Literary History Research Articles

Crystallizing techniques: sample preparations, technical knowledge, and the characterization of blood crystals, 1840-1909.

Sample preparation is the process of altering a naturally occurring object into a representative form that is amenable to scientific inquiry. Preparation is an important preliminary to data collection, ubiquitous in the life sciences and elsewhere, yet relatively neglected in historical and philosophical literature. This paper presents a detailed historical case study involving the preparation and study of blood crystals in the nineteenth century. The case is used to highlight significant features of preparation, which aid our understanding of the epistemology of sciences in which preparations play an important role. First, it shows the role of technical knowledge in efforts to characterize a scientific phenomenon or object of interest. Especially in early stages of characterization, scientists improve their understanding of what they are preparing by better understanding their preparation procedures. Second, this case contributes to recent views of characterization as a relatively autonomous domain of scientific activity. It shows how preparation functions as a site for integrating different experimental methods, and the difficulties that ensue. In light of these considerations, the case shows how characterization is capable of shaping or constraining explanatory pursuits as much as it is guided by them.

A corpus-based analysis of ‘vernacular synonyms’

Abstract Against the backdrop of the significant social changes taking place during the Renaissance, this paper interrogates the lexical domain of citizenship, focusing on three words deemed near-synonymous in the historical literature: citizens, burgesses, and freemen. The study takes a quantitative corpus-linguistic approach to the data in the Early English Books Online corpus (1550–1699) and consults lexicographical sources (the Oxford English Dictionary, the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, and the Lexicons of Early Modern English 1550–1700) to offer an overview of the organisation of the conceptual domain occupied by citizenship terms referring to “dwellers”. The relationships between citizens, burgesses, and freemen over time are addressed through detailed quantitative collocation analysis, considering their overall profile, stability and innovation, and areas of functional overlap and distinctiveness. Overall, the results support historians’ intuitions that citizens, burgesses, and freemen are “vernacular synonyms”.

On The Representation of ‘Worst Case Scenarios’ in Kafka’s Short Stories “Metamorphosis” And “A Hunger artist’’

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Franz Kafka's death, this document presents some reasons why this author is still one of the most fascinating writers in the German-speaking world. The document examines the general principles of Franz Kafka's literary work together with some fundamental questions such as the relationship between literary representation and reality in two of his most-read stories, “Metamorphosis” and “A Hunger Artist”. Some important aspects of literary reception are considered and the theoretical approach is complemented by a more historical and descriptive section, in which Kafka's biography and his works (literary history) are presented. The focus is on the evaluation and interpretative approaches to the two works selected for our analysis, in particular on the progressive description of catastrophes (literary criticism). The sequence of negative events for the protagonists described in Kafka's stories are systematically recorded and processed to provide additional arguments that characterize Kafka today, one hundred years after his death, as an important modern author.

Csokonai, a Debreceni Kollégium és a költő helyi kultusza

I argue that the research into the relationship between the poet and his former school has become overwhelmed by the infamous trial of Csokonai. Whenever the topic is discussed, researchers often come to a standstill during the interpretation of why and howHungary’s most significant Enlightenment poet came into conflict with his own school an institution to which he owed both his impressive education and the development of his poetic talent. As a result, the examination of the institution’s intellectual influence on the poet is overshadowed. Th–e study reviews the ritualistic elements of student life, such as the daily routine, the legation, and fundraising, which had a strong impact on Csokonai’s personal development, but have so far escaped the attention of literary historians. Th–e paper also outlines the main characteristics of the cult of Csokonai at the college. It highlights that, unlike the now-defunct cult in Debrecen, it is the students’ literary societies–originally created by Csokonai–continue to keep this tradition alive to this day.

Anthologische Autorschaft und Kollektionspoetik in Martin Opitz’ Florilegium variorum epigrammatum (1639)

Abstract This article examines the role of collections and anthologies in the work of Martin Opitz (1597–1639). In order to distinguish between different functions of anthological authorship and ‘collection poetics’, it introduces three categories auctor – collector – editor and discusses them using examples from Opitz’s works: In the case of the Teutsche Poemata (Collection A), Julius W. Zincgref exploits the role of auctor, which Opitz regains with his Breslau Collection B. Bernhard Nüßler presents himself in the Silvae as the legitimate editor of Opitz’ Latin poems. In the two volumes of the Florilegium variorum epigrammatum (Danzig 1639), Opitz himself – following his teacher Elias Cüchler – collects and translates Greek and Latin epigrams from antiquity and the early modern period. The anthology seeks to demonstrate the linguistic richness of German by comparing it with the ancient languages. Through its chronological order (from antiquity to modern times) the Florilegium becomes an anthological literary history that includes both literary and inscriptional epigrams.

Ethical Politics and the Revival of Islamic Teaching in Indonesia

This article aims to elucidate the interconnection between ethical politics and the resurgence of Islamic doctrine in Indonesia, which serves as the foundation for the enduring tradition of Islamic doctrine. The development of Islam in Indonesia is seldom connected to the history of colonialism. Nevertheless, numerous transformations in Islamic thought and teaching occurred in close proximity to the implementation of ethical policies in the late colonial era. This study employs a qualitative methodology with a historical anthropological perspective. The research data is derived exclusively from historical literature and is analysed in accordance with Foucault's theory of power relations. The study concludes that ethical politics exerts an indirect influence on the resurgence of Islamic teachings. The aversion to all things European among Islamic circles has resulted in the importation of comprehensive Islamic teachings from the Middle East as a foundation for the evolution of Islamic teachings in Indonesia. This article posits that colonial ethics played a role in the resurgence of Muslim intellectuals and reinforced the standing of Islamic education in Indonesia.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Geopolitik Islam dan Kepemimpinan Islam pada Sejarah Muhammad Al-Fatih

The issue of leadership has become a significant polemic, burdening the functioning of all state affairs. Moreover, Indonesia, with its substantial geopolitical potential, aspires to become a major maritime power, in line with its status as the world's largest Muslim-majority country. This study aims to examine the values of Islamic geopolitical education and Islamic leadership as demonstrated in the history of Muhammad Al-Fatih. The research is conducted using a descriptive qualitative method, with data sources gathered from Islamic historical and geopolitical literature. The findings reveal that Muhammad Al-Fatih integrated Islamic geopolitical education into his transformational leadership. Al-Fatih not only had a clear vision of Islamic territorial expansion but also implemented innovative strategies based on a deep understanding of Islamic geopolitics. His leadership also balanced spiritual and worldly aspects, with Islamic creed principles incorporated into his leadership policies. These findings provide significant insights into how Islamic geopolitical education can be applied in modern leadership contexts to produce leaders of integrity and broad vision.

Otosclerosis and the evolution of stapes surgery: A historical and otopathological study.

To explore the historical evolution of surgical techniques for otosclerosis treatment, viewed through the lens of human temporal bone pathology to aid in understanding the disease and refining surgical interventions. A review of historical literature on otosclerosis, surgical techniques, and otopathological findings was conducted. Eight temporal bone specimens from the Paparella Otopathology & Pathogenesis Laboratory, University of Minnesota, and one from the University of California, Los Angeles, were analyzed. We selected two temporal bones from donors who underwent four different types of surgical procedures for otosclerosis: stapes mobilization, fenestration, stapedectomy, and stapedotomy. One successful and one complication case was selected for each procedure. Histopathological analysis was performed to assess the outcomes and complications associated with each technique. The study chronicles the progression of otosclerosis surgery from the stapes mobilization to modern stapedectomy and stapedotomy techniques. Initial procedures, like stapes mobilization and fenestration, yielded limited and temporary results with significant complications. The introduction of stapedectomy marked a significant improvement, with better long-term outcomes. Histopathological analysis revealed insights into the causes of surgical failures and complications. Otosclerosis surgery has evolved significantly, driven by advances in otopathology and surgical technology. While earlier techniques offered limited success, modern procedures like stapedectomy and stapedotomy provide improved outcomes and fewer complications. Ongoing research promises further advancements in the field, improving patient care and surgical efficacy. NA.

The Study of Literature in the Romantic Era and Its Significance to Polish-German Intellectual History

ABSTRACT This article aims to present the evolution of Polish historical-literary narratives in the 19th century. The historical-literary syntheses undertaken in the article began to emerge when the aesthetics of Romanticism began to wane in Polish literary life. However, Romanticism remained a strong intellectual force, and the ideas associated with it determined how humanistic reflection should develop, not only in literary studies, but also in historiography and philosophy. This article endeavours to provide answers to three fundamental questions: How did literary historians view their role and place in society? How did they define the role of historical-literary reflection in the process of forming a national identity? And finally, what was the salvatory aspect of their mission and why was interpreting the past so crucial? Three examples come from the 1840s, and one from the very end of the century. The former show how Romanticism paved the way for historical-literary narratives in Polish literature, while the latter illustrates the modernist reaction and overcoming of the former model.

A Literature Review on the Theory of Asymmetric Information

Asymmetric information refers to a situation in which one of the parties involved in a market transaction has more information than the other, which reduces efficiency in resource allocation. The basic reasons are the high cost of information acquisition, blocked information transmission channels, and lack of enough information disclosure. Problems such as adverse selection and moral hazard created by asymmetric information damage the efficiency of the market. Asymmetric information has played a very important role in lending, hotel, and catering. As for the industry of lending, the existence of asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders would make it easy for high-risk borrowers to obtain loans and, further, increase the risk of default. Asymmetric information within the hotel industry makes it hard for consumers to judge the hotels service quality and price rationality. Asymmetric information affects investment decisions and enterprise efficiency in the catering industry, distorting valuation and causing investment loss. Addressing asymmetric information in various industries is crucial for fostering market transparency and efficiency. To achieve this, researchers must employ both signaling and screening models to mitigate the adverse effects of information asymmetry. This paper examines historical literature on asymmetric information across diverse industries and delineates strategies to enhance information transparency and promote more informed decision-making.

King Philip II of Spain as the prototype of the Grand Inquisitor in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov”

INTRODUCTION. The Spanish plot forms an important symbolic, semantic and artistic layer of the Grand Inquisitor Legend by F.M. Dostoevsky. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the typological similarity of the Spanish King Philip II (1527–1598) and the Grand Inquisitor Dostoevsky in the context of the author’s idea of the “Legend”.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The object of the study is the insertion parable of Ivan Karamazov in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov”, as well as handwritten editions and rough sketches for the “Legend”. The methodological basis of the research includes the comparative historical method, cultural-historical and system-typological analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The study revealed the presence of a complex typological correlation between the image of King Philip II, attested by historical literature, and the artistic image of the Grand Inquisitor of the Legend. The characteristics of both characters, such as despotism, pride, amoralism, fanaticism, asceticism and recluse, go back to two basic categories that build the life and behavior model of the characters – godliness and the will to power. In the context of Dostoevsky’s anti-Catholic polemic, such similarity of portraits (spiritual constitution and psychological type) of the Inquisitor king and the Grand Inquisitor acquires special significance.CONCLUSION. The revealed typological correlation between historical and artistic images suggests that the Inquisitor King Philip II, as an iconic character in Spanish history, served as one of the prototypes of the main character of Dostoevsky’s “Legend”.

Christian Roma Musicking in Hungary

In this article, we investigate Romani musicians and Romani religious musicking, a previously under-researched facet of Roma musicking. We detail the emergence of Romani religious music and its distinctive features, explore its evolution over the past fifty years, and identify the earliest Roma religious musicians in Hungary. Furthermore, this study will highlight the significance of Romani religious music in the process of Romani conversion, the emergence of a Christian Romani collective identity, and the development of Romani relations and inculturation. In addition to historical sources and literature, our study draws on personal field experiences and interviews with Roma believers in Baptist, Catholic, Pentecostal-Charismatic, and Free Christian congregations in Békés, Budapest, Szeged, Szendrőlád, Csatka, and Uszka.

Evolution and Challenges of Insurance Industry in Hong Kong: From a Backward Investment Channel to a Leading Financial Product

The objective of the study is to explore the growth trajectory of Hong Kong's insurance industry and its changing position in the financial market, this study uses historical literature analysis, market data analysis, and case studies to conduct an in-depth investigation of the development of Hong Kong's insurance industry from the 1980s to the present. The study found that the Hong Kong insurance industry has experienced a transformation from a marginal investment channel to a core financial product, and the product attributes have also undergone significant changes with market demand and technological progress. The analysis shows that the growth of the individual life insurance market is mainly driven by factors such as increased consumer awareness, market policy support, and stable economic environment. However, the study also identified challenges facing the industry, such as market saturation, regulatory changes, and declining consumer trust. Based on these findings, it is recommended to adopt diversified product strategies, strengthen consumer education, and improve service quality to maintain the vitality and sustainability of Hong Kong's insurance industry. The results of this study not only reveal the evolution law of the insurance industry, but also have important theoretical and practical significance for promoting the realization of financial freedom, enhancing industry competitiveness, and formulating future market strategies.

KEWARISAN ISLAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS

This research aims to explore the evolution of the Islamic inheritance system from pre-Islamic times to the modern era, focusing on the significant changes that occurred after the advent of Islam and contemporary legal reforms. The research method used is a literature study, with analysis of historical literature and modern studies related to the application of inheritance law in Muslim countries. The results show that before Islam, the inheritance system was very patriarchal, with women having no inheritance rights. After Islam came, the Qur’an introduced a more equitable system, granting inheritance rights to women, although their share was smaller than that of men. In the modern era, some Muslim countries have made reforms to accommodate gender equality, but the challenge of implementing more equal laws still exists in some countries. This study recommends the need for comparative studies among Muslim countries to analyse the effectiveness of inheritance law reforms, as well as further research on the socio-economic impact of these reforms on women’s welfare. Empirical research is also needed to understand the influence of local socio-cultural factors in the application of Islamic inheritance law.

Ludovik Paskvalić in the Light of Literary History in the 19th and Early 20th Century

Ludovik Paskvalić in the Light of Literary History in the 19th and Early 20th Century The paper raises the question of the influence and reception of the work of Ludovic Paskvalić (1500–1551), a Renaissance poet who lived in the Bay of Kotor region. The aim is to provide a chronological account of the ways in which his work was disseminated, as well as to point out inaccuracies appearing in the literature on him. Particular attention is given to the poet’s significance for Croatian culture, especially in light of the fact that he wrote poems in Italian and Latin. Ludovik Paskvalić w świetle historii literatury od XIX do początków XX wieku W artykule została podjęta kwestia oddziaływania i recepcji dzieła Ludovika Paskvalicia (1500–1551), renesansowego poety żyjącego w regionie Zatoki Kotorskiej. Celem jest chronolo­giczne przedstawienie procesu rozpowszechniania jego twórczości, jak również wskazanie na pojawiające się na jego temat nieścisłości w literaturze przedmiotu. Szczególna uwaga poświę­cona została znaczeniu poety dla kultury chorwackiej, zwłaszcza w świetle faktu pisania przez niego wierszy w językach włoskim i łacińskim.

Biserica reformată din Rapoltu Mare (comuna Rapoltu Mare, județul Hunedoara). Noi date privind construirea și evoluția arhitectonică a lăcașului de cult prin prisma cercetărilor arheologice din anul 2021

The Calvin Reformed Church from Rapoltu Mare is one of the important ecclesiastical monuments af Hunedoara County, that draws the attention and interest through the shape of the sanctury (with axial closing) and the murals dated în the 14th and 15th centuries. In our paper, we present the results of the archaeological research of church undertaken in 2021 as a preparation of the renovation and drainage system at the north and western sides. We have also examined the historical and art-historical literature, focusing on its transformations down the centuries. The archaeological excavations evidenced that the nave and the sanctuary of the church were built in the same phase, together with the sacristy in the 14th century. A tower bell was built on the west side of the nave, on a later construction phase, but before 1523. One of the most important finds is that the church is succeeding a stone building, most likely a previous place of worship, probably built in the late 13th century. Over the course of the research, 39 graves with 40 deceased were discovered. The cemetery can by dated between 13th and late 17th centuries.

“THERE IS NO NEW RUSSIA”: СЕМІОТИКА І ВІЙНА В БРИТАНСЬКІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРІ І КУЛЬТУРІ ХХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

In the context of semiotics as a metascience, it is legitimate to delineate the semiotics of war, which explores the genesis and progression of wars as sign systems and their impact on the global order. This paper aims to examine the signs of war and aggression produced by Russia through the lens of Western literary perspectives. In British literary history, the theme of war is predominant and encompasses a variety of interstate, civil, religious, colonial, regional, and global confl icts. The focus of this study is the portrayal of the Russian Empire/Soviet Union/Russian Federation as a source and bearer of imperialism and aggression, as shaped in British fi ction and non-fi ction from the 20th to the early 21st century. The research objects selected include works from diff erent genres and periods – Joseph Conrad’s essay “Autocracy and War” (1905), Winston Churchill’s Fulton Speech “The Sinews of Peace” (1946), and Richard Shirreff ’s documentary novel-warning “War with Russia” (2016). The essay “Autocracy and War” by Joseph Conrad provides a timeless and extensive analysis of the concept of Russia, whose semantic core includes characteristics such as autocracy, despotism, impenetrability, war, and aggression. Winston Churchill’s Fulton Speech is analyzed, in which the politician identifi es two dangers threatening the world – war and tyranny – and fi rst uses the term “iron curtain”, symbolizing the impermeable border between Western and Eastern Europe from 1946 to 1989 and the Soviet Union’s closedness to liberal ideas. The study also examines how Conrad’s image of Russia as a source of aggressive wars is revived in Richard Shirreff ’s “War with Russia”. The novel written by the British general is highlighted as a warning about Russia’s future aggression, which threatens the independence of countries and entire regions. In conclusion, the analyzed works predominantly associate Russia with negative connotations, centered around danger and war. Key words: semiotics of war, war, signs of war, V-sign, Russia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russian Federation, Joseph Conrad, “Autocracy and War”, Winston Churchill, “The Sinews of Peace”, Richard Shirreff , “War with Russia”.

Fish Diversity in a Little-Known Border River Between China, North Korea, and Russia, According to Traditional and eDNA Surveys

The Tumen River, which delineates the border between China, North Korea, and Russia, is a vital river in Northeast Asia. Understanding its current fish diversity holds significant scientific value for aquatic ecological protection. Therefore, traditional and eDNA sampling were conducted from 2022 to 2023. Integrating the historical literature with our field collection results reveals that the Tumen River has a total of 64 native fish species, of which 51 species have been surveyed in the wild. The fish composition is mainly dominated by cold-water species, with a high proportion of these being rare, endangered, and nationally protected. eDNA surveys are crucial complements in boundary rivers where traditional methods are not feasible. The results indicated that α diversity values were highest in the Hunchunhe River, attributed to the favorable natural geographical conditions and effective conservation efforts. Recently, the fish diversity in the Tumen River has been disrupted, primarily reflected in the absence of migratory species such as Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and Pseudaspius hakonensis. The study suggests that establishing nature reserves, preventing and controlling alien species, and strengthening international cooperation are key to protect fish diversity.

Fourth wave technologies in construction and architecture: from idea to realization (part 2)

The Industrial Revolution is the restructuring of society under the influence of innovations in technology and technique, which is accompanied by a jump in productivity. Today, the 4th revolution is taking place, which is rapidly changing the landscape of various areas of life, including architecture and the construction industry. The Industry 4.0 revolution connects technologies used in organizations and people’s daily lives. It combines physical and digital technologies. But it doesn’t develop as a daily simple life in architecture and construction industry like many other industries like as automotive, aircraft, electronic etc. The relevance of the study is to study and analyze the stage of the historical event on the industrial revolutions (specially fourth industrial revolution) and his realization in today’s construction and architecture industry. A comprehensive review of contemporary and historical literature related to fourth industrial revolution, and his realization level in the industry with specific focus on construction and architecture industry. Thus, the main tasks of the study can be distinguished as follows: review of historical literature and basic understanding of the industrial revolutions; understanding of Industry 4.0 and its principles and benefits; reveal and introduce Industry 4.0 in construction and architecture industry; some samples about using Industry 4.0 in construction and architecture industry. Part two of the research is devoted to the idea and explanation of fourth wave technology in construction and architecture. The research used the method of analysis of scientific and historical literature and documents related to the Industrial Revolution (specially fourth industrial revolution) and his achievement in the construction and architecture industry to achieve and formulate conclusions. The conclusion of study is about today’s stage of realization of fourth industrial revolution in the construction and architecture industry and his point of view to next industrial revolution which start from 2017. The author believes that the development of the construction and architecture industry now and in the future depends on the attention and use of new industries and professionals in this industry specially IT specialists and technology. The conclusion of the second part of the study articulates fourth wave technologies in all areas of construction and architecture. The scientific novelty of the study is to study, analysis, identify main factors of Industry 4.0, and collection of some samples of realization of this technology (fourth wave technologies) in construction and architecture industry.

Encouraging Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Engagement: A Case Study of Biology in Text and Film

ABSTRACT In this article, we describe an interdisciplinary course entitled ‘Biologies in Text and Film,’ co-taught by a literary historian and biological scientist. In our course, we use dark science fiction film and texts, as well as biology content, to unpack the ways scientific knowledge is entangled in social and narrative paradigms and vice versa. We first describe our course’s theoretical positioning, which adapts a medical humanities framework. Our positioning breaks from an existing science-via-fiction approach that prioritises the teaching of science at the expense of a more holistic discussion of narrative and science’s social entanglements. Our course uniquely and substantively meets both literary and biology learning outcomes. We provide our four-stage course structure: breadcrumbing, deep-diving, interpretation, and application. We believe this approach can help humanities and STEM students to engage with high-stakes wicked problems through a disciplinary blending that leads students to a more robust understanding of how our real and imagined world(s) are entangled.