in the view of the multifaceted classification and in the focus of the ego-text theory in particular. It was shown that the writer’s discourse is densely aphoristic: literary statements go beyond (1) the corresponding work, (2) a certain type of personal discourse, taking into account live speech, and acquire the status of aphorism, beginto enter into socio-cultural as well as verbal circulation, of not only Polish but also other linguistic cultures of the world thanks to translations. An attempt was made to characterize the creativity of S. Lem’s language thinking which is manifested in the ability to concentrate and concisely verbalize deep thoughts on a wide range of topics and issues.

THE PROBLEMS OF HARMONY AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FANTASY AND MYTH, FAIRY TALE, FICTION

The article scrutinizes the distinctions between myth, fairytale, and fantasy within the studyof the fantasy genre, an increasingly significant aspect of contemporary world and Kazakh literature. Fourpredominant perspectives on fantasy in modern literary studies are discussed. One viewpoint negates fantasy’sindependent literary status, deeming it a subset of fiction, supported by its widespread presence in modernliterature, films, and popular culture. Another perspective equates fantasy with fairytales, illustrated byJ.R.R. Tolkien’s initial classification of his works as “fairytales” before the term “fantasy” gained scholarlyrecognition. Some researchers argue that fantasy’s roots lie in mythology, specifically a “neomyth” born fromauthors’ mythological thinking and ancient myths. This viewpoint is deemed by the author to reveal the genesisand literary essence of fantasy most comprehensively. Lastly, a less supported view ties fantasy’s emergence tothe evolution of “horror” literature, inspired by 90s computer games, notably championed by the Polish futuristS.S. Lem. However, this perspective lacks substantial backing. The author of the article managed to give hisown, author’s definition of fantasy by analyzing the opinions of supporters of these four views on the fantasygenre. The scientific article discusses the problems of interrelation and differences between fantasy works frommythology, fairy tales and science fiction. The analysis of definitions and interpretations of literary scholars onthis issue is carried out. The author’s definition of the fantasy genre based on a comparative analysis of variousliterary genres is proposed. A comparative table of interrelationships and features of mythology, folklore andliterary fairy tales, science fiction, as well as the fantasy genre has been formed. It is concluded that fantasy isa syncretic, dynamic meta-genre that unites literature, philosophy, cultural studies, pedagogy, psychology, thefilm industry, animated films, computer games, entertainment and other areas.

Toleration and Tolerance as Human Challenges: The Voice of an Eighteenth-Century Dramatist, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, for the Twenty-First Century

In light of countless problems, the modern world faces, especially religious fanaticism, violence, and hatred, it is high time to reflect on some of the older literary statements once again that had already voiced critical concerns about the principles of human interaction determined by good communication, love, and tolerance. Maybe surprisingly, when we turn to Lessing’s Nathan der Weise (1779), we come across a major literary document in which those ideals are formulated convincingly and dramatically. While German scholarship has already discussed this play for a long time, it deserves much wider attention because of its strong advocation of those ideals, which we are in the highest need as of today.

EZRA POUND’S ENGLISH TRANSLATION PRACTICE OF LI BAI’S POEMS IN CATHAY BASED ON PIERRE BOURDIEU’S SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Pound’s Cathay is a vivid case of cultural exchange between China and English-speaking countries. The most translated Li Bai’s poems in Cathay not only promoted better reception of Li Bai’s poems in a foreign context, but also injected powerful vitality into the Western literary world. This paper investigated Pound’s translation practice of Li Bai’s poems in Cathay and specifically interpreted Pound’s internal and external motivations in the selection of source text, textual features formed through translation strategies and the reception of English translation of Li Bai’s poems by drawing on three main concepts: field, capital, and habitus in Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory. It was found that Pound’s selection of Li Bai’s poems was made under the influence of the combined force of utilitarian American sinology field and flashy literary field, which conformed to the mentality of the people in war, harmonized with his Imagist principles and reflected his emotional empathy with Li Bai. Pound’s habitus with cosmopolitanism and historicism shaped by American sinology and literary fields in a specific social background initiated his translation idea of “translation as creation”, which further formed such main translation strategies as the ideogramic method by image juxtaposition, formal freedom by using modern English in free verse etc., language energy by deletion or expansion, etc. Finally, Pound, with his wide social network and authoritative literary status carried great social, cultural, and symbolic capital, promoting better reception of Cathay, especially Li Bai’s poems. These results revealed the powerful interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory in literary translation and shed light on the communication of Chinese translated literature overseas.

Implementing the Religious Heritage in Ibn Abi Al-Khisal's Zarzuriat

This study seeks to shed light on the messages of Zarzuriat by defining them and explaining why they were called this way. The Zarzuriat of Ibn Abi Al-Khisal were chosen to the study to reveal the implementation of religious heritage - in its forms -, such as the method of quoting from the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, as well as religious references. And the researcher concluded that this quotation was clearly reflected in the writer's Zarzuriat, as it had a prominent role in imparting aesthetics and sanctity to the text, strengthening it and raising its artistic level.The study consists of: an introduction and a preface, discussion about the Zarzuriat, their concept, and why they were called this way. It also consists of two topics, the first is related to Ibn Abi Al-Khisal in terms of introducing him and discussing his scientific and literary status; this is followed by talking about his Zarzuriat in regards to how many of them there are and what their topics are.As for the second topic, it deals with the implementation of religious heritage in the Zarzuriat of Ibn Abi Al-Khisal, as the discussion on the forms of heritage was detailed in his letters. Also, it discusses quotation of all kinds: quotation from the Holy Qur’an, from the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet, and religious references. It was followed by a conclusion containing the most prominent findings of the study, then a list of sources and references.

Contextualizing Hypertext: Its Literary Status

Hypertext refers to the electronic links of texts. In the traditional texts, readers have to follow the linearity, and fixity of the book they are reading. Now computers give them a chance to escape this sort of restriction. 
 Computer is a medium for the creation and the reading of texts. Hypertext or digital text, as we know, takes the form of a series of links. These links are adaptable, flexible, and interactive. They question the unity of the text, and the roles of both the reader and the author. Hence, hypertext requires redefining the concepts of author, reader, text, and structure--concepts of great importance to postmodernists. In addition, hypertext consists of fragments, pastiches, different styles and genres. It ignores boundaries, and addresses the mass.
 In brief, hypertext develops and brings to live many postmodern concepts such as decentering, intertextuality, writerly text and rejection of linearity and fixity of linear narrative. My paper is about hypertext in the light of postmodern theory.

The History of Women's Writing

The concept feminism encompasses to an intense awareness of feminine identity and concerns, which has become a significant theme in literature since its rise and development. Despite its controversial nature, this essay offers a comprehensive understanding of feminist literature, including various types such as liberal feminism, radical feminism, Marxist feminism, socialist feminism, cultural feminism, black/African feminism, womanism, African womanism and satanism, and mothers. Women writers have contributed aesthetically and intellectually to the progress and development of society, rejecting the notion of inferiority and highlighting their capabilities. The struggle for equal treatment and identity is a recurring theme in feminist literature. The developing force of the women's liberation movement led to an evaluation of texts from a new perspective, shifting interest to women characters and theorists. In Nigeria, particularly the Northern part, women are traditionally restricted from voicing their opinions, and their decisions are made by male-dominating figures. This paper traces the origin of women's writing worldwide, in Africa and Nigeria; using the theoretical frameworks and text analysis to derive data and suggestions on how women writers can improve their literary status in Nigeria, especially the Northern Nigeria.

Analisis Semiotika Puisi “Hatiku Selembar Daun” Karya Sapardi Djoko Damono

Poetry is one type of literary work that has the deepest literary statement. The words that are raised contain deep understanding and are full of symbols. Reading poetry is a pleasure of literary art because the reader is brought along into the statements that a poet pours out through the lines of his poem. In the Big Dictionary Indonesian it is stated that poetry is a variety of literature whose language is bound by rhythm, matra, rhyme, and the arrangement of arrays and couplets.1Rahmat Djoko Pradopo gives the definition of poetry as a bound essay. The limitations of the poem are based on the attachment to (1) Many lines in each stanza, (2) Many words in each line, (3) Many syllables in each line, (4) Rhyme, and (5) Rhythm. Researchers are interested in conducting research on analyzing a poem by Sapardi Djoko Damono entitled "Hatiku Selembar Daun" by applying it through a semiotic approach. Semiotics is an analytical method used to explore the meaning contained in a sign. According to Susanne Langer "judging symbols or signs is important, animal life is mediated through feelings, but human feelings are mediated by concepts, symbols, and language." Semiotics is the study of how to give meaning to a sign. Semiotics can also be interpreted as the concept of teaching humans to interpret the signs that exist on a particular object. After going through the process of discussing the poem and paying attention semiotically, you will know about the meaning and linguistic signs contained in the poem Hatiku Selembar Daun so that it is conveyed to the reader.

Hunt in Sansho Dayu (1915) and L’Oiseau bleu by Maurice Maeterlinck

The origins of the legend of Anju and Zushio, children cruelly torn from their mother and sold to Sansho, are lost in the Middle Ages, but it was “Ôgai” Mori Rintarô who gave it literary status when he published the historical tale Sansho dayu in 1915. The analysis details the important symbolic role played by birds in freedom and the hunting of birds. The bird, symbol of freedom and autonomy. In parallel, an antagonism, the hunting of birds. Death and the bird complement a bipolarity of symbolic content present throughout the work.

A Critical Analysis of the Reception of Jane Austen's Novels in the Printing Market and Textbooks in China in 2021

The Reception Theory argues that literary works are received against an existing horizon of expectations consisting of readers’ current knowledge and presuppositions about literature, and that the meanings of works change as such horizons shift. Based on the Reception Theory, this essay explores how Chinese ordinary readers and scholars view Jane Austen through the study of the reception of Jane Austen's Novels in the printing market and textbooks in China in 2021. This essay believes that on one hand, the sales of Jane Austen's books and editorial evaluations proves that Jane Austen is an unquestionable canonical writer in the eyes of ordinary Chinese readers and it is her ‘Englishness’ – the “alien” and “exotic” feature of her writing – that makes her widely praised among the Chinese reading public. On the other hand, the absence or insignificant literary status of Jane Austen in the literary textbooks shows that she is not much favored by literary historians and this has much to do with the sociopolitical contexts and ideological imperatives which affect the literary aesthetics and literary historians’ evaluation criteria.

Social Status of Agbè and Kete: A Historical and Functional Yorùbá Oral Literary Perspectives

Agbè (a gourd) and kete (a calabash pot) are both utensils in the Yorùbá socio-cultural setting. They are also made musical instruments in orin agbè and orin kete. Because both objects are structurally and functionally interwoven, many people could not delineate their status. As a result, some even take them for one. This has resulted in cultural and literary misplacement of the priority of the objects. Sequel to the identified problem, this study attempts a critical cultural and literary analysis of agbè and kete in order to validate their socio-cultural and literary status. New historicism is used as the theoretical framework. The study adopts an ethnological research design. Yorùbá oral historical and literary materials are the base of the study’s critical analysis. Data were collected among the elders in Ìbàràpá and Òkè-Ògún, and some other parts of the Yorùbáland. It is revealed in the analysis that, agbè and kete’s uses to some extent are complementary. Thus, agbè is more useful than kete. Agbè is considered for keeping precious items, and as a musical instrument, it is having social status. Kete on the hand is also having a social status as it is both used as utensil and musical instrument. However, kete’s religious status is validated for its use in Ọbàtálá religious service. Using agbè to save precious items is not enough to consider it more important than kete as kete in the religious context of Ọbàtálá is also used for a significant religious function.