Literary Approach Research Articles

Dynamic Divinity in Flux: Tracing Nikos Kazantzakis's Convergence of Greek Theology and Evolutionary Philosophy

This study embarks on an analytical journey through the theological perspectives of Nikos Kazantzakis, underpinned by the concept of God's mutability and its roots in ancient and Byzantine Greek theology. Focusing on Kazantzakis's pivotal works such as "The Last Temptation of Christ" and "Report to Greco," the research employs a literary and historical approach to unravel the synthesis of Christian Orthodoxy, neo-Platonic philosophy, and modern evolutionary thought. The influence of Alfred North Whitehead's process theology and Henri Bergson's evolutionary vitalism on Kazantzakis's conception of a dynamic, evolving God is explored, challenging traditional doctrines of divine immutability. The study also delves into Platonic thought's impact on Kazantzakis, examining the dialectic of being and becoming, and the reinterpretation of classical concepts like stasis and kinesis in a Christian theological context. Additionally, it scrutinizes the compatibility of Kazantzakis’s views with Orthodox Christian theology, particularly in the light of contributions from figures such as Origen and the Cappadocian Fathers. The findings reveal a complex interplay between Greek philosophical heritage and Christian theology in Kazantzakis's work, offering a unique perspective on the nature of God and the compatibility of faith with evolving scientific understanding. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue between religion and philosophy, highlighting the relevance of ancient wisdom in contemporary theological discourse and underscoring the transformative potential of theological thought in the modern era.

An Examination of Aishah Abd al-Rahman bint al-Shati’s Approach to Exegesis of The Quran

In the last few decades, bint al-Shati’s literary approach to exegesis of the Quran has received some scholarly attention being a female exegete of the Quran. Her approach to the interpretation of the Quran shows that her information is hardly from the traditional exegeses. Thus, this paper seeks to examine her various approaches to tafsir to expose her efforts as a modern exegete. Her approaches include but are not limited to the meaning of Quranic words, use of poem, use of conclusion, presentation of the number of times a word appears, use of ilm Qira’at, philological and topical approaches. The paper employed historical and analytical methods of research. The historical method helped in accounting for the biography of bint al-Shati while the analytical method assisted in explaining each of her approaches to tafsir with extracts from her tafsir. The paper revealed that her approach to tafsir is a combination of both traditional and literary study of the Quran with more focus on the former than the latter. It, therefore, concluded that female Muslims should intensify more efforts in the dissemination of Islamic knowledge in a contemporaneous way without neglecting the traditional way.

Individualism and Nonconformity in Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”

The research entitled Individualism and Nonconformity in Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” is cultural study about literature. Written in 1915 in England, "The Road Not Taken" is one of Robert Frost's—and the world's most well-known poems. The poem implicitly delved individualism and nonconformity. The poem can be interpreted as a critique of people’s propensity to second-guess their decisions and think that they would have turned out better. It poses doubts regarding the influence of personal decisions on a person’s life journey and casts doubt on the idea that one path is fundamentally superior than another. Therefore, it became the topic to discuss. It was revealed using poetic devices, that is, metaphor and symbols. Metaphor and symbol are included in sense devices, therefore the theory of figure of speech was used. In order to verbalize individualism and nonconformity in the poem, theory of identity from Stryker (1980) was useful. It was descriptive research and there were two literary approaches used in the research, structural and formalistic approach. It was found that the speaker in the poem, faced with a choice between two roads, takes the road "less travelled," a decision which he or she supposes "made all the difference." The poem beautifully explores the idea of individualism and nonconformity by presenting the choice of a diverging road as a metaphor for life's decisions. The poem encourages readers to embrace their unique identities and make choices that align with their values, even if it means going against societal norms. It celebrates the importance of personal agency and the transformative power of unconventional choices.

Ketidakadilan Gender pada Tokoh Perempuan dalam Novel Terusir Karya Buya Hamka: Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis

Gender inequality often occurs in women. This is because the construction of a patriarchal society places women in the domestic sphere so that women are seen as helpless, weak, and in a lower position than men. This research aims to describe and explain the forms of gender injustice experienced by female characters in the Novel Terusir by Buya Hamka. This research is qualitative research using a feminist literary criticism approach. The data source is a document from the Novel Terusir by Buya Hamka. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, namely sampling with the aim of considering the content of gender injustice towards female figures. Data collection techniques use document analysis. Data analysis uses flowing model analysis. Data validity testing was carried out by theoretical triangulation and inter-researcher triangulation. The results of the research showed that 59 data were found on gender inequality in female figures, namely 14 data on marginalization, 4 data on subordination, 20 data on stereotypes, 20 data on violence, and 1 data on workload. The most dominant form of gender injustice is stereotypes and violence against female characters. This happened because Mariah was a lonely woman and did not come from a wealthy family. It is hoped that the results of this research will be useful for enriching literary studies, especially the study of feminist literary criticism

Die „Nestbeschmutzer“ gegen den österreichischen Opfermythos: Die Wolfshaut von Hans Lebert und Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall von Thomas Bernhard im Vergleich

The article aims to explore the phenomenon of the “Nestbeschmutzer” in the context of Austrian victim theory. The term was coined in post-war Austria to describe authors who, in defiance of politicians and society, called for a reckoning with the country’s Nazi past. Two literary works are representative of this theme, Hans Lebertʾs Die Wolfshaut (‘The Wolfskin’) and Thomas Bernhardʾs Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall (Extinction), were selected for analysis. Both authors challenge the myth of Austria as Hitlerʾs first victim and expose the post-war silence in their country regarding Austrian involvement in Nazism. They present their arguments in different ways, allowing for a comparison between the two literary approaches to dealing with the past. As both titles come from slightly different periods in the history of the victim myth, it is also possible to demonstrate the changes in Austrian literature over the years and to assess the contribution of the two novels to altering the perception of history in Austria.

Kritik Ekologi dalam Buku Kumpulan Puisi Selepas Musim Menjauh Karya Ahmad Sultoni

This research aims to describe the forms of ecological criticism in the poetry collection Selepas Musim Menjauh by Ahmad Sultoni. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research with a literary ecology approach. This research data is in the form of words, sentences, phrases, or paragraphs that contain a form of ecological criticism. The data collection technique used in this research is the reading and note taking technique. The findings in this research show five forms of ecological criticism in the poetry collection book Selepas Musim Menjauh by Ahmad Sultoni, including: (1) criticism of land conversion, (2) criticism of environmental pollution, (3) criticism of climate change, (4) criticism of natural use, and (5) criticism of natural disasters. In this research, critical data on climate change is the most dominant. There are several titles that contain criticism of climate change, including: (a) Hari yang Tak Bermusim, (b) Kampung Halaman, (c) Suara Burung yang Murung, (d) Berjalan ke Barat Kembali ke Timur, (e) Desa-desa yang Tak Lagi Berkisah, (f) Tempat yang Dirahasiakan, and (g) Kamus Baru. Through ecological criticism it can be seen that the poet has sensitivity to environmental problems that arise around the poet. This can make readers aware that there are many environmental problems around the reader. It is hoped that readers can maintain the balance of nature, use nature wisely, and preserve nature for life in the future.Key words: ecological criticism, poetry, literature

Eksplorasi Nilai Budaya Jawa dalam Kumpulan Cerita Kisah Tanah Jawa ‘Jagat Lelembut’ Karya Mada Zidan (Mbah Kj) dan Bonaventura D. Genta

This research examines the exploration of Javanese cultural values in the story collection Tales of the Land of Java 'Jagat Lesoft' by Mada Zidan (Mbah KJ) and Bonaventura D. Genta. The approach used is a literary anthropology approach and a mythopoic approach. The method used in this research uses hermeneutics. The data taken in this research is in the form of text quotations which contain Javanese cultural values and the data source which is the subject of this research was obtained by researchers from the collection of Javanese Land Stories 'Jagat Lesoft' by Mada Zidan (Mbah KJ) and Bonaventura D. Genta. The data collection technique used is using library techniques, listening and taking notes. The data validity technique used in this research uses triangulation techniques. Data analysis techniques in this research include data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, Javanese cultural values such as belief values: taboos, belief values: worship rituals, spiritual values, belief values: in God, belief values: in supernatural knowledge, belief values: in supernatural figures, obedience values , tolerance values, religious values, moral values and commendable morals. The Javanese cultural values that dominate in this research are cultural values related to trust. It seems that this story has a strong spirit about the beliefs of Javanese society. This form of belief has an important role as a form of maintaining local wisdom which is the identity of Javanese society. Thus, the important message in this research is that it can contribute to strengthening the identity of Javanese society.Keywords: values, Javanese culture, anthropology, mythology, story of the land of Java

Perjuangan Kesetaraan dalam Novel Fatatu As-Sajair Karya Ratih Kumala (Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis)

Abstract: This study explains the struggle for gender equality of female figures in several of its parts. The novel Fatatu As-Sajair presents a female characters who has an influence on the development of cigarettes in Indonesia. The representation of female characters in this novel not only places women in an inferior position, but can also be in a superior position. The purpose of this study is to explain the socialist feminism contained in the novel. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method with a type of literary criticism approach, namely feminist literary criticism. The research results from the novel Fatatu As-Sajair show that the novel contains female characters fighting for gender equality by working in the clove cigarette sector.

Basic Anxiety Dan Basic Hostility Tokoh Rafajar Dalam Novel Stigma Karya Hindhiastinaaa : Kajian Teori Karen Horney

This research aims to describe the vicious cycle, basic anxiety and basic hostility in the character Rafajar in the novel Stigma by Hindhiastinaaa. This research uses a qualitative descriptive type of research. The method used uses a literary psychological approach with Karen Horney's theory of basic anxiety and basic hostility. The aim of this research is to discuss the character Rafajar in the novel Stigma by Hindhiastinaaa. The data taken in the research is in the form of words, sentences, paragraphs, quotes, dialogues related to the symptoms of basic anxiety and basic hostility in the character Rafajar. The data source for this research is the novel Stigma by Hindhiastinaaa, published by Rain Books in 2022. Data collection techniques are reading and note-taking. The results of the research show that the main cause of basic anxiety and basic hostility experienced by the character Rafajar in the novel Stigma by Hindhiastinaa is the lack of love from his parents.

«СЛОВО ПРО ІГОРІВ ПОХІД» У НАУКОВО-ТВОРЧОМУ ОСЯГНЕННІ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА І МИХАЙЛА ГЕТЬМАНЦЯ

The article carries out a comparative and typological study of the scientifi c and creative understanding of an outstanding monument of ancient Ukrainian literature «The Tale of Igor’s Campaign» by professors Ivan Ohiienkо and Mykhailo Hetmanets. The approaches of two scientists are largely similar, but they diff er in many aspects re-garding the actual scientifi c strategies of the study of «The Tale». Both Ivan Ohiienko and Mykhailo Hetmanets agree that this outstanding medieval epic poem is a land-mark of ancient Ukrainian literature. Both scientists gravitate towards the cultural-historical method of studying «The Tale», but at the same time, Ivan Ohiienko puts its “literature”, linguistic and poetic wealth in the fi rst place, directing his scientifi c eff orts accordingly. In the analysis of «The Tale» he acts mainly as a philologist, successfully combining literary and linguistic approaches. Emphasizing the authen-ticity of the epic poem, the author of the «literary monograph» about «The Tale» underlines fi rst of all its closeness to folk poetry, both in terms of rhythm and verse, and at the level of vocabulary and phraseology. The scientist carefully records the structural components of the spelling of «The Tale», fi nds in it «signs of antiquity», «Bulgarianisms» and «signs of a living language». Mykhailo Hetmanets always highly appreciated the artistic qualities of «The Tale», paid considerable attention to the study of the poetics of the poem, however, he mostly worked with the text as a cultural expert, historian and local researcher. In addition, the scientist consistently implemented the so-called «real commentary» in his «practical» studies, carefully verifying every word, description, reality, event from the text of the work using both proper philological methods and extra-artistic ways. Similar systemic and multi-vector work is brilliantly presented in the mon-ograph «Kayala» (2013). His contribution to the study of the artistic and aesthetic aspects of the masterpiece through the prism of the poetics of its meaningful depth and multifacetedness is also signifi cant. M. Hetmanets gave an extremely high rating to I. Ohiienko’s «The Tale» studies. He responded to his monograph with a lengthy article in which, debating with the author about certain problems, in general he com-pletely supported Ohiienkov’s vision of the signifi cance of «The Tale» in the history of not only East Slavic, but also the entire world literature

Exploring the Mindset of Wonosari Village Citizens in the Mantra of the Grebeg Memetri Tradition, Tutur District, Pasuruan District (Ethnosemiotic Study)

In the Pasuruan Regency of East Java Province, specifically in the Tutur Subdistrict, there is a village called Wonosari that holds a unique traditional ceremony to honor God, seek His blessings, and request safety from disasters for the village. The villagers of Wonosari conduct this traditional ceremony, which involves oral literature in the form of mantras. The mantras used in this tradition serve as prayers and are recited during the ritual burial of a cow's head in the center of the market. The mantras are recited by the village elders or traditional shamans during the ceremony. During the execution, the mantras are chanted aloud and listened to by the villagers of Wonosari in a solemn atmosphere.The traditional ritual of burying a cow's head in the village of Wonosari is known as Grebeg Memetri. The term "Grebeg" originates from a royal tradition aimed at distributing agricultural produce as charity to the people. The existence of mantras in the Grebeg Memetri tradition reflects the mindset of the village residents. This mindset is closely related to matters of belief, mythology, and experience. The villagers' mindset can be discerned from the oral traditions recited by the traditional shamans during the Grebeg Memetri ceremony. Investigating the mindset of the residents of Wonosari is intriguing, considering various aspects such as belief, mythology, and experience that accompany it.Given the issues described above, this research aims to examine the mindset of the residents of Wonosari through the oral tradition of Grebeg Memetri. To investigate the mindset of the villagers as manifested in the oral tradition of Grebeg Memetri, a literary approach called ethno-semiotics is required. Ethno-semiotics is an interdisciplinary field that combines ethnography and semiotics. The use of the ethno-semiotic approach is expected to represent the mindset of the residents of Wonosari based on the sign systems found in the oral tradition of Grebeg Memetri.

Intertextual elements of the novel «Masky opadaiut povilno (Masks Fall Slowly)» by Stepan Protsiuk

The works of Stepan Protsiuk are vivid examples of a modernized presentation of the Ukrainian literature classics for a new generation. The article is devoted to the study of intertextual elements in the novel aboutVolodymyr Vynnychenko «Masky opadaiut povilno (Masks Fall Slowly)».Detailing and decoding of intertextual markers serves as an auxiliary factor in understanding the influence of external factors on the protagonist’s life position. The novel attracts attention in the context of contemporarypsychobiographical prose because it contains a large number of symbols and colours. The study reveals and analyses the specifics of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s artistic portrayal, the complex corpus of his experiences,emotions, secrets of creativity, etc. The artist uses psychologism and deep tragedy of the narrative in a filigree manner, which adds even moresymbolism, metaphor and colour to his novels. «Masky opadaiut povilno(Masks Fall Slowly)» is a subjective perception of the Ukrainian classic, amodelling of his worldview. Stepan Protsiuk tries to show the protagonist not as a messiah of the world, but as a person who also experiences and has a lot of psychological traumas, which only get worse in the future. The chosen literary approach makes it possible to fully reveal the protagonist’s personality and understand the contradictions of the artist’s psychological world.

Analisis Psikologis Tokoh Sarah dalam Cerpen Menu Musim Semi Karya O. Henry

This research aims to examine the personality of the character Sarah in the short story Menu Musim Spring by O. Henry from the perspective of Literary Psychology. The research used is qualitative research. The researcher tries to analyze the personality of the character Sarah in the short story Menu Musim Spring. The method used uses a literary psychology approach with Sigmund Freud's theory. The description of this character is Sarah, a girl who experiences feelings of sadness and despair amidst her boring job as a typist. Despite his flat life, he finds solace in spring with a farmer named Walter Franklin. However, at one point her feelings were shattered when a letter from Walter did not reach her hands. She was enveloped in feelings of loss and disappointment, making her mood change until one day she met Walter unexpectedly. Warter met Sarah by coming to her house and showing that their love was still strong.

The Psychological Conflict of A Woman in Her Family as Seen in Jane Austen’s Persuasion

This research aims to describe the main character, the forms of psychological conflict get by the main character, and the main character efforts to resolve the psychological conflict in the novel Persuasion by Jane Austen. This research uses a literary psychology approach with Hippocrates character theory, Freud's personality, Freud's classification emotions, and Freud's ego defense mechanism. Method of collecting the data in this research is descriptive method. Method of analyzing the data in this research is a qualitative analysis method. Data collection technique of collecting the data in research obtained by library techniques, reading techniques, and notes-taking technique. The data analysis technique of analyzing data in this research is categorization step. The results of the research showed that the main character has a kind, patient, caring, act quickly and logistically, want to be love and love, pessimistic, and willing to sacrifice. The forms of psychological conflict that the main characters get are id, ego, superego, the concept of guilt, shame, hate, and love. The main character efforts to resolve psychological conflict get are regression, sublimation, estimation, repression, rationalization, reaction formation, and displacement.

Hierarki Kebutuhan Tokoh Utama dalam Novel Mariposa Karya Luluk HF

The aim of this research is to describe the hierarchy of needs experienced by the main character in the novel Mariposa by Luluk HF. The method in this research uses a descriptive qualitative method, which describes data through sentences, phrases and clauses. The data in this research is in the form of words or groups of words, not numbers. The approach used in this research is using a literary psychology approach with Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It can be concluded that in the novel Mariposa by Luluk HF, various forms of fulfilling needs are found by the main character.
 

Language Style in Advertising: A Study of the Print Media

This study investigates the language style of English commercial advertisements in the print media. The study seeks to find out the kinds of language and style mostly used in English advertisement; this is because previous studies in stylistics have concentrated on the literary approach to stylistics. This study finds this technique very one-sided and subsequently proposes a dual approach to the analysis of the language style of advertisement. The research employs William Well’s stylistic theory as a theoretical construct. The analyses used the descriptive approach. The research used note taking as the instrument to elicit data. We found out that the personification style is mostly used and the occurrence in our corpus is about four times; it is followed by alliteration style which occurs in three advertisements and assonance style which occurs twice in our corpora. The next is the use of simile, anastrophe, apostrophes, asyndeton, poly-asyndeton, and chiasmus styles which appeared once in the advertisements. The advertisements also used narrative style, dramatic style, newsy style, dialogue style, and humorous style. The study concludes that in the use of personification and alliteration styles, the creators of the advertisements mostly seek to use simple and interesting style to create pleasant, mellifluous, captivating sentences, which will persuade, influence, and capture the readers’ attention to patronize their products.

David Clare, Fiona Mcdonagh, and Justine Nakase, eds. The Golden Thread: Irish Women Playwrights, 1716–2016

The Golden Thread: Irish Women Playwrights, 1716–2016 is a broadly focused examination of Irish women’s contributions to theatre across three centuries. The essays in the collection represent a range of literary and performance-based approaches; they will be useful both for scholars seeking new points of entry into the field and those broadening their view of more well-known writers.

Representasi Peran dan Relasi Gender dalam Kumpulan Bahan Bacaan Literasi Jenjang SMP

<p><strong>In recent years, the</strong><strong> Indonesian</strong><strong> Ministry of Education and Culture has provided a series of reading materials for young readers with segmentation ranging from PAUD to SMA. This procurement is special because this reading material is disseminated on a national scale to improve the literacy skills of the younger generation within the framework of the National Literacy Movement (GLN). This research aims to describe gender roles and relations in this collection of reading materials. This research data is a collection of junior high school level literacy reading materials published in 2016. The data was analyzed using content analysis methods through the stages of categorization, tabulation, interpretation and inference using a feminist literary criticism approach. The results of this research show that the collection of literacy reading materials at junior high school level shows alignment with patriarchal ideology. There is a reproduction of traditional gender roles, which presents a framework of women's domestication, and a depiction of men's roles attached to the public sector. Apart from that, it seems that the depiction of agency polarization is dominant in male characters compared to female characters. The depiction of gender relations in this collection of reading materials generally shows a hierarchical form of relationship, which emphasizes the superiority of male characters. Thus, this collection of reading materials shows that there is no balance that leads to gender equality. This is important to do because this reading material becomes intake for teenagers in forming teenagers' attitudes and perceptions about gender behavior.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>F</em><em>eminist </em><em>L</em><em>iterary </em><em>C</em><em>riticism</em><em>, </em><em>Gender role, </em><em>G</em><em>ender </em><em>R</em><em>elation, </em><em>L</em><em>iteracy</em></p>

''Visible is a symbol'': Nature as an animated creature pictured by Russian and German romantics

The topicality of the research refers to the problem of national identity, national code, embodied among other spheres of spiritual life and in literature. Romantics' worldview was composed on the foundation of folklore, myth and literary tradition. The system of symbolic motifs of 'infancy' and 'pre-earth life', affinity of souls, joining in death and others became significant elements of the works in the Romanticism period. The study object is the collection of writings connected to natural-philosophic ideas of Nature as a living creature. The subject-matter of the research is national identity of Romanticism, manifested in the peculiarities of Nature perception. In the process of analysis, a comprehensive literary approach was used, combining historical-literary, historical-genetic, comparative-typological methods, which made it possible to establish the specifics of the embodiment of ideas about Nature by writers of Russia and Germany of the Romantic era. Presenting the natural-philosophic system of life conception, the writers relied on F. Schelling's philosophy. It is demonstrated that Russian romantics associate the origin of ideal female images with Heaven (angel-woman) and German romanticists – with the Earth (flower woman). Angel woman and flower woman help the characters to understand the essence of the existence. Natural symbols used in the works (sky, earth, flower atc.) and other symbolic images (melody, kiss, icon etc.) convey the specific mystic world understanding of the authors. Novelty of the research lies in the analysis of dominant images, that makes it possible to determine 'the independence of the face' of romantics in Russia and Germany, basing on the idea of a man dependent on Nature that existed in the developed national tradition. This approach makes it possible to specify the understanding of the particular characteristics of archetypic female images presented in ethnic-cultural sphere.

Stylising agency, identity and solidarities in South African English language classrooms

In a call for papers, the English Academy of Southern Africa (EASA) problematises what we perceive as the challenges of stylising agency, identity and solidarities in South African literature in English and English Language classroom encounters. The academy argues that speaking of literature and literacy in a single breath is to take for granted a linear relationship between literature and literacy. In interrogating ways of reading, this article contends that such proficiency is itself unstable and shifting, subject to different contexts and approaches inasmuch as these diverse ways are contingent upon material and technological changes. Literacy is a contested term: while it denotes the ability to read and write, a more nuanced understanding recognizes its capacity to confer value and influence aesthetic judgment. Already implicit in such an understanding is the mutually reinforcing relation between literature and literacy: the cognitive skillset which enables us to read is constantly being modified by what we read, and by the material forms which our reading takes. The entanglement of literature and literacy is embedded in cultures, compelling us to ask how particular teachers, writers and critical literary approaches shape our reading practices, our ways of seeing. The same entanglement generates questions about social justice, access to education, and material affordances.