Literary Approach Research Articles

REALISME MAGIS SEBAGAI REPRESENTASI KRITIK KEADAAN DALAM MANUSIA KELELAWAR KARYA DAMHURI MUHAMMAD

Indonesian people are one of many eastern countries that still believe in the tradition of honoring their ancestors, therefore people still believe in mystical things. This has led some writers to use people's 'trust' in mysticism in their literary works. This article provides insight into how Wendy B. Faris' magical realism theory can be applied in the analysis of fictional stories. by analyzing magical realism in the selected short story by Kompas, “Bat Man” Damhuri Muhammad in 2022, through magical realism elements; (a) irreducible elements; (b) world phenomenal; (c) dimensions of the amalgamation; (d) unsetting doubts; and (e) disruption of time, space and identity in short stories. The five seek to establish a connection between real and magical life through the boundaries between the elements that have been broken. The use of this theory helps broaden the understanding of magical realism as a literary approach that allows social criticism through magical representations of complex social situations. The results of the study found that the 'bat man' who died horribly in this story represents the situation towards the hunting of bats that caused the spread of the virus, showing the arrogance of humans who seem to be brutal towards other living things. Keywords: Critique of Circumstances; Bat-Man; Magical Realism; Wendy B. Farris

Sexual Harassment in Eka Kurniawan’s Novel Lelaki Harimau

A reflection of social life with all its dynamics and problems could be expressed or pictured through a novel, a literary genre written based on social reality, the author’s experiences, observations, feelings and ideologies. Themes may be varied depending on the situational elements. Sexual harassment is one frequently exposed, and always discussed because such can occur anywhere and at any time and in this research becomes the focus of analysis. Sexual harassment is a crime that can harm other people or even cause trauma to victims and generally women are the most frequent victims due to the domination of men in the social life. The study is intended to reveal the problem of sexual harassment committed by the major characters in the novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan through a literary psychology approach as the behavior of the perpetrators of sexual harassment is related to personality structure. Psychology and literature are two interrelated disciplines; literary psychology uncovers the psychological aspects in literary works. Descriptive qualitative research method is applied for the whole study to analyze social phenomena without using mathematical calculations. The results of the research using the six data selected show that there are three forms of sexual harassment along the plot, verbal sexual harassment, non-verbal sexual harassment and physical sexual harassment.

Kālaviphalāny astrāṇi te santu: Story-time in Karṇa’s defeat as depicted in the Mahābhārata

The paper focuses on three sets of events relating to Karṇa’s defeat in the Mahābhārata: the weapons exchange (MBh. 3.284–294), the chariot ride (MBh. 8.26–69), and the two curses (MBh. 12.2–5). From a narratological perspective, it analyzes them in terms of story-time (the narrative timing of the events in the story). With this literary approach to Karṇa’s character, its goal is to support the claims of consciously designed Mahābhārata, one of whose authorial techniques would precisely be time management.

Makna Bentuk dan Aksara Rerajahan

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the Rerajahan form and script which are closely related to Balinese Hindu religious rituals where Rerajahan is one of the cultural assets of the archipelago.
 Research method: This study uses a qualitative literary approach which is described in such a way according to the data obtained which in its elaboration contains the process of its meaning.
 Results and discussion: Rerajahan is a Balinese Hindu culture as a local genius. Balinese Hindus firmly believe that Rerajahan has magical properties. Rerajahan will be meaningless if it is not filled with inner energy and driven by deep belief as well, then Rerajahan will be an empty image and only contains aesthetics.
 Implication: The magical powers that can be elicited by the rerajahan are used for sacred purposes, namely for matters related to Hinduism, which are called Panca Yadnya.

Eco-poetry in Elizabeth Bishop’s Selected Poems

It is quiet astonishing to know the deep powerful influences of nature,environment and their creatures on human beings that help shaping anddeveloping the poets mental and actual realization of life. This field ofstudy is called Eco criticism which developed to be an important branchof literary criticism. This literary approach studies literary texts withreference to the interaction between the vast spectra of human activitiesand interests in flora, fauna, landscape, environment and weather. It isconcerned with a special realm of communication with nature thatcannot be realized easily without dedication and awareness.

Rethinking ‘middle powers’ as a category of practice: stratification, ambiguity, and power

AbstractScholars have attempted to theorise the social structure of the international system from the perspective of the ‘middle powers’ for decades. However, scholars have struggled to agree on the essential dispositional characteristics of this category of actors, stunting theoretical progress. Drawing on sociological and literary approaches to the rhetoric of the ‘middle class’ in domestic societies, this article shifts the terms of this debate away from asking who the ‘middle powers’ are or what their ‘essence’ is, to ask what actors do with the term in practice. Combining this with and contributing to scholarship on hierarchy in international relations, I recast ‘middle powers’ as a category of practice and argue that one of the term's main uses is to differentiate certain status-anxious states – that hold no real prospect of achieving great power status – from ‘small states’ that occupy the lowest stratum of stratification within the ‘grading of powers’. Following an illustrative case study of Australian and Canadian attempts to establish the ‘middle power’ category in the 1940s, the article then outlines the contributions of the argument for the study of status and hierarchy in world politics.

Psychopaty of The Main Character in The Collection Short Stories Perempuan Yang Menunggu by DM Ningsih

This research is entitled Psychopathy of the main character in a collection of women's short stories waiting for DM Ningsih's work in terms of literary psychology. Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by a group of behaviors and traits, including ego, deceit, shallow emotions, lack of guilt, remorse, empathy and an anti-social lifestyle as well as a tendency to ignore or violate social conventions and rules. This study aims to describe the psychopathy of the main character in a collection of short stories by DM Ningsih with a literary psychology approach, using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory in particular, namely Personality Structure and Psychopathy-Checklist Revised Hare. The results of this study are (1) The form of psychopathic behavior of the main character in DM Ningsih's short story collection is based on the characteristics of the special actors in psychopaths, namely antisoacial behavior, likes to manipulate, aggressive behavior, sadistic behavior, and no regrets and no guilt so that the form of behavior can be determined psychopath. (2) the factors that cause the main character to behave psychopathically in DM Ningsih's short story collection are environmental and traumatic factors.

Representasi Eksistensi Perempuan dalam Novel Terusir Karya Hamka (Kajian Sastra Feminis)

This study aims to describe the forms of women's existence representation in the novel "Terusir" by Hamka. The research data was collected using a qualitative descriptive method with a literary feminism approach. Data collection techniques included library research, reading, and note-taking. The data analysis employed a descriptive approach, involving data classification, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings of this study reveal the forms of women's existence representation in three aspects. Firstly, the character of Mariah depicts various characteristics of women, such as honesty, independence, perseverance, patience, weakness, bravery, fear, goodness, and submission. Secondly, women's existence is manifested as a strategy of resistance, including their ability to work, become intellectuals, bring about social transformations, and reject gender discrimination. Thirdly, Mariah experiences gender injustices, such as marginalization, subordination, stereotypes, violence, and work burden.

Counterfactual and alternative histories as design practice

The version of design that was shaped and perfected during the 20th Century played a huge role in the making of the modern (global northern) world. Whilst design’s potential as a contributor to the making of worlds is clear, its methods, metrics and purposes have led to a world that is increasingly revealed as fragile, broken and unsustainable. In other words, design today is complicit in the breaking of the world – this essay describes a practice-based design research approach to the making of other worlds. Borrowing from the literary approaches of counterfactual and alternative histories and imaginative fiction, it aims to facilitate the development of new approaches to design, informed through alternative ideologies, methods and motivations. 
 The counterfactual approach allows us to imagine other ways to be, in this case through the application of alternative value systems, a non-additive approach to technology and a removal of the constraints imposed by history. The approach can be summed up as follows: 
 
 Definition of the theme followed by a broad mapping of its related systems.
 The creation of a counterfactual timeline based on a different outcome of one or more of the events identified on the real timeline.
 The design of things along the new timeline: hypothetical products, advertising campaigns, images, texts – evidence of the new value system in action.
 
 The most vital use of counterfactuals in design is to allow different voices to emerge that were silenced by the dominant, hegemonic or “standard” narrative(s). As we argue in this essay, illustrated with examples from past and current student projects, alternative histories can open up valuable future paths and create space for rich new imaginaries to flourish.

The Jonas’ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in The Giver

This study aims analyze the main character’s stress disorder in Lois Lowry's novel, The Giver, using Gerald Davison's Theory of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The research focuses on two objectives: (1) identifying the causes of PTSD experienced by Jonas in The Giver and (2) exploring the impacts of PTSD on Jonas in the novel. This research applied a literary criticism. This study used a literary psychology approach with Gerald Davison's post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) theory. The data source of this research was The Giver, a novel written by Lois Lowry, published in 1993 by Houghton Mifflin Company. It consists of 156 pages with 23 chapters. The findings of the study reveal that Jonas developed a mental disorder after undergoing compulsorytraining as the Receiver. His exposure to traumatic memories from The Giver instilled fear, pain, depression, and stress within him. The causes of his PTSD can be attributed to psychological, environmental, and brainstructure factors. Consequently, Jonas displayed negative and antisocial behaviors, frequently plagued by haunting thoughts related to his traumatic experiences. This led to significant changes in his behavior, emotions, and mindset.

KONFLIK BATIN TOKOH UTAMA DALAM FILM HOPE MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA

This article aims to analyze the inner conflict of the character So Won in the 2013 film Hope based on Abraham Maslow's theory of multilevel needs. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Data collection uses the technique of observing and noting. Data analysis uses the equivalent method. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that there are 17 inner conflicts experienced by the character So Won. The 17 data are then grouped based on Maslow's multilevel needs theory, namely: (a) there are 3 physiological needs, (b) there are 4 data for security needs, (c) there are 3 data for belonging and love needs, (d) there are 2 data for appreciation needs, and (e) there are 5 data for self-actualization needs. The basic needs that are not met by the character So Won mostly occur due to circumstances and bad events that have befallen him. This bad event causes the main character's inner conflict to arise. So that their basic needs are not met. This research is expected to be useful as a scientific treasure of inner conflict using a literary psychology approach. In addition, as a reference for other authors for this type of research in the same direction. The benefits of this research can also be taken and accepted by students, teachers, viewers, playwrights (screenplay), and other writers.

KRITIK SOSIAL PADA NASKAH DRAMA MONOLOG “TOLONG” KARYA NANO RIANTIARNO

Using a literary sociology approach, this study aims to describe the various forms of social criticism contained in Nano Riantiarno's monologue Please. Descriptive method is used in this qualitative research. Swingewood's sociology of literature is used in the study of social criticism in the research conducted. Data analysis methods used include content analysis and descriptive analysis. The data source for this research is the manuscript of the monologue Please by Nano Riantiarno, and the data is in the form of excerpts from the text. According to the results and discussion of this study, there are four social criticisms in Nano Riantiarno's monologue drama script Please: 1) Social Criticism of Poverty Issues; 2) Social Criticism of Crime Problems; 3) Social Criticism of Family Disorganization Issues; and 4) Social Criticism of Bureaucratic Problems.

Double Structure Synergy and The Empowering of Poetic Experience in Chairil Anwar’s Poem ‘Senja Di Pelabuhan Kecil’

The paper studies Chairil Anwar’s poem Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil. It focuses on analyzing the strategies Chairil Anwar applies in manipulating text double structure (the linguistic and literary ones). The data analyzed derives from the poem and in order to illuminate some key terms in the poem, comparison with other poems by the same poet is taken. The analysis of the poem is conducted by elaborating both linguistic and literary approaches. That is conducted by analytically discuss the linguistic devices and their interaction with the structure of literary tropes. It is found that the poet relies much on intensifying the synergy between the two structures. The intensive correlate manifests in the harmonious collaboration between Serial Verb construction and the event seriality; the correlation of morpho-syntactically priming of agent’s role (voice system) and the foregrounding of agent initiation of event (deviation from ordinary use of language). Phonologically considered, the poem shows parallelism between the prosody of line (sound) and the synesthetic (Winter, 2019), the co-perception through vision and hearing sensing. Another essential correlation found constitutes syntactic-phonological pattern which facilitates the representation of encyclopedic experience, which is the rhythm of the speaker’s heartbeat.

The temporality of community sentiment on the Australian continent: mineral extraction, waste storage and Indigenous protest writing

ABSTRACT The Australian federal government has recently recommenced a previously paused process to select a site for a national nuclear waste storage facility despite significant opposition from Australian Indigenous communities and others. This article considers what some might understand as a contemporary issue by examining its relationship to previous events. It emphasizes how Western linear temporality facilitates disregard for negative community sentiment and the consigning of previous wrongs to the past. In contrast, Indigenous temporalities – where time is understood as immanent and space and time intermingled – emphasize positive relationships and require the remediation of past wrongs to support just futures. Thus, historical nuclear weapons testing in Australia, current plans for waste storage, and historical and ongoing ecological and social consequences of resource extraction are all related, reflecting the violence of British colonization and contemporary settler colonial governance. Using a literary studies approach, this article examines historically significant moments of Indigenous Australian protest writing regarding extractive industries, nuclear waste storage, and settler colonial governance, to show that some Indigenous communities in Australia have clearly communicated their negative sentiments. It argues for equitable relationships as a first step towards the restitution of past wrongs and the creation of just futures.

Character Education In The Common People Novels By Andrea Hirata

Character education is a crucial aspect of all circles of society, especially for children. This study aims to describe the form and impact of character education, hard work, and social care in the Common people novels by Andrea Hirata. The research was studied using a literary sociology approach. The source of data in this study is the Common people novels by Andrea Hirata, paying attention to the unit of story, sentences, actions, thoughts, and narratives in the novel. The data found is processed through several steps: determining the source, collecting data, grouping data, and assigning a code number to the research instrument table. Data analysis techniques are carried out in several stages: simplification, data checking, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study show that various forms of character education were found. The forms of character education are hard work, practice seriously, full of confidence, passion, and never giving up. The form of social care character education is to assist others and respect others. This research shows that literary works can be a means of learning character education for readers. This is because literary works are a mirror of the reality of life.

MUATAN TUGAS KENABIAN DALAM SASTRA MELAYU KLASIK: KAJIAN SASTRA PROFETIK

This article contains a study about the content of prophetic tasks presented in classical Malay literary works, by taking several works from period to period. The prose works that will become the object of study include Hikayat Sri Rama, Hikayat Isma Yatim, Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain, and Hikayat Mareskalek. This study uses a prophetic literary approach initiated by Kuntowijoyo. Kuntowijoyo states that there are three prophetic literary tasks, namely amar ma'ruf (ordering kindness, humanization), nahi munkar (preventing evil, liberation), and tu' minunabillah (faith in transcendence). So, prophetic ethics contains three things, namely humanization, liberation, and transcendence, to serve all mankind, Rahmatalil Alamin. The results of the study show that these three things, humanization, liberation, and transcendence are contained in the sagas that are the object of this research, namely the Hikayat Sri Rama (representing the Hindu era), Hikayat Isma Yatim (Hindu-Parsi-Islam), Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain ( Hero of Islam), and Hikayat Mareskalek (Historical Literature, modern prose). Of these four saga, the saga of Mareskalek is the most complete in terms of humanization and liberation. The Mareskalek character, who in fact is Daendels, is given the burden to carry out professional tasks. Meanwhile, in the prophetic task that is dominant in nature found in the Hikayat Sri Rama, Hikayat Isma Yatim, and Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain, there is also a humanization and liberation content.

Literary Tourism: Maintaining Balinese Identity in 'Host-Guest' Interaction in Short Stories by Balinese Writers

The development of tourism in Bali with strong socio-cultural influences has inspired Balinese writers to create literary works about the interaction between Balinese people (hosts) and tourists (guests), both in Indonesian and Balinese language. This study examines how Balinese authors maintain Balinese identity in host-guest interactions featured in short stories by Balinese writers. The main object of research is the anthology of Balinese short stories Mekel Paris (Madame Paris, 2012) by IBW Keniten because all short stories in this anthology contain stories of interactions between Balinese and foreigners. Data from the short stories and interviews with authors were analyzed qualitatively using a tourism literary approach, an approach that uses anthropological tourism theory of host-guest contact introduced by Valene Smith. The results showed that there are various forms of host-guest interaction expressed in the Mekel Paris anthology, namely harmonious, conflict, mutualistic, and transactional interactions. Although there are various forms of interaction, all of them have one goal, which is to convey the message so that the Balinese people are not carried away by foreign influences, but are firm in maintaining Balinese identity. In addition to enriching the discussion on how Balinese people maintain their identity, this article also contributes to the development of the study of tourism literature that is growing rapidly in Indonesia.

Women’s Resilence during the Pandemic Era in ‘Perempuan Dalam Kotak’ Short Story by Aziz Athar

During the pandemic, women occupied a core position and role in maintaining the family in various dimensions. Women (mothers) perform roles in various fields at the family and community levels. This study aimed to describe the roles and strategies for women's resilience in dealing with problems during the pandemic, expressed in literary works. The research method used in this study was a descriptive qualitative approach, with the data source coming from the short story "Prempuan dalam Kotak/Women in a Box", which is included in the selected collection of short stories #ProsaDiRumahAja Pandemi. The collected data were in the form of a linguistic unit that described the focus of the research problem and analyzed using a feminist literary criticism approach. The results of the study reveal, first, the problems faced by women include economic, family, and cultural problems. Second, in dealing with these problems, women base themselves on several aspects, involving spirituality, self-efficacy, and self-assessment. The roles played, the problems faced, and the efforts made to survive during the pandemic in substance were real manifestations of women's resilience when dealing with the pandemic. In conclusion, women were the most severely affected during the pandemic as they are taking on broader roles and positions in efforts to prevent, overcome and maintain the continuity of family and community life during the pandemic. Women have resilience or resilience in dealing with the pandemic with all the problemsthat surround it.

BINARY OPPOSITIONS IN LEONID ANDREEV’S CHRISTMAS STORY “ANGELOCHEK”

The article analyzes the story “Angelochek” (“The Little Angel”), which has an important place in the creativе work of Leonid Andreev, and is included in the school curriculum, where its plot is considered within the framework of the established literary approach to the Christmas story. Most of the researchers note the changes that occurred to the boy after his meeting with the angel, and believe that the Christmas miracle did happen, positively affecting Sashka’s life. The authors of this work propose a different approach to the story: binary oppositions (living-inanimate, truth-lie, real-fake, friend-alien, man-beast, earth-sky, etc.) are revealed, reflecting the ambivalence of the writer’s view of the problem; onomastic units, which, being part of symbolic and autobiographical contexts, make it possible to clarify the intent of the work, are considered. The plot of the story is autobiographical (the angel, once removed by the future writer from the Christmas tree and placed on the stove, melts), but the main character is now a boy from a poor family who goes to celebrate the holiday to the rich patrons, the Svechnikovs. The space of the Svechnikov house is ambivalent: for the father it is a symbol of lost paradise, and for the son it is the habitat of devils, because the Christmas symbols filling the house are fake. Acquisition of humanity through the rebirth of the soul is the most significant theme of the story, realized through the “man-beast” opposition. Sashka’s family is inscribed in the zoomorphic code of the text of the story. Possessing the angel creates a feeling of “human happiness,” which results in the elimination of the animal element in the boy’s image. However, the memory of his father, who is part of the anti-house, brings Sashka’s animal appearance back. The “iving-inanimate” opposition sets the parameters of Sashka’s fate, for whom “non-life” is the only possible way out of the cycle of meaningless existence. The hope for the rebirth of the boy’s soul is illusory (the opposition is “real-fake”). By the end of the story, the motifs of gravity and immersion in the abyss are intensified: the personification of salvation — a melted angel with dragonfly wings — falls to the floor at the end of Christmas. A cockroach that is unable to fly now becomes the symbol of substitution. The illusory nature of hopes is confirmed by the chronotope of the story. Christmas breaks the cycle of existence and introduces the boy to the circle of eternity, but the striking of the clock brings the heroes back to earth and accelerates their biological time. The image of the “frozen water carrier” in the story’s finale is a symbol of the return of cyclicity to the child’s life and a sign that the revival did not take place.

Nilai-Nilai Akhlak Dalam Novel Tirani Dedaunan Karya Chairul Al-Attar dan Saran Penerapannya pada Pembelajaran Sastra di SMA

This study aims to describe the form of moral values depicted by the behavior of the characters in the novel Tirani Dedaunan by Chairul Al-Attar and how the suggestions for its application in literature learning in high school. This type of research is descriptive qualitative by utilizing a literary religious approach. The data used are in the form of sentences or quotations that identify elements of religiosity in the form of moral values. The data source used is the novel Tirani Dedaunan by Chairul Al-Attar. Data collection techniques use reading techniques and note-taking techniques. The researcher used theoretical triangulation technique in the data validity technique. Data analysis was carried out based on four stages, namely data organization, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The result of this study is that there are four forms of moral values found in the novel Tirani Dedaunan by Chairul Al-Attar, such as morals towards God, morals towards oneself, morals towards family, and morals towards society. These moral values can be implemented in literature learning based on KD 3.14 and 4.14 of the 2013 edition of the curriculum in 2018.Keywords: morals, novel, literature learning