Literary Quotations Research Articles

Book Review: Addiction: Pagliaros' Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Substances of Abuse

Addiction Pagliaros' Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Substances of Abuse. Louis A Pagliaro, Ann Marie Pagliaro. Washington (DC): American Pharmacists Association; 2004. 462 p. US$89.00. Reviewer rating: Good The need for an authoritative, referenced, and up-to-date compilation of consumption trends and individual pharmacology for drugs and substances of abuse in North America cannot be overstated. It is this book's main objective, according to the authors' statement in the preface, and the text achieves it well. Pagliaros' is designed, first, to assist general health care professionals and, second, to serve as a review and quick reference for clinicians who specialize in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. Given the text's emphasis on pharmacologie mechanisms, I suggest that physicians and pharmacists are the targeted readers. The 2 Canadian authors are well-known faculty at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. They have published numerous articles and textbooks on the pharmacology of substance abuse, and they have taken great care to provide us with as much information from Canadian sources as possible, which is without any doubt a clear advantage of this book. First, let me offer some clarifications about the exact content of Pagliaros' guide, which follows an unusual format for a publication in the substance abuse field. Those who may want a to treating substance abuse or dual diagnosis will find that these subjects are beyond the book's scope (although they are the focus of a planned companion text). In fact, it would have been possibly more appropriate to use the term dictionary instead of guide in the title to avoid confusing potential readers. Notwithstanding this detail, the book is worth reading and is well organized in 2 major parts. Part I provides an overview of the history and pharmacology of almost all substances of abuse, along 3 broad categories: psychodepressants (that is, opiates, sedativehypnotics, alcohol, and inhalants), psychostimulants (that is, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and others), and psychedelics (including cannabis, amphetamine-like psychedelics, and indoles). Drugs that may be abused for reasons other than their specific effects on the brain, including vasodilators (such as amyl nitrate) and anabolic steroids, are not discussed anywhere in this text. This first part is scholarly documented, yet pleasant to read, thanks to the clear and concise writing style. I personally enjoyed the few literary quotations that punctuate the text, but they are easy to skip for those who want to stick to the essentials. In each category, a substantial portion of the discussion is devoted to historical landmarks in the discovery and synthesis of the major substances, to wars and laws ruling their availability, and to the cultural attitudes surrounding their use in North America-definitely an aid to better understanding the present trends in drug consumption. …

(review)

870 Reviews attempt is made by the authors to make it do so (or to relate to Bohm's introduction to the subject). The total exclusion of Zacharias Werner (but the inclusion of the unspeakable Fouque) baffles me. Let's face it: a large amount of Romantic drama is junk (but fascinating junk nevertheless). But where you do have a dramatist who was successful in his own day and was also the enunciator of significant Romantic aspirations, you have at least to justify his banishment. Is this a challenge to the Kluckhohnian canon? We need to know. The volume is, as said, superbly edited, and almost freeof slips. The bibliographical material is impressive in the extreme and will provide more than enough for inter? ested readers at all levels. There are colour illustrations of paintings by Runge and Friedrich. I draw attention to the following small points: the trulyterrible translation of 'Waldeinsamkeit' on pp. 120-21; the wrong translation of Die Gleichen, p. 135; 'Fiisseli' (p. 276, for 'Fiissli'), 'Skammandros' (p. 285, for 'Scamander'), 'Bassege' (p. 286, for 'Bassenge'); the title of Tieck's novel (passim) should be William Lovell; the correct date of Genoveva (pp. 129, 368) is 1800. Trinity College, Cambridge Roger Paulin Ich-Erzdhlen: Anmerkungen zu Wilhelm Raabes Realismus. By Nathali JuckstockKiessling . (Palaestra, 318) Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2004. 348 pp. ?49.90. ISBN 3-525-20592-9. Wilhelm Raabe has been rescued from the baleful grip of his 'friends' in an energetic campaign over several decades based in the main on two propositions: that he was not a conservative, nationalist writer conformed to bourgeois provincialism but a dissident liberal, even a 'Linksintellektueller' (Hermann Helmers), and that his narrative ingenuity, which baffled and annoyed critics throughout his career, actually constitutes his originality, superior realist awareness, and anticipatory 'modernity'. In a study based on an Erlangen dissertation, Nathali Jiickstock-Kiessling is rightly sceptical of excessive claims for Raabe of an advanced political position, but this is not her subject; rather she pursues an exacting account of the import of his narrative devices, largely grounded in the analytic narratology of Gerard Genette. However, it turns out that her enquiry leads her primarily into intertextuality,and it is here that she obtains her most original and unexpected results. Raabe remained notoriously abstinent from the voluminous critical discourse of his time; unlike other writers, he wrote nothing about literary theory and but one insignificant book review. But Jiickstock-Kiessling discovers that his well-known richness of literary quotation and allusion is not merely a matter of flaunting tags and creating recognition puzzles for the reader, but constitutes an aggressive critique of the poetological conventions governing the realist epoch. As though replicating a Raabean strategy,she begins with a chapter on his abandoned last novel Altershausen, which is then followed by her introduction. In Altershausen she is much concerned with the shift from firstto third person, which she sees not as a fresh experiment but as a breach in narrative time relationships and a regression into conventional sentimentality. Raabe could not advance to a modern narration to show the disintegration of the subject consciousness, so, with his char? acteristic honesty, he broke offthe novel. Jiickstock-Kiessling evidently regards it as an axiom of modernity that there is no integrity of the individual self or reliable perception of reality. She comments on a substantial number of Raabe's texts but concentrates with intensive close reading on a limited selection. The insistence ofthe narrator of Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse that he is not writing a novel distances the work from classical-Romantic conventions. The second novel, Ein Fruhling, which MLR, 100.3, 2005 871 Raabe disliked even after he revised it, fails by forcing incompatible narrative tradi? tions together in simultaneous pursuit of aesthetic totality and realistic rounding; the revision (recently available in the critical edition) has been made more reductively conventional. A centrepiece of the book is an extensive examination of the succession of Der Hungerpastor to Gustav Freytag's Soil und Haben, a link that, though acknowledged in some sort by Raabe scholars, has been rather evaded, perhaps in apprehension that his standing would be diminishedby association with Freytag's bestseller. JiickstockKiessling takes...

Ein historischer Fall von Wegenerscher Granulomatose: der Physiker und Entdecker der elektromagnetischen Wellen Heinrich Hertz

A diary and an extensive correspondence of Heinrich Hertz and his family provide a meticulous documentation of his life, made available by Albrecht Folsing in 1997 through a carefully investigated biography, which permit the conclusion that H. Hertz died of Wegener's granulomatosis, 45 years before this disease had been explored. WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS: The symptoms of the granulomatosis, that was first described by Friedrich Wegener in 1936 and 1939 are presented in short with literal quotations of the author: It begins with a refractory cold that will last until the end, then follow involvement of the paranasal sinuses, ears, mucous lining of mouth and pharynx, slight fever, weakness, in the final phase dissemination with nephritis, septic fever, arthritis, myalgia, paralyses leading to total immobility, exitus. The etiology is not fully understood but probably based on immunoreaction. H. HERTZ: CURRICULUM VITAE: Born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1857: after secondary school academic training in physics at Dresden, Munic and Berlin. 1885 professor of physics in Karlsruhe, then starting in 1889 at Bonn. 1887/88 exploration of the electromagnetic waves, now the basis for all radio communication, and exploration of the photoelectric effect, the basis of solar techniques. Numerous highranking distinctions. H. HERTZ: The case history is presented in detail based on numerous literal quotations from personal letters and the diary. After a few banal affections involving the teeth and toes the systemic disease became manifest in summer 1892 with a refractory cold which remained the focus of treatment until death. Granulation tissue in the nose that was excised several times: no tuberculosis, no carcinoma. Otitis with purulent mastoiditis, in October 1892 mastoidectomy, persistent purulence. Early in 1893 diagnosis of nephritis. Extraction of a superior tooth, punturing of the maxillary sinus, then twice radical opening of the maxillary sinus. Painful ankylosis and paralyses ending in complete immobility, hyperthermy, exitus on Jan. 1 1894. The case history is repeated in short and discussed. At that time a diagnosis and an effective therapy were not available. Today the disease could have been kept under control applying immunosuppressive and antibiotic treatment.

The Oxford dictionary of literary quotations

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION INTRODUCTION TO FIRST EDITION HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY LIST OF THEMES DICTIONARY AUTHOR INDEX KEYWORD INDEX

The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Quotations (2nd edition)2004141Edited by Peter Kemp. The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Quotations (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002. , ISBN: 0 19 866281 5 £18.99 $30 xx+490 pp.

The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Quotations (2nd edition)2004141Edited by Peter Kemp. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Quotations (2nd edition)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002. , ISBN: 0 19 866281 5 £18.99 $30 xx+490 pp.

Whither, Whether, Woolf: Victorian Poetry and A Room of One's Own

This is not, of course, the first time the question Whither Victorian Poetry? has been posed. In its lovely, archaic locution, it hearkens back to the Victorian poets themselves, and surely they had the keenest sense of how confusing they might be to posterity. But one of the finest meditations on this question is that of modernist, Virginia Woolf, in the opening pages of A Room of One's Own (1929). Woolf begins her survey of British literary history by wondering whatever happened to Victorian poetry, questioning why it cannot be written, or possibly even read--at least with unalloyed pleasure--any longer. own response to the question posed by this special issue of Victorian Poetry follows Woolf's turning footsteps, as she asks where this literature went, as well as whether we can or would want to get it back. Woolf suggests ways in which this body of work might continue to hold not only delights but also urgent uses for later readers, and in doing so she imagines future for Victorian poetry that the poets themselves might have doubted. Whither Victorian Poetry? is essentially the question Virginia Woolf asks as the luncheon at the Oxbridge male college draws to close. Happening to look out the window and see Manx cat she concludes, Something seemed lacking, something seemed missing in that now-famous feline, and still more in the conversation around her. Woolf tells us she listened with all my ears, and what she comes to hear is what she almost cannot hear: a sort of humming noise, not articulate, but musical, exciting, which changed the value of the words themselves. Seeking to set that humming noise to words, she opens book magically to hand by the window-seat and turned to Tennyson. Here is the sequence of poems and questions that follows: There has fallen splendid tear From the passion-flower at the gate. is coming, my dove, my dear; is coming, my life, my fate; red rose cries, She is near, she is near; And the white rose weeps, She is late: larkspur listens, hear, I hear; And the lily whispers, wait. Was that what men hummed at luncheon parties before the war? And the women? heart is like singing bird Whose nest is in water'd shoot; heart is like an apple tree Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit; heart is like rainbow shell That paddles in halcyon sea; heart is gladder than all these Because my love is come to me. Was that what women hummed at luncheon parties before the war? (1) That the turn to Tennyson is made casually enough is not unconvincing on its face, given the ubiquity of this poet's work. Woolf's 1927 To Lighthouse had recently portrayed the tenacity of Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade, already long memorization exercise for schoolchildren in Britain and its colonies, learned by rote if not always by heart. In the novel, we recall, Tennyson's lines stick in the mind of the father, and in the craw of his children. As with all the turns, however, that Woolf takes that day in Oxbridge, wending her way in this direction and that among the grounds, chapels, and libraries of the male colleges, this turn to Tennyson is neither casual nor accidental. It follows, rather, with inexorable logic the luncheon that has just preceded this moment of reading in the window-seat. In looking first at the Come into the Garden, Maud passage from the end of Part One of Maud, and then at Christina Rossetti's My Heart is Like Singing Bird, Woolf points us, in one of the essay's longest sequences of literary quotation, toward what are without question two of the most beautiful lyric passages of the Victorian period's two most gorgeously lyrical poets. verses she quotes seem, indeed, celebrations less of the love to which they refer than of lyric itself, and especially the pleasurable transformations occasioned by metaphor and simile. …

Stürme in der Gesellschaft

The etymology of the term "storm" is not certain: It either comes from natural realm or culture, viz the sphere of war.As a metaphor, "storm" bridges gaps in contemporary linguistic culture, including those between scientific disciplines. The term "storm" is helpful in, for instance, analyzing changes in society, by translating individual development into the community association and vice versa. As the meaning of this metaphor mutates, the perception of storms ranges from positive to negative experiences, including the power of self-regeneration, reorientation and reassignment, to a distinct awareness of crisis. From a culture historical perspective, leading from William Shakespeare to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, several literary quotations serve as a mirror, reflecting a new light on "storms" in society. In this light, natural sciences and cultural sciences are closely connected through a series of questions.

Rudolf Virchows Spuren in der Medizin nach 100 Jahren

100 years after Rudolf Virchow's death, we find it necessary to demonstrate the mark his work has left on present day medicine. Curt Froboese wrote 50 years ago: "To come to know Rudolf Virchow well, it is sufficient to read him". Therefore the present collection of literal quotations from Virchow tries to show how valid many statements of Virchow still are. His definition of "health" precedes the well-known formulation of the World Health Organization. Virchow had a presentiment of molecular pathology, without defining this word, when he ascribed molecular forces to the cell and particularly to the cellular nucleus. As a terminologist he played a guiding role. His linguistic sense enabled him to prematurely find out "barbarisms" in medical terminology. At the same time, he also supported an international understanding. In particular the surgeons came to know through Virchow that malignant tumors are also primarily local events to be surgically treated preferably in the early stage. Therefore he requested a population-based statistical survey as developed by the cancer registries today. The legend that Virchow fought against bacteriology is not true. He did not stop in his efforts to differentiate between etiology, germs and the course of infection which presupposes knowledge of the respective cellular phenomena. Summing up it can be said that Virchow still plays an important role in our medical world.

Book reviews

Book reviews

Crucial Choices, Crucial Changes: The Resurrection of Psychotherapy

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessCrucial Choices, Crucial Changes: The Resurrection of PsychotherapyWilliam H. Sledge, M.D.William H. SledgeSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Apr 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.4.489-aAboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail I approached Crucial Choices, Crucial Changes with a great deal of hope and expectation. The tone of the initial material is promising—the idea, hopeful and illuminating, that there are critical choices ahead and changes to be made. Disaffection with the state of psychodynamic psychotherapy would prompt basic changes in order to protect and maintain the substantial benefits of this perspective in the sea of troubles facing psychotherapy in general. The idea of a presentation of "entirely different approaches to psychotherapeutic theory and practice" is appealing. The historical and literary quotations sprinkled throughout the text give it a humanistic flair—again, an appealing quality. Indeed, the introduction seems to be headed in the right direction by identifying as problems psychoanalytic training and basic conceptual issues in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theory. However, the author begins to demonstrate a different quality of choices as he moves into the middle portion of the book.Dr. de Schill's attack on what he considers major problems and shortcomings of psychoanalytic psychotherapy practitioners takes on a shrill edge. This section of the book is disappointing and confusing, for de Schill seems to embody just what he complains about in his repetitive, diffuse attacks on the work of others. There seems to be a consistent strategy of setting up straw men and then knocking them down—repeatedly. De Schill's attacks on the authors whose scholarship I know best misrepresents their work, which does not leave me with a great deal of confidence in his own scholarship.The book is organized essentially into three major components. The first, an introductory section, includes a foreword by Monroe Spero; a preparatory essay by de Schill, noting the difficulties in the field; and essays by John Gedo and Robert Stoller, addressing contemporary psychoanalysis and the use of conceptual language, respectively. The next section, part 1, is entitled "The Resurrection of Psychotherapy." This section, written by de Schill, is an effort to deal with some deficits in psychotherapy, namely, the failure to deal effectively with dreams and feelings, the poor conceptualization of psychotherapy, and the malignant narcissism of many of the prominent writers in the field. Part 2, the final section, also written by de Schill, is an account of using intensive psychoanalytic group psychotherapy as well as a continuation of the author's litany of complaints.On one hand, the book soars toward a passionate humanism, seeking improvements in the training of psychotherapists and a rational critique of the conceptual soundness of the field; on the other hand, it plummets into a rambling, verbose, loosely argued railing against the world of academic psychotherapy. In short, Crucial Choices, Crucial Changes is a difficult work, showing promise and fire but mostly failing to deliver a consistent, well-articulated vision. The author hardly mentions the great forces that are at work in our culture to devalue the examined life; the strong move in medicine toward reductionist theories to explain complex phenomena that have social and psychological dimensions; or the commercialism that has invaded the practice of medicine.Crucial Choices, Crucial Changes will not be a blueprint for change in the field. It is a great book for someone seeking ways to talk about some of what is wrong in the realm of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, but the solutions are weak and the remedies pale. The author does not make the crucial choices that can lead to change. There will be no resurrection this way.Dr. Sledge is professor of psychiatry at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.by Stefan de Schill; Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 2000, 548 pages, $56 FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 53Issue 4 April 2002Pages 489-a-490 Metrics History Published online 1 April 2002 Published in print 1 April 2002

La littérature persane et la ville

Through the use of numerous references and literary quotations, the author demonstrates how the recent (end of the 19th century) Iranian novel represents an invaluable source of knowledge about the town. From an "oblique" perspective, it opens the door to the imaginary world and the myth of urban societies. It also illustrates, in the case of Tehran, the rapid irruption of modernity and gigantism, and the feeling of nostalgia it produces.

Enquête sur la date du discours 59 de Libanios

The traditional dating of Libanius’“Eulogy of the Emperors Constans and Constantius” (or. 59) to the winter of 348-9 used to rest on the dating of the battle of Singara (described by Libanius as “the last battle”) in the summer of 348. W. Portmann has shown convincingly that this encounter between Constans and the Persians should be put back four years to 344, and he has correspondingly put back or. 59 to the same date. In fact, however, the battle and the text which mentions it are not linked so tightly. The oratorical works of Libanius should not be treated as historical texts, nor should one expect him to be totally precise in his language; in particular, “last” does not necessarily mean “most recent”. The other arguments put forward by Portmann for dating or. 59 to 344 are hardly convincing, being based for the most part on too restricted an interpretation of words which clearly have several meanings, or of literary quotations. For example, in stating that the prisoners taken in Adiabene passed through Nicomedia “yesterday and the day before”, Libanius does not necessarily mean that this took place very shortly before the time when he speaks; again, in using the term hyparkhos, he is not referring especially to the praetorian prefects but to all the imperial representatives, whatever their rank. On the other hand, there are some indications that the earliest date that could be given to or. 59 is 346, because Libanius probably refers to the second siege of Nisibis, the placing of Constantius in Pannonia at the time when or. 59 was delivered corresponds with the well-documented presence of the emperor in this region in that year, and, lastly, 346, the year of the emperors’ reconciliation, is a much better moment for this speech praising their fraternal philia, than 344, a year when the religious differences between the two brothers were at their climax. On the other hand, if one begins from an internal critique of or. 59 and from an analysis of the statements made by Libanius in his autobiography (or. 1), one can construct an attractive hypothesis – which nevertheless remains a hypothesis – that or. 59 was delivered at the request of the vicarius Philagrius, that is to say in 348.

HOW TO STUDY LINGUISTICS. Geoffrey Finch. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xii + 241. $16.95 paper. LINGUISTIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.Geoffrey Finch. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. xii + 251. $16.95 paper.

These two books by Geoffrey Finch are designed to be accessible and practical guides to the study of linguistics. The first book listed (HTSL) introduces the major aspects of linguistic study. After the introductory chapter on how language works and how one can describe language, Finch starts with notions such as linguistic competence and performance and the various functions of language (chap. 2). The next three chapters present the central aspects of the core areas of linguistics: phonetics and phonology (chap. 3), syntax (chap. 4), and semantics and pragmatics (chap. 5). Chapter 6 explores the core areas further by discussing topics such as distinctive feature analysis, intonation, morphology, X-bar theory, and transformational grammar, and then provides a brief introduction to sociolinguistics, stylistics, and psycholinguistics. One interesting feature of this book is that Finch often uses literary work and quotations to illustrate his points in the discussion of linguistic concepts. HTSL ends with a chapter that offers advice on how to write a linguistics essay and is complete with a glossary and an index. At the end of each chapter there is a list of references for further reading, but there are no exercises that one usually expects of an introductory linguistics book.

The Rover's Return: A Literary Quotation on a Pot in Corinth

The Rover's Return: A Literary Quotation on a Pot in Corinth

'Rashi' and Early Ashkenazi Piyyut

Whether wittingly or unwittingly, our famous Bible commentator Rashi (1040–1105) caused considerable confusion by this, today well known and often quoted statement. It is difficult to see what exactly he meant by it. As is commonly known, Rashi’s commentary on the Torah consists for the greater part of passages taken from the standard compilations of classical rabbinic literature, such as Bereshit Rabba, the Mekhilta,the Babylonian Talmud, etcetera. They have mostly been rephrased, but there are also many literal quotations. A fair number of them can hardly be classified as ‘aggadah that establishes the words of the Bible’ and do not seem to support the plain meaning of the biblical text at all.

Facets of the cultural history of mathematics

This article highlights the position of mathematics within general culture at various stages of the development of Western civilization. Special emphasis is given to the role of mathematics in Greek philosophy, the influence of mathematics on Gothic architecture and the place of mathematics in 17th and 18th century society. Literary quotations illustrate the shifts in the view of mathematics in society.

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries by Ramsay MacMullen

594book reviews practice. For the most part, Petersen assumes that the texts faithfully represent "real" women. Translations of four sets of texts are preceded by an eighteen-page introduction on female monasticism in the first six Christian centuries. The texts selected by Petersen are Gregory of Nyssa's Life ofSaintMacrina; several of the letters of Jerome to and about his ascetic female friends; texts on Melania the Elder and Melania the Younger, including Gerontius' Life of Melania the Younger; and materials pertaining to the life and death of Radegunde by Venantius Fortunatus, the nun Baudonivia, and Gregory of Tours. Peterson uses S. L. Greenslade's translations ofJerome's epp. 107 and 108, and his Introduction to Jerome, from his volume,Early Latin Theology (1956); otherwise, she has translated the materials herself. Each section/subsection is preceded by a short introduction that places the people and events of the text in historical and religious perspective. Ample notes at the conclusion of each section identify characters, literary quotations, and biblical references, and indicate points at which Petersen disagrees with a standard reading of the critical edition of a text. Two virtues of this book deserve particular mention: the translations are for the most part clear and in twentieth-century English (unlike the translations in, for example, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers series); and entire texts are translated, not just snippets, as is so often the case in anthologies. The volume is marred, however, not just by the usual typographical errors; in this case, whole lines have been omitted, sentences run together, and so forth. No doubt these errors are related to the fact that Petersen died before making the final editorial corrections to her manuscript, and no one, apparently, took responsibility to ensure that the page proofs were correct. Also puzzling is the fact that almost all of these texts have been translated before, most quite recently in various anthologies of writings about and by women in early Christianity. The texts on Radegunde, however, are ones often not included in anthologies pertaining to early Christian women; she is more often discussed in books pertaining to medieval women. The book concludes with "Suggestions for Further Reading." Euzabeth A. Clark Duke University Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. By Ramsay MacMullen . (New Haven:Yale University Press. 1997. Pp. vi, 282. $32.00.) In Christianizing the Roman Empire (1984), Ramsay MacMullen discussed the growth of Christianity and the suppression of paganism through the end of the fourth century, when, as he wrote, "monks and bishops, generals and emperors , had driven the enemy from our field of vision" (p. 119). That, to many readers, seemed a premature end of the story, and MacMullen has now taken the welcome step of extending his field of vision to the end of Late Antiquity. BOOK REVIEWS595 In doing so, he has brought together a wide range of evidence from across the Mediterranean between the fifth and seventh centuries. But by going beyond the fourth century, now accepted as a legitimate area of study by ancient historians , and moving into the vaster territory of Late Antiquity, a field whose complexities have made it arguably "unstudyable" by any single discipline,1 MacMullen has also taken on an exceedingly difficult task, not all of whose pitfalls he has avoided. Christianity and Paganism is a typical product of MacMullen's erudition and style, with 159 pages of text and 114 pages of endnotes and bibliography. The book's argument is usefully displayed in a narrative table of contents (pp. v-vi). Chapter !,"Persecution," describes the efforts of Christian leaders "to extirpate all religious alternatives," and to silence pagan writings and suppress "pagan acts and practices with increasing harshness and machinery of enforcement ." Chapter 2, "The Cost to the Persecuted," describes "the successive layers of paganism which came under threat of destruction,what each had brought to religious life, and what was lost to the extent those layers were destroyed." Chapter 3, "Superstition," uses that term as a master-concept to describe "how best to understand the transition of the classical religious thought-world to the medieval and Byzantine." Chapter 4, "Assimilation," describes "the reception by the church of pagan...

The maxillary sinus and its illness in the history of rhinology. Images from the history of otorhinolaryngology, highlighted by instruments from the collection of the German Medical History Museum in Ingolstadt

In ancient times the paranasal sinuses, without any anatomical differentiation, were thought to be a system of hollow spaces through which mucus produced by the brain was drained. Leonardo da Vinci in Milano in 1489 was the first to prepare and draw anatomical specimens of the paranasal sinuses; the drawings, however, only became accessible to scientific evaluation as late as 1901. N. Highmore in England in 1651 presented the first detailed description and drawing of the maxillary sinus, and hence it is named Highmore's antrum. C. V. Schneider in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1660 realized that the mucus is not a product of the brain but is produced by the mucous lining of the region itself. F. G. J. Henle in Berlin in 1841 differentiated between various epithelia and described the special function of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. In ancient times the word ozena originally denoted any kind of foul breath, but in the 1st and 2nd century AD (Celsus, Galenus) the term became restricted to foul odor coming from the nose. J. Drake and W. Cowper in England in 1707 reported that in some cases ozena was due to suppuration in the maxillary sinus and could be cured by extraction of a tooth and opening the sinus via the alveolus. L. H. Runge in Rinteln, Germany in 1750 compiled a nearly complete systematic survey of all diseases localized in the maxillary sinus. A. L. B. B. Jourdain in France in 1765 tried to cure suppurations of the maxillary sinus by irrigation via the natural ostium in the middle nasal meatus, however, his method did not meet with approval. L. Lamorier in Montpellier in 1743 opened the maxillary sinus form the buccal cavity, but his paper was only published in 1768. Lamorier's method and opening the sinus via a dental alveolus remained standard procedures for a long time. K. Ziem in Danzig, Germany, in 1886 analyzed 26 cases of chronic suppurations discharging from the nose, among them his own history, and found out that they can originate from different foci and that the treatment must be centered around the relevant focus. J. Mikulicz-Radecki in Vienna in 1886 was the first to open the maxillary sinus from the inferior nasal meatus. G. W. Caldwell in New York in 1893 published his method: opening the canine fossa wall, removal of the mucous membrane, and opening a window in the lateral wall of the inferior nasal meatus. G. Boenninghaus in Breslau, Germany, in 1896 was the first in Europe to adopt this method, and he modified it by placing a mucosal flap in the window. Unaware of Caldwell's publication, H.-P. Luc in Paris in 1897 reported on his own operative procedure, which in fact was identical to that of Caldwell's. The operative procedures and especially the preoperative diagnosis were continually improved so that the surgical treatment of chronic suppurations of the maxillary sinus reached a high standard. During the last decades less radical interventions using an endonasal approach by endoscopy have partly superseded the classical procedures. This development is described in great detail with literal quotations of the original papers, anecdotal details, and illustrations.

Introducing Professor Mearsheimer to His Own University

Introducing Professor Mearsheimer to His Own University Wayne C. Booth (bio) Everyone I’ve talked with at the University of Chicago has been shocked or angered by Mearsheimer’s claim that we avoid moral questions. Teaching about morality and how to think about moral issues goes on almost everywhere here—most obviously, of course, in the humanities, but also in the sciences. It’s hard to understand how any faculty member who talks with colleagues, or even consults the annual course listings, could fall into Mearsheimer’s way of describing the place. It is possible that much of his misleading account can be blamed on his narrow and misleading use of the “moral” vocabulary. I hope that Philosophy and Literature will provide him a chance to respond, and perhaps even work up an explanation for what seem to us both factual errors and unethical talk about the somewhat larger question of ethical education. It is certainly true that our course titles reveal only a few references to “moral” or “morality,” and only a few more to “ethics” and “ethical.” But it’s hard to imagine how anyone could possibly take that as evidence for his case. His claim is that there is a sharp difference between “the pursuit of knowledge on the one hand, and the study of morality on the [End Page 174] other hand,” and that at Chicago “few classes” “discuss ethics or morality in any detail,” because we are an “amoral institution” pursuing nothing but critical thinking about knowledge. He reveals here that he has fallen into the by-now totally discredited fact/value distinction: we can get knowledge only about facts, and we can only speculate or sermonize about values, and at Chicago we are much too sophisticated to do that. Before considering Mearsheimer’s self-contradictions about just what “moral” teaching might be, I offer a few literal quotations that refute his claim. Scanning the 1997 college catalogue, I find courses like the following [italics are mine]: —“Philosophical Perspectives on the Humanities . . . mainly but not exclusively concerning ethics and knowledge . . . The autumn quarter focuses on Greek conceptions of ethics . . .” —“Seminar: The Craft of Anthropology—Methods and Ethics” —“Science and Ethics: This course explores scientific and ethical underpinnings of the biological sciences.” —“Cicero’s De Officiis. This work was for centuries the central ethical guide . . . We study the text closely against the background of Stoic ethics . . .” —“Business Ethics in Historical Perspective” —“Environmental Ethics” —“Introduction to Ethics. After studying the most influential types of ethical theory, we turn to their practical applications.” —“Moral theory.” —“Law and Literature” studying the relationship “between textual form and ethical content . . . the role of compassion and mercy in criminal law . . .” —Spinoza’s Ethics —“Politics of the Environment . . . we begin with a discussion of normative and ethical issues . . .” —“Wealth, Power, and Virtue . . . explores how the social sciences contribute to understanding human behavior and advancing human values.” Of course one can never tell from such listings to what degree the instructor is indoctrinating a given code of “moral values,” or genuinely [End Page 175] exploring real issues, or even teaching Mearsheimer’s most touted virtue, critical thinking. It may be that some of those courses are taught in as amoral a way as Mearsheimer claims to be our ideal. He himself violates that claim throughout his talk. As soon as we move beyond literal language to think about what it means to teach moral or ethical behavior, not just virtues in the narrow sense but the whole range of admirable or useful human habits of mind or intellectual characteristics, we find that Mearsheimer himself is preaching an ethical code. He stresses that he wants students to learn to be like him, pursuing for example the virtue of “contentiousness” in their critical thinking. What could be a more clear demand upon students’ ethos than that—with or without openly moral vocabulary? He wants students to develop both “hubris,” and “humility”; he wants them to develop “broad intellectual horizons.” And he says that Chicago aims to “promote self-awareness” of a kind that will enable students to “deal with adversity.” In short, he’s engaged in moralizing all the way. It is only after offering his...

Rhinophyma in literature and the arts.

The nose is the prominent part of our face. Its look often determines a good part of its owner's image. Rhinophyma is a malformation of the nose of unknown etiology that is often mistakenly associated with drinking alcohol. This rare but definitely eye-catching nasal deformation has found interest not only among doctors but among poets and artists throughout the ages. We attempt to follow this disease from the old Maya culture up to the present century, using known pieces of art, as well as literary quotations.