Literary Relations Research Articles

Georgian-Polish Literary Relations and the Conspiracy of 1832

Georgian-Polish political, economic, and literary-cultural relations have a long history. Despite the geographical distance between these countries, the current historical, political, and economic situation in the world has led to a certain rapprochement of the peoples with these two great histories. Georgian-Polish cultural relations especially strengthened, diversified, and reached a new height in terms of quantity and artistic mastery in the late 30s of the 19th century and the following era. The representatives of the creative Polish intellectuals who moved to Georgia tried in every way to convey their literary ideas created in Georgia to their compatriots in Poland. From the collected materials, it can be seen without any doubt that a great spiritual kinship was established between one of the best parts of Polish society who immigrated to our country and Georgians. It is interesting to know that the Poles who immigrated to our country created not only Georgian, but also the “Caucasian flow of Polish poetry and prose”. Even among the creative samples of Poles who immigrated within this framework, their works will be outstanding and unique. In our deep belief, among the rich Polish literature, interesting literary works on Georgian and non-Georgian topics can be distinguished by Polish writers and public figures who immigrated to Georgia in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.

Проблема преступности в творчестве польских и грузинских прозаиков II половины XIX века (Генрик Сенкевич и Эгнате Ниношвили)

This paper discusses the theme of crime as depicted in the works of Polish literary classic Henryk Sienkiewicz and the prominent representative of Georgian critical realism in the late 19th century, Egnate Ninoshvili. The name Ninoshvili is introduced for the first time into the study of Polish–Georgian literary relations. According to the author, several of Ninoshvili’s short stories on peasant life (“Simona”, “The Scribe Mose”, and “The Knight of Our Country”) were written under the ideological and thematic influence of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s short story „Charcoal Sketches” („Szkice węglem”). The stylistic analysis of the works by these Georgian and Polish writers supports the author’s hypothesis regarding this influence. At the same time, the study highlights the artistic originality of Ninoshvili’s stories, particularly in their depiction of national traditions, the Georgian national mentality, and the author’s unique creative perspective.

States of Disconnect: The China-India Literary Relation in the Twentieth Century

States of Disconnect: The China-India Literary Relation in the Twentieth Century

From the History of Soviet-French Literary Relations in the 1930s: An Unknown Letter from French Writers to A. M. Gorky about V. Serge (Based on Materials from the A. M. Gorky Archive)

The article examines Soviet-French literary contacts in the socio-political aspect on the basis of two unknown and not introduced into scientific circulation letters from the Archive of A.M. Gorky: a letter of five French writers dated June 28, 1932 A.M. Gorky and a letter from V. Serge dated September 28, 1932 to Gorky’s secretary P.P. Kryuchkov. French writers of leftist views (J.-R. Bloch, C. Vildrac, J. Guéhenno, L. Werth, F. Jourdain), who sympathized with the USSR, turned to Gorky with a request to help Serge leave the USSR. A month later, V. Serge himself turned to Kryuchkov with a request to respond to this letter. The son of Narodnaya Volya emigrants, Serge came to Soviet Russia in 1919 to participate in the revolutionary transformations of society and promote the world revolution. Sergeʼs connections with the anti-Stalinist opposition led to persecution by the GPU, two arrests (in 1928 and 1932) and exile to Orenburg for three years (in 1933). Thanks to an international campaign in the French and Belgian press launched by left-wing intellectuals, Serge left the USSR in April 1936. The still unknown first letter in his defense, sent by French writers to Gorky, is the most important evidence of the political strategies of leftist writers of the 1930s, attempts to influence socio-political processes within the leftist movement, as well as attempts to humanize the Stalinist regime.

Մակարոնիկ բանաստեղծական ձևը հայ վաղ նոր շրջանի բանաստեղծության մեջ` ԺԷ դարի հեղինակ Ավետիք Դաշտեցու ստեղծագործության օրինակով

The presence and diffusion of the macaronic poetic form within Eastern literature during the early modern period are indicative of the dynamic exchanges occurring in the region, characterized by close cross-cultural relations and interactions. This poetic form found expression in medieval Armenian poetry and holds significance in the classification of Armenian-Iranian literary relations, as evidenced by the works of Avetik Dashtetsi. Notably, bilingual and trilingual poems by figures such as Nahapet Kuchak, Grigoris Aghtamartsi, and Davit Saladzortsi exemplify this phenomenon. These authors adeptly incorporated poetic forms rooted in Iranian literature, such as mulammaʿ and musallasatʿ, demonstrating both their literary versatility and their engagement with contemporary literary trends. This integration underscores the Armenian poets' ability to navigate and contribute to the broader literary and cultural landscape of their time.

A Cycle of Poems about Armenia by R. Gamzatov

The subject of the article is the cycle of poems by R. Gamzatov about Armenia. This work represents the first detailed scientific study of the poetics of R. Gamzatov’s cycle of poems about Armenia. Using the example of the most striking works, the methods, techniques and means of expression used by the author to create the image of Armenia are identified. The poet describes the nature of this country, its song traditions, socio-political events, recreates the images of Armenian friends, sacred and iconic symbols for Armenia, its cultural objects and geographical topoi. The purpose of the article is to identify works from R. Gamzatov’s cycle of poems about Armenia, to conduct a philological analysis of the texts, to identify their genre specificity, and to determine the main motifs and images. The objectives of the work are to identify the themes and problems of poems about Armenia; their figurative and emotional-style similarities and differences from each other: determination of techniques and methods, as well as means of expression in realizing the image of Armenia. The study, carried out on the basis of the comparative method and the method of philological analysis of the text, led to the following conclusions: 1) in the cycle of poems by R. Gamzatov about Armenia, typical attributes are used, found in similar poems about Armenia by other authors (Ararat, Sevan, Matenadaran, Saryan); 2) a distinctive feature of the author’s feelings is admiration for nature, national cultural monuments and the creativity of literary and artistic figures of the Armenian people; 3) depending on the object and subject of the author’s attention, the mood and emotional tone of the works changes from lively, respectful, in love with the songs, music, and nature of Armenia to sad, sympathetic for the fate of this country and its long-suffering people. The results of the study can be used in further studying the work of R. Gamzatov. In addition, the article may arouse interest in wide circles, in particular in Dagestan-Armenian literary relations. This work can be used in teaching courses on the history of Avarian, Dagestan and Armenian literature.

Anxiety of Influence: Reading Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence and Henry James’s The Portrait of a Lady

Edith Wharton’s literary relationship with Henry James has been a subject of much critical debate wherein Wharton is often positioned as James’s devoted follower. This paper reflects upon this relationship by reading Wharton’s The Age of Innocence and James’s The Portrait of a Lady and examines how, while sharing various thematic interests, both the authors depart significantly in their aesthetic and social concerns. Wharton, undermined and trapped under James’s shadow, diverges from James’s psychological introspection of the self and interior lives of his characters. Her interests are centred on broader social contexts, critique of social convention, and gender hierarchies. The paper tries to assert her autonomy and show how her writing is distinct from James’s, despite their similar literary preoccupations.

The Barfly and the Beatnik: the literary relationship of Charles Bukowski and Kay ‘Kaja’ Johnson

ABSTRACT This article examines Charles Bukowski and Kay ‘Kaja’ Johnson’s literary relationship. Despite Bukowski’s outsider status within the literary world, he corresponded widely with literary figures, including Johnson. Johnson was an early and active member of the Beat Generation who has largely been overlooked in literary histories. Recently scholarly interest in Johnson and her works , including her correspondence with Bukowski, has increased. However, due to the lack of primary sources and biographical information relating to Johnson, these scholarly works have understandably contained minor errors. This article aims to correct these errors, provide a fuller account of the Bukowski-Johnson relationship, and explore how it influenced, and was represented in, their respective literary productions.

I. M. Fovitsky about the ode of Prince P. A. Vyazemsky “Indignation”

This paper discusses the biography of I.M. Fovitsky (1782 – not earlier than 1849), a writer and official who established a confidential personal and literary relationship with P.A. Vyazemsky during the latter’s stay in the service in Warsaw (1818–1821), lasted until the 1840s. For the first time, the full text of Fovitsky’s remarks on Vyazemsky’s ode “Indignation” (1820–1821) is published.

Erasmus in Borges, Borges in Erasmus: First Surveys of an Unexplored Genealogy

It seems impossible to identify areas of the Borgesian corpus that have not been studied by experts from all latitudes and periods, but in fact this is true in relation to the presence of the Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Taking as a starting point similarities in content and style between Erasmus’ The Praise of Folly and some of Borges’ narrative prose, essays and poems, as well as, conversely, from eight occurrences of Erasmus in seven of Borges’ short essays, this article aims to stress this literary relationship. This pioneering though certainly not exhaustive study also unearths a wide and unexpected network of authors linking Erasmo and Borges across centuries and continents.

UZBEK KOREAN TRANSLATION LITERATURE TRADITIONS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

Connections between literatures are of course particularly effective when they are based on knowledge of the respective language. The creation of works in the lives of other peoples is a phenomenon with a specific tradition and unique experience in each literature. This article deals with mutual cultural relations, especially literary relations between the Republic of Korea and Uzbekistan. Examples of translations from Korean into Uzbek and from Uzbek into Korean are given.

Towards the end of the Literature Honeymoon: The Late 50s of the 20th Century Literary Relations between China and the Soviet Union

In the 1950s, before the Sino-Soviet relations became hostile and the literary relations between the two countries entered a frozen period, the literary relations between China and the Soviet Union corresponded to the same period at the beginning of the founding of New China, wholesale Soviet union, the theory and the creation followed the Soviet union overall, developed to the late 50s of the 20th century, the Sino-Soviet literary relations dislocated, cooling gradually. What kind changes have taken place at this period, what are the underlying causes? Whether it is right or wrong needs to be discussed from the perspectives of ideology, the situation policy and power relations.

Amirkhan Eniky’s frontline diaries in the mirror of Russian-Tatar literary relationships

The article systematizes information on the history of the diary entries “Front daftarlarennan” (“From Frontline Notebooks”, 1941–1944) by Amirkhan Eniky, which served as a starting point for the creation of his war stories. They were published in the media half a century later, on the 50th anniversary of the Great Victory. In his brief comments, the writer admits that he kept notes secretly while working as an HQ clerk, serving in the guard, in between battles, and he decided to publish them in his declining years, considering their content to be instructive for a new generation. Our analysis of the diary entries reveals their genre and stylistic features. The article proves that their narrative is of discrete nature: it is not a picture of military everyday life that is brought to the fore, but a man’s image of the inner world, pictures of nature, which leads to the transformation of psychologism. In his “notebooks” the writer reflects on life and death, on war as a phenomenon and on human behavior in critical circumstances. The process of national self-knowledge in these frontline notebooks is associated with the process of personal self-knowledge. The artistic fabric of A. Eniky’s diaries includes episodes with prophetic dreams, excerpts from wartime letters, Tatar legends, Turkic proverbs and quotes from the books he had read.

Does Luke Replace “Son of God” with Non-filial Language?

In 2005 missiologist Rick Brown argued on the basis of Synoptic parallels that, in a few cases, Luke translates Son of God language with non-filial language, especially the term “Christ.” The argument supported the practice of using non-filial renderings of Son of God language in Bible translations made for Muslims, the stated intent being to convey the meaning of the text more clearly and to avoid offense and misunderstanding. This article tests Brown’s claim, mainly by considering the literary relationships between the Synoptic Gospels and by examining every Lukan parallel of Markan and/or Matthean Son of God language used with reference to Jesus. The results of the investigation contradict Brown’s thesis, showing that the relevant Lukan texts do not provide direct support for the rendering of Son of God language with non-filial language.

Magomed Akhmedov's Artistic Reflections on Russian Poetry (on the Development of Dagestan-Russian Literary Relations)

The subject of this research is M. Akhmedov's literary reflections and his poetic works dedicated to Russian writers and Russian poetry. The purpose of this article is to present a picture of the development of artistic reflections on Russian poetry in the works of M. Akhmedov. The concept of the article is based on the material of works related to Russian literature and Dagestan-Russian literary relations. Introducing into the study a part of artistic reflections related to Russian poetry, we set ourselves the task of defining and identifying the principles and techniques of artistic expressiveness and figurativeness of M. Akhmedov, serving to embody the national and international character of his artistic thinking. The methodological basis of this research is based on the analysis of artistic works and is designed to determine the following research methods: comparative-historical, through which the nature of M. Akhmedov's literary connections is interpreted as an artistic phenomenon that has passed certain historical stages and is developing to the modern stage; comparative, which allowed to compare the ideological and artistic significance of Russian writers in the person of his predecessors and like-minded people; a method of holistic analysis of a literary work, which made it possible to determine the specifics of the evolution of M. Akhmedov's artistic thinking and its connection with the history of national and Russian literature. The results of the study can serve as a promising support for further study of Dagestan-Russian literary relations, as well as M. Akhmedov's artistic creativity in the context of the national and international literary process. Russian poetry and poets The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that the analysis of the works of M. Akhmedov devoted to Russian poetry and Russian poets was undertaken for the first time. The obtained results have shown that M. Akhmedov's artistic reflections on Russian poetry make it possible to highlight the role and significance of Dagestan-Russian literary ties.

THE BOOK OF ACTS: FOUNDATIONAL ISSUES

This article focuses on two issues that relate to the study of the book of Acts: the literary relationship between the third Gospel and the book of Acts and the purpose Acts. Often deemed as “introductory” or “foundational matters”, clear thinking on these areas is essential for a correct understanding and interpretation of Acts (and indeed the third Gospel). The article examines and evaluates various scholarly proposals about both issues before drawing certain conclusions. With respect to the issue of literary relationship, the discussion follows the four-fold schema set out by I.H. Marshall. It concludes that the Third Gospel and Acts are best viewed as a two-volume work. With respect to the issue of purpose, six distinct proposals are investigated and assessed before concluding that the main purpose of Acts (and the third Gospel) is pastoral in nature. Whilst recognizing that this is the strongest of the six proposals, it does not exclude the possibility of subsidiary purposes.

Polonica Toneta Pretnarja

The article presents a portrait of Tone Pretnar, a Slovene Slavic and Polish philologist, primarily discussing his works in the field of Polish studies. Pretnar worked at universities in Ljubljana, Graz, Warsaw, Krakow and Katowice. His works consist of scholarly studies, literary and cultural commentaries, numerous translations and original poetry. His research focuses mostly on the comparative Slavic theory of verse and metre in translation, while his second area of interest was Polish-Slovene literary relations and their history. Pretnar was the greatest Polish literary translator of his generation in Slovenia, having translated over 100 Polish poets and almost 12,200 lines of poetry. With Bożena Ostromęcka-Frączak, he published the first ever Slovene-Polish dictionary (Ljubljana 1996). In light of his achievements, his name was included in the “Słownik badaczy literatury polskiej” (“The Dictionary of Polish Literature Researchers”; ed. J. Starnawski, vol. IV, Łódź 2001).

Роль межличностных отношений в становлении личности (на примере жизненного пути Ф. М. Достоевского)

The environment, contacts with people from biographies provide inexhaustible information for understanding the meaning of personal relationships. In modern society, there is a high interest in the life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky as a deep thinker and a brilliant writer. The article considers Dostoevsky's social circle in the meaning for the formation of his personality in unity of inner content of life and its external outline, including the circle of communication in different periods of life. In this regard, the influence of parental family, family ties and friends of youth, social circle in hard labor and exile, literary relationships, as well as relationships with the clergy are analyzed. This analysis is carried out in connection of biographical facts with the data of scientific literature on interpersonal relationships in their significance for personality. Not only relatives, friends and fellow writers, but also people who seemed to be quite far away left their mark on Dostoevsky's life. It is shown that in the process of gaining personal maturity, a gradual autonomy of the subject from life circumstances occurs throughout life, when a person with a mature personality acquires the ability to behave independently of circumstances and moves on to conscious self-government. The presence of a self-development strategy is an important indicator of a person's reaching a level of maturity and experiencing life satisfaction.

Писатель и критика русского зарубежья: Георгий Адамович в истории романа Алексея Ремизова «Учитель музыки»

The article considers a significant aspect of the history of literature, namely the communication between a writer and a critic. The author describes the literary relationships of two well-known figures from Russian abroad, A. Remizov and G. Adamovich, as a long-term dialogue that reveals discussion on different literature problems. While Adamovich’s critical feedback about Remizov’s literary person has long entered scientific circulation, Remizov’s position towards the evaluative judgments of the representative of the so-called “middle generation” of emigration appeared only in his letters to N.V. Kodryanskaya. The article reconstructs the literary context of Remizov’s communication with Adamovich and reveals its motivations. Based on previously unknown epistolary documents and Adamovich’s publications, forgotten in the pages of the emigrant periodicals, the article analyzes the subtext layer of the stories of the early 1930s that formed the core of the novel Music Teacher. The research outcomes significantly contribute to the history of Remizov’s novel and the commentary in some chapters.

“The New Woman” In Short Prose by Olga Kobylanska and Edith Wharton

The notion of the “new woman”, which emerged as a feminist ideal in Western consciousness during the late 19th century, resonates throughout both European and US-American literature. The main character in Olga Kobylanska’s novella “Eine Unzivilisierte” (1898) embodies the theme of female liberation in Ukrainian literature of the era. Similarly, the central female figures in Edith Wharton’s short stories, “The Other Two” (1902) and “The Mission of Jane” (1904), highlight the heightened role of women within the patriarchal society of the United States during that period. Applying close reading, block method and typological approach for the study of diachronic aspects of literary relationships the article analyzes the literary embodiment of the concept of “new woman” in short prose of Ukrainian and US-American women authors. In “Eine Unzivilisierte”, the protagonist Paraska actively opposes marrying a man chosen by others and is decisive in her own choice of partners; she does not feel any obligation to be a typical “housewife”, or to correspond to the typical picture of a woman, with all the activity connoted as typically “feminine”. Independent of her husband, the “new woman” at the turn of the centuries, Paraska proudly appeals to her right and ability to find another partner at any given moment. In contrast to Kobylanska’s novella Wharton’s short stories demonstrate rather submissive behavior of their central female characters, both named Alice. Maternity enables both Alices to subvert the established hierarchy achieving some freedom of “new woman”. In Kobylanska’s novella, the rural setting contrasts with the urban backdrop of Edith Wharton’s short stories, symbolizing the societal constraints faced by the “new woman”.